Multiple-scattering calculation of the K super minus -light-nucleus scattering lengths.
K meson-light nucleus scattering lengths calculated using multiple scattering theory with Kim zero range
Seki, R.↗
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A multiple-scattering model of the diffuse component of lunar radar echoes.
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Pollack, J. B.↗
Intermediate energy nucleon-deuteron elastic scattering
The adequacy of a multiple scattering description of nucleon-deuteron scattering at intermediate energy is examined. Although the multiple-scattering series is expected to converge slowly, model calculations indicate that the higher-order multiple-scattering terms contribute only to the low-order partial waves. The first two terms, nucleon exchange and single scattering, are assumed to describe the high-order partial waves completely. It is assumed that the deuteron is coupled only to the nucleon channel and that the internal structure is adequately defined by a nonrelativistic wave function.
Wilson, J. W.↗
Multiple scattering of heavy ions, Glauber theory, and optical model
An exact multiple-scattering series for the scattering of two heavy ions is derived and compared to the Glauber approximation. An optical model potential operator is indicated which is an accurate approximation to the multiple-scattering formalism.
Wilson, J. W.↗
Optical communication through multiple- scattering media
Mathematical model of multiple-scattering of light by clouds as in optical communication
Heggestad, H. M.↗
Elastic scattering of 600-MeV protons from H, D, He-3, and He-4.
Study of the elastic scattering of 600-MeV protons from light nuclei. Differential cross sections have been obtained for the scattering of protons from hydrogen, deuterium, helium-3, and helium-4. Polarization was measured for deuterium and He-4 nuclei. The p-p cross-section data are in excellent agreement with the predictions from the Livermore phase shifts. Small-angle p-D, p-He-3 elastic scattering data are compared with calculations based on the multiple-scattering theories of Watson and Glauber.
Boschitz, E. T.↗
Intermediate energy nucleon-deuteron scattering theory.
Sloan's conclusion (1969) that terms of the multiple-scattering series beyond single scattering contribute only to S- and P-wave amplitudes in an S-wave separable model is examined. A comparison of experiments with the calculation at 146 MeV shows that the conclusion is valid in nucleon-deuteron scattering applications.
Wilson, J. W.↗
A parameterization for the absorption of solar radiation in the earth's atmosphere
A method is described for rapidly computing the amount of solar energy absorbed at the earth's surface and in the atmosphere as a function of altitude. The method is a parametric treatment, but the form of the solution and the coefficients involved are based on accurate multiple-scattering computations. In this treatment the absorption varies with the amount and type of clouds, the humidity, the zenith angle of the sun, and the albedo of the earth's surface. Within the stratosphere the absorption also depends on the vertical distribution of ozone. This parameterization for solar radiation is being used in current versions of the global atmospheric circulation model developed at the Goddard Institute for Space Studies.
Lacis, A. A.↗
Effects of multiple scattering on scintillation of transionospheric radio signals
Recent development in the optical scintillation theory has been adapted to the ionospheric geometry in order to study the ionospheric scintillation phenomenon in the presence of multiple scattering. Under approximations well satisfied in typical ionospheres for a frequency above about 20 MHz, the first through fourth moment equations have been derived and some analytic solutions given. The fourth moment equation has also been solved numerically. The numerical results show clearly the occurrence of focusing and saturation phenomena. The new multiple-scatter effects are emphasized.
Liu, C. H.↗
Limb darkening of two latitudes of Jupiter at phase angles of 34 and 109 deg
The imaging photopolarimeter aboard Pioneer 10 produced hundreds of red and blue images of Jupiter covering a wide range of phase angles and having good linearity and signal-to-noise characteristics. In this preliminary analysis the limb darkening across two of the red images (at phase angles of about 34 and 109 deg) in both a prominent dark belt and a bright zone are compared with multiple-scattering models. Of the simple models tried, the smallest deviations from the observations result for ones consisting of a thin absorbing layer above a semiinfinite atmosphere of particles scattering according to the Henyey-Greenstein phase function. The asymmetry parameter for the best fits to both the belt and the zone data is in the range g = 0 to 0.25, corresponding to particles small in comparison with the wavelength of red light. The phase integral derived from the models lies in the range of about 1.5 to 1.6, implying a substantial internal heat source for Jupiter.
Tomasko, M. G.↗
A characterization of transionospheric fading communication channel
Using a multiple-scatter propagation theory, the characteristics of the transionospheric satellite-earth communication links are related to the parameters of the ionosphere. General equations for the frequency correlation functions are derived. Some approximate solutions are obtained and numerical examples are given. Also discussed are the degree of coherence and potential applications of the procedure to characterize the intense fading channel.
Liu, C. H.↗
Calculations of the radiative and dynamical state of the Venus atmosphere
Results are reported for accurate multiple-scattering calculations to determine the solar-energy deposition profile in the atmosphere of Venus. It is found that most of the absorbed energy is deposited in the main cloud-layer region, located at altitudes above 35 km, and that the ground receives approximately 3% of the energy absorbed in toto by Venus. Using these results, vertical temperature profiles are computed under conditions of pure radiative equilibrium and radiative-convective equilibrium. Since the latter results satisfactorily match the temperature structure determined from various spacecraft observations, it is inferred that the greenhouse effect can account for the high surface temperature. Aerosols make an important contribution to the infrared opacity in these calculations. Preliminary three-dimensional calculations of the general circulation of the atmosphere are discussed which incorporate the results of the radiative calculations.
Pollack, J. B.↗
Interpretation of Mariner 10 infrared observations of Venus
The infrared radiometer experiment on Mariner 10 measured limb-darkening curves for Venus in two spectral intervals, one near 11 microns and the other near 45 microns. These are analyzed in terms of the vertical opacity profile at each wavelength over a limited altitude range, approximately 60 to 80 km above the surface of the planet. Accurate multiple-scattering calculations are used to show that both opacity profiles are consistent with a model containing a cloud of sulphuric acid droplets with radii of 1.1 microns and a small amount of water vapor. Profiles of particle number density and humidity vs height are presented.
Taylor, F. W.↗
Evidence for an elemental sulfur component of the clouds from Venus spectrophotometry
The decrease in the reflectivity of Venus in the near-UV can be explained if the clouds contain particles of elemental sulfur in addition to sulfuric acid. The low-resolution McDonald-Pittsburgh spectrum can be fitted by two sulfur-containing, multiple-scattering cloud models: (1) a mixed cloud consisting of one particle of elemental sulfur of radius 10 microns for every 670 particles of sulfuric acid of radius 1 micron, and (2) a layered cloud of optical thickness tau = 1.0 consisting of one-micron particles of sulfuric acid overlying a thick cloud of elemental sulfur particles of radius 3.6 microns. Some of the sulfur is incompletely polymerized. The source of the sulfur is photo-dissociation of COS, although some may also be recycled from the lower atmosphere. The sulfur plays a crucial role in the planetary meteorology of Venus since it is responsible for the bulk of the absorption of solar energy.
Hapke, B.↗
The interpretations of ultraviolet observations of comets
The paper summarizes recent cometary UV observations, most of which were made in Ly-alpha light with instruments aboard earth-orbiting satellites. These include OAO-2 observations of comets Bennett and Tago-Sato-Kosaka, OGO-5 observations of comets Bennett and Encke, and numerous observations of comet Kohoutek. Models for the production of cometary hydrogen atoms are described, including the fountain, syndyname, and parent-daughter models. Calculations of emission line profiles and multiple-scattering effects are also discussed. Results of observations and interpretations are reviewed for each cited comet, far-UV observations in other emission lines are noted, and the use of comets as solar-wind probes is considered. It is concluded that the results of the present cometary Ly-alpha observations strongly support the concept of an icy conglomerate solid cometary nucleus and suggest water to be one of the most abundant molecules in comets.
Keller, H. U.↗
The tilt effect for Saturn's rings
Multiple-scattering computations are carried out to explain the variation of the observed brightness of the A and B rings of Saturn with declination of the earth and sun. These computations are performed by a doubling scheme for a homogeneous plane-parallel scattering medium. A range of choices is tested for the phase function, albedo for single scattering, and optical depth of both the rings. Isotropic scattering and several other simple phase functions are ruled out, and it is found that the phase function must be moderately peaked in both the forward and backward directions. The tilt effect can be explained by multiple scattering in a homogeneous layer, but, for ring B, this requires a single-scattering albedo in excess of 0.8. The brightest part of ring B must have an optical depth greater than 0.9. It is found that the tilt effect for ring A can be reproduced by particles having the same properties as those in ring B with the optical depth for the A ring in the range 0.4 to 0.6.
Esposito, L. W.↗
Molecular cluster theory of CO chemisorption on a nickel /100/ surface
Self-consistent Hartree-Fock-Slater molecular cluster models for the chemisorption of carbon monoxide on a (100) transition metal surface are presented. Energy levels and charge distribution for the CO:Ni5 cluster in C sub 4v symmetry are obtained, and the variation of binding energies with height of the CO molecule above the surface of nickel is studied in detail. Comparison is made with experimental binding energy spectra and with the multiple-scattering results of Batra and Bagus. The redistribution in energy of free-atom valence levels is studied by means of local-densities-of-states diagrams.
Ellis, D. E.↗
Properties of aerosols in the Martian atmosphere, as inferred from Viking Lander imaging data
Three types of aerosol were detected from observations of the Martian sky, Phobos, and the sun with the Viking imaging cameras. Atmospheric optical depths were derived from observations of the objects' brightness. Data on the absorption coefficient, mean size, and shape of aerosols were obtained from studies of the sky brightness, using a multiple-scattering computer code. The aerosol types were water ice ground fog, a higher-level ice cloud (polar hood), and soil particles suspended at heights up to 30 km. The properties of each type of aerosol are discussed. The data are subjected to thorough analysis, and the results are summarized.
Pollack, J. B.↗