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At least 19 records

Acoustic Modeling of Novel Over-The-Rotor Acoustic Liner Concepts Using COMSOL Multiphysics Simulation Software

This paper presents simulation predictions of novel over-the-rotor acoustic liner configurations compared with experimental data. This is a follow on to the investigation on the effect of grazing flow on grooved over-the-rotor casing treatments. The purpose of this modeling investigation stems from the determination that traditional liner modeling techniques are inadequate for nontraditional internal liner cavity geometries. A series of these expansion chamber type liner design concepts were previously developed by Glenn Research Center and tested using the Langley Research Center Normal Incidence Tube. The measured normalized impedance and absorption coefficient is compared with that obtained from the COMSOL Multiphysics® simulation. Additionally, using a parametric case study, another series of simulations were conducted to determine what additional benefits, if any, this genre of liner has to offer the acoustics community. A total of 53 permutations of this concept was investigated. The results indicate that with longer internal fins, the resonance is sifted to lower frequencies.

Acoustics↗

The Role of Multiphysics Simulation in Multidisciplinary Analysis

This article describes the applications of the Spectrum(Tm) Solver in Multidisciplinary Analysis (MDA). Spectrum, a multiphysics simulation software based on the finite element method, addresses compressible and incompressible fluid flow, structural, and thermal modeling as well as the interaction between these disciplines. Multiphysics simulation is based on a single computational framework for the modeling of multiple interacting physical phenomena. Interaction constraints are enforced in a fully-coupled manner using the augmented-Lagrangian method. Within the multiphysics framework, the finite element treatment of fluids is based on Galerkin-Least-Squares (GLS) method with discontinuity capturing operators. The arbitrary-Lagrangian-Eulerian method is utilized to account for deformable fluid domains. The finite element treatment of solids and structures is based on the Hu-Washizu variational principle. The multiphysics architecture lends itself naturally to high-performance parallel computing. Aeroelastic, propulsion, thermal management and manufacturing applications are presented.

Rifai, Steven M.↗

Designing, Modeling, Constructing, and Testing a Flat Panel Speaker and Sound Diffuser for a Simulator

The goal of this project was to design, model, build, and test a flat panel speaker and frame for a spherical dome structure being made into a simulator. The simulator will be a test bed for evaluating an immersive environment for human interfaces. This project focused on the loud speakers and a sound diffuser for the dome. The rest of the team worked on an Ambisonics 3D sound system, video projection system, and multi-direction treadmill to create the most realistic scene possible. The main programs utilized in this project, were Pro-E and COMSOL. Pro-E was used for creating detailed figures for the fabrication of a frame that held a flat panel loud speaker. The loud speaker was made from a thin sheet of Plexiglas and 4 acoustic exciters. COMSOL, a multiphysics finite analysis simulator, was used to model and evaluate all stages of the loud speaker, frame, and sound diffuser. Acoustical testing measurements were utilized to create polar plots from the working prototype which were then compared to the COMSOL simulations to select the optimal design for the dome. The final goal of the project was to install the flat panel loud speaker design in addition to a sound diffuser on to the wall of the dome. After running tests in COMSOL on various speaker configurations, including a warped Plexiglas version, the optimal speaker design included a flat piece of Plexiglas with a rounded frame to match the curvature of the dome. Eight of these loud speakers will be mounted into an inch and a half of high performance acoustic insulation, or Thinsulate, that will cover the inside of the dome. The following technical paper discusses these projects and explains the engineering processes used, knowledge gained, and the projected future goals of this project

Dillon, Christina↗

Physics-Based Modeling and Simulation of Emerging Battery Technologies for Aerospace

Recently there is a growing interest in the aviation sector to reduce air and noise pollution. Electrochemical energy storage devices such as batteries coupled with a distributed electric propulsion system can reduce noise concerns as well as emissions and allow the concept of Urban Air Mobility to come to fruition. The battery performance needs to improve considerably compared from current state-of-art Li-ion battery (about 200Wh/Kg) to realize all-electric passenger jet for short flights (up to 690 miles). NASA is exploring lithium-oxygen battery chemistry to power hybrid (battery powered electrical system) and all-electric aircraft for short distance and long-distance flights. Li-O2 is one of the advanced Li-ion technologies that promise to provide specific energy of more than 750Wh/Kg. For this presentation, we present our work on improving power density of Li-O2 batteries through the use of multiphysics simulations. Next, a path is outlined to port these model to simulate performance for a new battery chemistry for space application, Li-CO2. Li-CO2 uses carbon dioxide as the active material instead of oxygen. Although this technology is in its early development, the offers two benefits: it can be used as a CO2 scrubber, as oxygen is one of the by-products on charging, and as a backup or a standalone battery for various Mars or Venus missions, where the carbon dioxide content in the atmosphere is high and need battery to operate at higher temperatures.

Mehta, Mohit↗

Validation of a High-Fidelity Supersonic Parachute Inflation Dynamics Model and Best Practice

The parachute inflation dynamics (PID) of a Disk-Gap-Band (DGB) parachute system travelling at supersonic velocities in the high-altitude Earth atmosphere is simulated using a high-fidelity, multiphysics, massively-parallel computational framework. The sensitivity of the simulation results with respect to critical modelling and simulation parameters, including the fluid mechanical governing equations (Euler vs Navier-Stokes with RANS turbulence closure vs Navier-Stokes with LES turbulence closer), the interaction between the flow and the suspension lines (accounted for vs not accounted for), the dynamics of the payload (restrained vs free), and the material model of the heterogeneous fabric canopy (Saint-Venant Kirchoff vs mechanics-informed multiscale neural network), is extensively investigated. The parameter investigation is enabled by advancements to the state-of-the-art in the modelling and simulation of the supersonic parachute inflation process, which are presented as part of the computational framework. The predictive quality of the computational framework in the context of supersonic PID is validated by comparison of the simulation results with the experimental results from NASA’s Advanced Supersonic Parachute Research (ASPIRE) project. Through the validation, best practices for the modelling and simulation of supersonic PID are developed and proposed.

Rabinovitch, Jason↗

Unsteady Cascade Aerodynamic Response Using a Multiphysics Simulation Code

The multiphysics code Spectrum(TM) is applied to calculate the unsteady aerodynamic pressures of oscillating cascade of airfoils representing a blade row of a turbomachinery component. Multiphysics simulation is based on a single computational framework for the modeling of multiple interacting physical phenomena, in the present case being between fluids and structures. Interaction constraints are enforced in a fully coupled manner using the augmented-Lagrangian method. The arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian method is utilized to account for deformable fluid domains resulting from blade motions. Unsteady pressures are calculated for a cascade designated as the tenth standard, and undergoing plunging and pitching oscillations. The predicted unsteady pressures are compared with those obtained from an unsteady Euler co-de refer-red in the literature. The Spectrum(TM) code predictions showed good correlation for the cases considered.

Lawrence, C.↗

Using Microwaves to Heat Lunar Soil

This slide presentation reviews the use of microwaves to heat lunar soil in order to obtain water. There appears to be large amounts of water in the lunar poles, in Martian areas in lower latitudes and some of the Moons of Jupiter. The presence of water in the south lunar polar region was demonstrated by the Lunar CRater Observation and Sensing Satellite (LCROSS) mission. Microwaves can be used to extract water from lunar soil without excavation. Using microwaves on a lunar soil simulant at least 95% of the water from the regolith permafrost simulant was extracted (2 minutes). The process is modeled using COMSOL Multiphysics Finite Element analysis microwave physics module and demonstrated usingan experiment of an microwave apparatus on a rover.

Ethridge, Edwin C.↗

Computer Simulation and Modeling of CO2 Removal Systems for Exploration 2013-2014

The Atmosphere Revitalization Recovery and Environmental Monitoring (ARREM) project was initiated in September of 2011 as part of the Advanced Exploration Systems (AES) program. Under the ARREM project and the follow-on Life Support Systems (LSS) project, testing of sub-scale and full-scale systems has been combined with multiphysics computer simulations for evaluation and optimization of subsystem approaches. In particular, this paper will describes the testing and 1-D modeling of the combined water desiccant and carbon dioxide sorbent subsystems of the carbon dioxide removal assembly (CDRA). The goal is a full system predictive model of CDRA to guide system optimization and development.

Coker, R.↗

Performance of Coupled Physics Solvers for Multidisciplinary Hypersonic Flow Simulations on Several Classes of Computer Architectures

The application of hypersonic flow simulation tools to realistic flight scenarios will require the coupling of multiple physical effects to the baseline fluid dynamics. Such multiphysics effects can include the aerooelastic response of the airframe or engine components, dynamic transport of atmospheric particles, the deformation of solid-fluid interfaces that can ablate, pyrolyze, or erode, as well as a host of other processes, all of which are governed by unique sets of physical equations and models. Coupling multiple (and potentially disparate) physics solvers to a robust compressible flow solver poses additional challenges related to the stability, performance and scalability of the combined solver. The choices made during the software design process can therefore lead to a variation in simulation efficiency across different computer architectures. In this paper, we will consider two representative multiphysics hypersonic flow scenarios: the interaction of solid particulates with the flow field created by a hypersonic lifting body and the aerooelastic deformation of a model airframe under high-Mach-number flow conditions. For these simulations we explore the behavior of several hypersonic simulation tools, including Kestrel, FUN3D, US3D, and JENRE multiphysics framework, on several high performance computing systems containing various CPU and GPU architectures.

architecture↗

Using Simulation to Analyze Acoustic Environments

One of the main projects that was worked on this semester was creating an acoustic model for the Advanced Space Suit in Comsol Multiphysics. The geometry tools built into the software were used to create an accurate model of the helmet and upper torso of the suit. After running the simulation, plots of the sound pressure level within the suit were produced, as seen below in Figure 1. These plots show significant nulls which should be avoided when placing microphones inside the suit. In the future, this model can be easily adapted to changes in the suit design to determine optimal microphone placements and other acoustic properties. Another major project was creating an acoustic diverter that will potentially be used to route audio into the Space Station's Node 1. The concept of the project was to create geometry to divert sound from a neighboring module, the US Lab, into Node 1. By doing this, no new audio equipment would need to be installed in Node 1. After creating an initial design for the diverter, analysis was performed in Comsol in order to determine how changes in geometry would affect acoustic performance, as shown in Figure 2. These results were used to produce a physical prototype diverter on a 3D printer. With the physical prototype, testing was conducted in an anechoic chamber to determine the true effectiveness of the design, as seen in Figure 3. The results from this testing have been compared to the Comsol simulation results to analyze how closely the Comsol results are to real-world performance. While the Comsol results do not seem to closely resemble the real world performance, this testing has provided valuable insight into how much trust can be placed in the results of Comsol simulations. A final project that was worked on during this tour was the Audio Interface Unit (AIU) design for the Orion program. The AIU is a small device that will be used for as an audio communication device both during launch and on-orbit. The unit will have functions including push-to-talk buttons and volume control. With this project, an existing design was modified based on prior feedback that had been received. With the modified design, I created a 3D printed prototype, shown in Figure 4, which was then used in suited evaluations performed by crew members. The feedback received from those evaluations will be utilized to help create the best possible Orion AIU. As a whole, a number of different interesting engineering projects were worked on over the course of this semester. For many of these projects, acoustic simulations provided valuable insight into how different environments would respond to sound. While work is still underway to verify the results of these simulations, the results are fascinating because of the interesting ways that sound waves interact with the environment. Going forward, it will be interesting to see how closely these results can be matched by real-world test data.

Wood, Eric J.↗

Simulation Apps Bring Us Closer to Mars

My work with mathematical modeling and computer simulations began in earnest in 1987 when I signed on with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, better known as NASA. At the time I was developing computer simulations to support the design of carbon dioxide (CO2) removal systems for the International Space Station (ISS) life support system. CO2 is a human metabolic waste, produced at a rate of a kilogram per day per crewmember. CO2 must be removed from the crew cabin, as it will quickly become detrimental to crew health. The systems used to remove CO2 are typically based on sorption processes, which include complex interactions of heat transfer, mass transfer, and gas flow through porous media. At this time, there were no commercial options for solving a set of coupled mathematical models such as partial differential equations (PDEs); you either force-fit the physics into a thermal analysis package or wrote your own code, complete with discretization, meshing, and solution algorithms. Unfortunately, coding CO2 removal processes from scratch did not allow an appropriate focus on the challenging yet crucial task of understanding and capturing the underlying physics via appropriate mathematical models. Configuration control was often simply ignored due to tight schedules, resulting in a code that would be quicker for a second party to rewrite than modify. In the early 2000s, I decided to move CO2 removal simulations to a platform with built-in meshing, solvers, and postprocessing capabilities, and that could solve user-defined multiphysics PDEs. The program chosen to meet these needs was COMSOL Multiphysics®. Along with freeing the engineer to focus on the underlying physics, a degree of configuration control was automatically achieved via a consistent user interface, thus allowing COMSOL users to share computer models. My team has developed simulations that are already providing a valuable debugging capability for the ISS CO2 removal system, and will provide guidance in upgrades to that system.

Knox, Jim↗

Multiphysics Simulation of Active Hypersonic Lip Cooling

This article describes the application of the Multidisciplinary Analysis (MDA) solver, Spectrum, in analyzing a hydrogen-cooled hypersonic cowl leading-edge structure. Spectrum, a multiphysics simulation code based on the finite element method, addresses compressible and incompressible fluid flow, structural, and thermal modeling, as well as the interactions between these disciplines. Fluid-solid-thermal interactions in a hydrogen impingement-cooled leading edge are predicted using Spectrum. Two- and semi-three-dimensional models are considered for a leading edge impingement coolant, concept under either specified external heat flux or aerothermodynamic heating from a Mach 5 external flow interaction. The solution accuracy is demonstrated from mesh refinement analysis. With active cooling, the leading edge surface temperature is drastically reduced from 1807 K of the adiabatic condition to 418 K. The internal coolant temperature profile exhibits a sharp gradient near channel/solid interface. Results from two different cooling channel configurations are also presented to illustrate the different behavior of alternative active cooling schemes.

Melis, Matthew E.↗

Finite Element Simulation of the Direct Energy Deposition using Comsol Multiphysics

Direct Energy Deposition (DED) is an emerging technology extensively employed in metal Additive Manufacturing (AM). Despite its widespread industrial application, mathematical modeling in this domain remains challenging. This complexity arises from the intricate nature of the modeling approach and the nonlinear behavior of material parameters across a broad temperature range. Consequently, experimentalists often resort to a trial-and-error method to achieve structures with desired properties. However, this approach can be time-consuming and may not always yield parts with the requisite characteristics, highlighting the necessity for mathematical modeling to enhance manufacturing success. This study focuses on thin-walled manufacturing with a single bead thickness, adjusting laser parameters to produce such structures. The laser cladding speed, typical for DED manufacturing, is considered to be on the order of centimeters per second. The various wall thicknesses and heights are explored to discern the general characteristics of walls manufactured via this DED approach. Our modeling approach diverges from the conventional DED modeling based on activation-deactivation of predefined mesh domains, commonly implemented in many finite element codes. Instead, a method is proposed that effectively models layer cladding and melt pool dynamics, enabling predictions of the microstructure in the resulting structures. The formation mechanisms of cellular, dendritic columnar, and stray (equiaxed) grains, which arise from the interplay between nucleation and growth from the surface is analyzed. The study also examines the feasibility of microstructure formation to demonstrate the various thermal characteristics inherent in wall manufacturing. Our results illustrate how different process parameters influence the temperature gradient and cooling rate of the molten pool, subsequently affecting the primary dendrite arm spacing (PDAS). This modeling technique allows for the investigation of diverse thermal conditions, facilitating the prediction of microstructure and residual stresses in the manufactured parts.

modeling↗

Virtual Design of a 4-Bed Molecular Sieve for Exploration

Simulations of six new 4-Bed Molecular Sieve configurations have been performed using a COMSOL (COMSOL Multiphysics - commercial software) model. The preliminary results show that reductions in desiccant bed size and sorbent bed size when compared to the International Space Station configuration are feasible while still yielding a process that handles at least 4.0 kilograms a day CO2. The results also show that changes to the CO2 sorbent are likewise feasible. Decreasing the bed sizes was found to have very little negative effect on the adsorption process; breakthrough of CO2 in the sorbent bed was observed for two of the configurations, but a small degree of CO2 breakthrough is acceptable, and water breakthrough in the desiccant beds was not observed. Both configurations for which CO2 breakthrough was observed still yield relatively high CO2 efficiency, and future investigations will focus on bed size in order to find the optimum configuration.

Giesy, Timothy J.↗

Particle Impact Simulation and Ignition Prediction

An experimentally calibrated tool is needed to predict if a system is susceptible to failure by particle impact ignition (PI) based on use conditions, materials, and flow geometry. This tool will accelerate new components, evaluating existing hardware, and help disposition anomalies. Conduct particle impact testing with in-situ diagnostics and complementary simulations on subset of key engineering materials (IN718, M400, 316L, 6061, Ti64, Zr) to develop a proof-of-concept predictive tool for assessing the risk of PI for idealized geometries (spherical particles) in realistic environments. Assess particle/target interactions (coefficient of restitution, ignition, kindling) using instrumented particle impact rigs while systematically varying key parameters (materials, particle size, environment, target configuration). Determine key field variables (temperature, strain, stress) in particle impacts using Multiphysics finite element and hydrocode simulations validated through comparison with experimental measurements and observations. Synthesize experiments and simulations into constitutive models for PI that can be integrated with existing computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and Debris Transport Analysis (DTA) tools in future efforts

particle impact↗

Particle Impact Simulation and Ignition Prediction

An experimentally calibrated tool is needed to predict if a system is susceptible to failure by particle impact ignition (PI) based on use conditions, materials, and flow geometry. This tool will accelerate new components, evaluating existing hardware, and help disposition anomalies. - Conduct particle impact testing with in-situ diagnostics and complementary simulations on subset of key engineering materials (IN718, M400, 316L, 6061, Ti64, Zr) to develop a proof-of-concept predictive tool for assessing the risk of PI for idealized geometries (spherical particles) in realistic environments. - Assess particle/target interactions (coefficient of restitution, ignition, kindling) using instrumented particle impact rigs while systematically varying key parameters (materials, particle size, environment, target configuration). - Determine key field variables (temperature, strain, stress) in particle impacts using Multiphysics finite element and hydrocode simulations validated through comparison with experimental measurements and observations. - Synthesize experiments and simulations into constitutive models for PI that can be integrated with existing computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and Debris Transport Analysis (DTA) tools in future efforts.

Jonathan Tylka↗

Numerical Model of the Mars Electrostatic Precipitator

NASA's future human exploration missions will require chemical processing plants to convert local resources into consumables to support astronaut activities. The thin and mostly carbon dioxide atmosphere of Mars is estimated to have 1 - 10 particles/cu.cm with diameters of 1 - 10 m and up to 1000 particles/cu.cm during storms. The dust in the Martian atmosphere can foul chemical reactors and pose a risk to life support systems. Electrostatic precipitation (ESP) removes dust particles from the Martian atmosphere. The Electrostatics and Surface Physics Laboratory at NASA's Kennedy Space Center has developed a COMSOL Multiphysics(Registered Trademark) model of an ESP for dust filtration on Mars. The fundamental principles of an ESP can be simulated by four physics modules: plasma, AC/DC electromagnetics, computational fluid dynamics (CFD), and particle tracing. In the ESP model presented here, the plasma module was solved to estimate particle charge. The AC/DC and CFD module were solved for the electrostatic force and fluid force. The particle-tracing module was solved for particle collection efficiency.

Wang, Jerry J.↗

CESO 22-3: Simulated Excavation Environment for Lunar Operations Follow-on

As more lunar In-Situ Resource Utilization (ISRU) missions are planned and developed, a need was identified for a simulation environment with accurate regolith interaction mechanics that is less computationally expensive than commercially available multiphysics tools. The purpose of the Simulated Excavation Environment for Lunar Operations (SEELO) project was to develop an interactive simulation environment that efficiently models lunar ISRU excavation operations, including soil deformation, while running in faster-than-real-time.

Michael DuPuis↗