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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 19 records
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2024

Ramifications of X-Site Ion Modification in a Zero-Dimensional Piezoelectric Tetrahalozincate

Using mixtures of A, B, or X site ions in piezoelectric hybrid organic inorganic materials has been shown to be an effective strategy to improve piezoelectric properties. Here, we investigated the effect of increasing Br content within histammonium tetrachlorozincate [HistNH3Zn(Cl x Br 1–x )4] by varying the relative amounts of Cl and Br from x = 0% to 100% on nonlinear optical and piezoelectric properties. We found that the crystal structures were unchanged with Br percentages up to 100%, but the melting point of the materials changed substantially with increasing Br content. On the other hand, the nonlinear optical properties were only moderately affected with increasing Br content. The piezoelectric response of each material was measured and compared with DFT calculated values, both of which agreed that the overall the materials had relatively similar d 33 coefficients. The x = 75% Br compound had the largest magnitude d 33 value at maximum strain at both 29 °C (−97.56 pm/V) and 40 °C (−92.00 pm/V). The observed negative piezoelectric response is a rare trait that was ascribed to the large number of intermolecular interactions between lattice elements, as described by others.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2022

Tuning of the electronic and vibrational properties of epitaxial MoS 2 through He-ion beam modification

Abstract Atomically thin transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), like MoS 2 with high carrier mobilities and tunable electron dispersions, are unique active material candidates for next generation opto-electronic devices. Previous studies on ion irradiation show great potential applications when applied to two-dimensional (2D) materials, yet have been limited to micron size exfoliated flakes or smaller. To demonstrate the scalability of this method for industrial applications, we report the application of relatively low power (50 keV) 4 He + ion irradiation towards tuning the optoelectronic properties of an epitaxially grown continuous film of MoS 2 at the wafer scale, and demonstrate that precise manipulation of atomistic defects can be achieved in TMD films using ion implanters. The effect of 4 He + ion fluence on the PL and Raman signatures of the irradiated film provides new insights into the type and concentration of defects formed in the MoS 2 lattice, which are quantified through ion beam analysis. PL and Raman spectroscopy indicate that point defects are generated without causing disruption to the underlying lattice structure of the 2D films and hence, this technique can prove to be an effective way to achieve defect-mediated control over the opto-electronic properties of MoS 2 and other 2D materials.

77 NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2024

Inducing a tunable skyrmion-antiskyrmion system through ion beam modification of FeGe films

Abstract Skyrmions and antiskyrmions are nanoscale swirling textures of magnetic moments formed by chiral interactions between atomic spins in magnetic noncentrosymmetric materials and multilayer films with broken inversion symmetry. These quasiparticles are of interest for use as information carriers in next-generation, low-energy spintronic applications. To develop skyrmion-based memory and logic, we must understand skyrmion-defect interactions with two main goals—determining how skyrmions navigate intrinsic material defects and determining how to engineer disorder for optimal device operation. Here, we introduce a tunable means of creating a skyrmion-antiskyrmion system by engineering the disorder landscape in FeGe using ion irradiation. Specifically, we irradiate epitaxial B20-phase FeGe films with 2.8 MeV Au 4+ ions at varying fluences, inducing amorphous regions within the crystalline matrix. Using low-temperature electrical transport and magnetization measurements, we observe a strong topological Hall effect with a double-peak feature that serves as a signature of skyrmions and antiskyrmions. These results are a step towards the development of information storage devices that use skyrmions and antiskyrmions as storage bits, and our system may serve as a testbed for theoretically predicted phenomena in skyrmion-antiskyrmion crystals.

74 ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS↗
NASA NTRS1975

Interaction between heavier ions and ring current protons

The interaction of thermal oxygen or helium ions and ring current protons may produce a wide variety of phenomena in the magnetosphere. These include the production of energetic oxygen ions or energetic helium ions, modification of the bulge region in the afternoon plasmasphere, heating of electrons in the upper ionosphere and production of stable auroral red arcs, precipitation of energetic protons, and precipitation of energetic alpha particles. Large-amplitude waves generated in the interaction may also lead to wave-wave coupling. The theory developed also suggests that heavier ions such as lithium artificially injected into the ring current to remove ring current protons may be heated substantially in the process. Computations of wave growth have been made for the first time by using measured ring current flux and anisotropies.

Brice, N.↗
DOE OSTI2020

Ion irradiation and modification: The role of coupled electronic and nuclear energy dissipation and subsequent nonequilibrium processes in materials

Understanding material responses to energy deposition from energetic charged particles is important for defect engineering, ion-beam processing, ion-beam analysis and modification, geologic aging, space exploration, and nuclear applications. As an incident ion penetrates a solid, its energy is transferred to electrons and to atomic nuclei of the solid. Much of this electronic energy deposition is subsequently transferred to the atomic structure via electron–phonon (e–ph) coupling, leading to local inelastic thermal spikes in which energy dissipation is influenced by the local environment. In addition, intense ionization can lead to high densities of localized electronic excitations in wide-bandgap materials and ceramics that can affect defect dynamics and atomic mobility. Specifically, energy exchange between electrons and atomic nuclei, along with localized electronic excitations, can lead to substantial competitive (ionization-induced annealing), additive (both electronic and nuclear energy depositions contributing to damage production), and synergistic (more damage than the sums of separate damage processes) effects. Although nonmonotonic effects of the e–ph coupling strength and athermal processes are demonstrated for pre-existing defects and residual damage during ion–solid interactions, there is limited understanding of when such electronic effects must be considered in atomic-scale models of damage production and evolution in a broad variety of materials. Complex ceramics and chemically disordered solid solution alloys with different constituent elements allow a systematic evaluation of defect dynamics and irradiation performance with increasing complexity. Current knowledge regarding tuning of bonding characteristics and chemical disorder to control atomic-level dynamics is reviewed. Although a lack of fundamental understanding obstructs the advancement of reliable predictions for ion beam material modification, it highlights challenges and opens research opportunities. Insights into the complex electronic and atomic correlations with extreme energy deposition will strengthen our ability to design materials and predict ion-irradiation-induced damage in a radiation environment, and they may pave the way to better control fundamental processes and design new material functionalities for advanced technologies.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2021

Review of Swift Heavy Ion Irradiation Effects in CeO2

Cerium dioxide (CeO2) exhibits complex behavior when irradiated with swift heavy ions. Modifications to this material originate from the production of atomic-scale defects, which accumulate and induce changes to the microstructure, chemistry, and material properties. As such, characterizing its radiation response requires a wide range of complementary characterization techniques to elucidate the defect formation and stability over multiple length scales, such as X-ray and neutron scattering, optical spectroscopy, and electron microscopy. In this article, recent experimental efforts are reviewed in order to holistically assess the current understanding and knowledge gaps regarding the underlying physical mechanisms that dictate the response of CeO2 and related materials to irradiation with swift heavy ions. The recent application of novel experimental techniques has provided additional insight into the structural and chemical behavior of irradiation-induced defects, from the local, atomic-scale arrangement to the long-range structure. However, future work must carefully account for the influence of experimental conditions, with respect to both sample properties (e.g., grain size and impurity content) and ion-beam parameters (e.g., ion mass and energy), to facilitate a more direct comparison of experimental results.

42 ENGINEERING↗
NASA NTRS1989

Variable-Energy Ion Beams For Modification Of Surfaces

Beam of low-energy negative oxygen ions used to grow layer of silicon dioxide on silicon. Beam unique both in purity, contains no molecular oxygen or other charged species, and in low energy, which is insufficient to damage silicon by physically displacing atoms. Low-energy growth accomplished with help of ion-beam apparatus. Directs electrons into crosswise stream of gas, generating stream of negative ions. Pair of charged plates separates ions from accompanying electrons and diverts ion beam to target - silicon substrate. Diameter of beam at target 0.5 to 0.75 cm. Promises useful device to study oxidation of semiconductors and, in certain applications, to replace conventional oxidation processes.

Chutjian, Ara↗
NASA NTRS1982

Ion beam surface modification

The essential details of a study on the practical applications and mechanisms of polymer sputtering via Argon ion impact are summarized. The potential to modify the properties of polymer surfaces to improve their adherence, durability, biocompatibility, or other desirable properties by ion beam sputtering was emphasized. Ion beam milling can be of benefit as an analytical tool to obtain composition versus depth information. Ion impact from a directed ion gun source specifically etches polymer structures according to their morphologies, therefore this technique may be useful to study unknown or new morphological features. Factors addressed were related to: (1) the texture that arises on a polymer target after ion impact; (2) the chemistry of the top surface after ion impact; (3) the chemistry of sputtered films of polymeric material deposited on substrates placed adjacent to targets during ion impact; and (4) practical properties of textured polymer targets, specifically the wettability and adhesive bonding properties.

Dwight, D. W.↗
DOE OSTI2022

Expanding the Energy Range from eV to MeV and Fabrication of Sources Enabling Novel Focused Ion Beam Nanofabrication and Modification

Multi-species focused ion beam (FIB) has the capability of running a variety of ion species allowing tailoring of the ion to the application enabling new applications of FIB such as localized doping and the creation of single defect centers. Also, through variation of the ion energy from eV to MeV, specific depths within the sample can be targeted enabling targeting of deeply buried layers inaccessible by traditional FIB systems. The combination of these capabilities opens up new areas of study including quantum information science and 2D materials.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
NASA NTRS1983

Surface modification using MeV ion beams

Electronic excitation induced by MeV/amu ion beams in a variety of materials has been employed successfully for a number of applications. The examples that will be presented are: modification of the surface reflectivities of optical materials; sputter-erosion of dielectrics; and enhancement of the adhesion of thin film coatings. All of these effects arise from the loss of energy by the ion beam to electrons in the target material; the mechanisms involved are at best qualitatively understood. This paper will stress not only the exploitation of such high energy bombardment techniques but will also briefly review attempts to expose the underlying causes.

Tombrello, T. A.↗
DOE OSTI2021

Enabling stable and high-rate cycling of a Ni-rich layered oxide cathode for lithium-ion batteries by modification with an artificial Li⁺-conducting cathode-electrolyte interphase

Ni-rich LiNi 0.8 Co 0.1 Mn 0.1 O 2 (NCM811) cathodes are investigated to realize high energy density Li ion batteries for long life electric vehicle applications. However, capacity decay and thermal instability due to cathode-electrolyte interfacial degradation remain challenges that require sophisticated surface stabilization methods to address. Here, we propose a strategy, for the first time, to form an artificial Li + -conducting cathode-electrolyte interphase (ALCEI) on the NCM811 cathode surface using a nucleophilic reaction between polysulfides and vinylene carbonate (VC). Furthemore, the as-formed ALCEI layer simultaneously protects the NCM particles from electrolyte corrosion and facilitates Li + ion transport, thus enabling stable and high rate cycling of NCM811. As a result, the ALCEI-modified NCM811 cathode exhibits a high capacity (211.6 mA h g -1 at 0.1C), notable rate capability (134 mA h g -1 at 10C), and superior cycle stability (94.2% over 200 cycles at 1C). These results underscore the use of interfacial engineering in high voltage cathode material development and provide a feasible strategy for stabilizing Ni-rich cathode interfaces in practical Li ion battery applications.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2026

Modification of ion-temperature-gradient turbulence by impurities in stellarator plasmas

Recent nonlinear gyrokinetic simulations have shown that impurities can strongly modify the turbulent heat flux in stellarator plasmas. Here, the ion-temperature-gradient (ITG) dispersion relation in a plasma containing impurities is analytically solved in certain limits and an expression for the modification of the ITG growth rate by impurities is derived. The analytical expression is the sum of three terms corresponding to three different physical causes (impurity density gradient, impurity temperature gradient and dilution) of the change in the growth rate. The scalings predicted analytically for the modification of the growth rate are shown to be reproduced by linear gyrokinetic simulations. The conditions for reduction or increase of the ITG growth by impurities are also correctly predicted by the analytical solution to the dispersion relation. Finally, a remarkable correlation is found between the analytical expression for the modification of the growth rate and the modification of the turbulent heat flux obtained from nonlinear gyrokinetic simulations.

Calvo, Iván [Research Centre for Energy, Environme↗
NASA NTRS1984

Neoplastic cell transformation by energetic heavy ions and its modification with chemical agents

One of the major deleterious late effects of ionizing radiation is related to the induction of neoplasms. In the present report recent experimental results on neoplastic cell transformation by heavy ions are presented, and possible means to circumvent the carcinogenic effect of space radiation are discussed. Biological effects observed in experiments involving the use of energetic heavy ions accelerated at the Bevalac suggest that many of the biological effects observed in earlier space flight experiments may be due to space radiation, particularly cosmic rays. It is found that the effect of radiation on cell transformation is dose-rate dependent. The frequency of neoplastic transformation for a given dose decreases with a decrease of dose rate of Co-60 gamma rays. It is found that various chemical agents give radiation protection, including DMSO.

Yang, T. C.↗
NASA NTRS1976

Ion beam sputter modification of the surface morphology of biological implants

The surface chemistry and texture of materials used for biological implants may significantly influence their performance and biocompatibility. Recent interest in the microscopic control of implant surface texture has led to the evaluation of ion beam sputtering as a potentially useful surface roughening technique. Ion sources, similar to electron bombardment ion thrusters designed for propulsive applications, are used to roughen the surfaces of various biocompatible alloys or polymer materials. These materials are typically used for dental implants, orthopedic prostheses, vascular prostheses, and artificial heart components. Masking techniques and resulting surface textures are described along with progress concerning evaluation of the biological response to the ion beam sputtered surfaces.

Weigand, A. J.↗
NASA NTRS1977

Ion-beam-sputter modification of the surface morphology of biological implants

The surface chemistry and texture of materials used for biological implants may significantly influence their performance and biocompatibility. Recent interest in the microscopic control of implant surface texture has led to the evaluation of ion-beam sputtering as a potentially useful surface roughening technique. Ion sources, similar to electron-bombardment ion thrusters designed for propulsive applications, are used to roughen the surfaces of various biocompatible alloys or polymer materials. These materials are typically used for dental implants, orthopedic prostheses, vascular prostheses, and artificial heart components. Masking techniques and resulting surface textures are described along with progress concerning evaluation of the biological response to the ion-beam-sputtered surfaces.

Weigand, A. J.↗