Engineering Papers⌕ Search

SEARCH · Engineering Papers

Results for “hybrid electric”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 19 records
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2024

Recycling Rare Earth Elements From End-of-Life Electric and Hybrid Electric Vehicle Motors

In this presentation, we first provide context on the increasing demand for rare earth elements and the current state of rare earth element mining worldwide. We then justify our decision to choose end-of-life electric and hybrid electric vehicles as a feedstock and propose a superstructure-based approach to finding the optimal pathways for recovering rare earth elements in their commercialized rare earth oxide form from them.

Laliwala, Chris↗
DOE OSTI2024

Recycling Rare Earth Elements from End-of-Life Electric and Hybrid Electric Vehicle Motors

In this paper, we propose a superstructure-based approach to finding the optimal pathways for recovering rare earth elements in their commercialized rare earth oxide form from end-of-life EV and HEV motors. The proposed superstructure was modeled as a MILP optimization problem, selecting the net present value as the objective function. Whenever possible, costing data taken from the literature was used to inform this mode. However, due to the novelty of this research area data were often not available thus requiring the generation of flowsheets that were implemented in Aspen Plus.

Laliwala, Chris↗
DOE OSTI2023

Integrated Optimization of Powertrain Energy Management and Vehicle Motion Control for Autonomous Hybrid Electric Vehicles

Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs) and autonomous vehicles have been widely studied recently for on-road transportation. In the study of autonomous HEVs, the control of the vehicle's external dynamics and powertrain dynamics are often treated separately. Optimizing these two problems together can significantly improve fuel economy. In this paper, an autonomous HEV following a leader is considered. First, the augmented model to integrate the abovementioned dynamics is presented. Second, the optimization problem is defined to find the optimum fuel consumption of the follower in pursuit of a leader in a drive cycle. A customized control strategy based on Approximate Dynamic Programming (ADP) is then explored in which the optimal cost-to-go at each time step is approximated using neural networks. Also, the accuracy of the optimization solution is enhanced by applying the concept of the reachable sets. At last, three case studies show that the examined integrated control strategy outperforms the one with the separated optimization method by an additional 7.4%, 4.6%, and 11.8% improvement in fuel consumption, respectively.

33 ADVANCED PROPULSION SYSTEMS↗
DOE OSTI2021

Co-Design of a Fully Electric Hybrid Hydraulic-Electric Architecture (FE-HHEA) for Off-Road Mobile Machines

Off-road mobile machines, such as excavators and wheel-loaders, are typically actuated by hydraulics using internal combustion engines as their power sources. There is a trend towards fully electrifying these machines and improving their efficiencies due to environmental regulations and concerns. In this paper, a control co-design methodology is used to design a Fully Electrified Hybrid Hydraulic-Electric Architecture (FE-HHEA) for an excavator that drastically reduces energy consumption and minimizes the sizes of costly electric components. By optimizing both control operation and the physical design, the co-design methodology takes into account the interaction between these two aspects. The design methodology also illustrates how the system architecture evolves from the previously developed IC engine powered HHEA with the engine replaced by an electric motor to a seemingly very different architecture with fewer components. The optimized system reduces energy consumption by 71% over the baseline system and uses electrical components that are 1/3 the size of an alternate fully electric architecture.

33 ADVANCED PROPULSION SYSTEMS↗
DOE OSTI2020

Hybrid Electric Drivetrain Testing and Design (CRADA CRD-17-00699 Final Report)

Hybrid electric drivetrains have recently become of a great interest in the medium and heavy-duty vehicle market as it enables substantial reduction of petroleum use, vehicle level fuel use and criteria pollutant emissions. These vehicle performance improvements are not only economically beneficial for business operations relying on large fleets of vehicles, they are also paramount for curbing energy use and the negative effects of vehicle operations on the environment. Efficient Drivetrains, Inc. (EDI), acquired in July 2018 by Cummins, Inc., is a small company focused on development of medium and heavy-duty hybrid electric drivetrains. EDI has already developed the general hardware architecture of their drivetrain system, but there is still a significant effort to be done on optimizing the system in terms of control strategies and component sizing in order to maximize the benefits of the hybrid drivetrain. Historically, hybrid electric systems have proven to deliver better fuel economy in certain applications than their conventional counterparts. Particular areas of advantageous applications are vocations with kinetically intensive transient duty cycles and operations requiring some sort of power take off whose power demand is not well matched to the size of the vehicle’s main engine, thus forcing it to operate in extremely inefficient operating modes. Hybrid drivetrains can be at a disadvantage when pressed into duty cycle operation consisting of extensive steady state highway cruise due to various design compromises optimized for more transient operation. This can also lead to increase in vehicle emissions if the system is not optimized properly. Ample opportunity for extensive optimization is needed to overcome these obstacles.

33 ADVANCED PROPULSION SYSTEMS↗
DOE OSTI2020

Hybrid Electric Drivetrain Testing and Design (CRADA CRD-17-00699 Final Report)

Hybrid electric drivetrains have recently become of a great interest in the medium and heavy-duty vehicle market as it enables substantial reduction of petroleum use, vehicle level fuel use and criteria pollutant emissions. These vehicle performance improvements are not only economically beneficial for business operations relying on large fleets of vehicles, they are also paramount for curbing energy use and the negative effects of vehicle operations on the environment. Efficient Drivetrains, Inc. (EDI), acquired in July 2018 by Cummins, Inc., is a small company focused on development of medium and heavy-duty hybrid electric drivetrains. EDI has already developed the general hardware architecture of their drivetrain system, but there is still a significant effort to be done on optimizing the system in terms of control strategies and component sizing in order to maximize the benefits of the hybrid drivetrain. Historically, hybrid electric systems have proven to deliver better fuel economy in certain applications than their conventional counterparts. Particular areas of advantageous applications are vocations with kinetically intensive transient duty cycles and operations requiring some sort of power take off whose power demand is not well matched to the size of the vehicle’s main engine, thus forcing it to operate in extremely inefficient operating modes. Hybrid drivetrains can be at a disadvantage when pressed into duty cycle operation consisting of extensive steady state highway cruise due to various design compromises optimized for more transient operation. This can also lead to increase in vehicle emissions if the system is not optimized properly. Ample opportunity for extensive optimization is needed to overcome these obstacles.

33 ADVANCED PROPULSION SYSTEMS↗
DOE OSTI2026

Fleet-Level Fuel Impact of Hybrid-Electric Aircraft in United States

Here, this paper examines the impact of two potential solutions for increasing fuel efficiency and reducing emissions in commercial aviation: hybrid-electric propulsion and the use of drop-in synthetic aviation fuels (SAFs). The authors modeled three representative aircraft employed in the U.S. domestic market: a 70-seat regional turboprop, a 100-seat airliner, and a 180-seat airliner. These aircraft were retrofitted with hybrid-electric propulsion systems that integrate batteries and electric motors to provide additional torque to the propeller or fan. The authors explored various technological scenarios involving different battery specific energies, electric motor specific powers, and other relevant parameters. Flight performance models were used to analyze the range–payload capabilities of these new hybrid-electric aircraft and to compare them with their conventional counterparts. Subsequently, the authors virtually deployed the hybrid-electric aircraft on 2019 U.S. domestic commercial flights to assess the types and lengths of flights that could be serviced by this new fleet. We then compared the resulting fuel consumption, energy use, and emissions with those of a conventional fleet using a combination of jet fuel and SAF.

SAF↗
DOE OSTI2023

Power management for hybrid electric vehicles

A system and method for power management of hybrid electric vehicles is provided. In some implementations, a plug-in series hybrid electric vehicle may include an engine, a motor/generator (MG), a traction motor, an energy storage device, and a controller. The controller is coupled to the engine and the MG to control operation of the engine and the MG such that a state-of-charge (SOC) of the energy storage device tracks a dynamic reference SOC profile during a trip and an average engine power (AEP) is maintained above a threshold. In some instances, maintaining AEP above a threshold supports emission control of the vehicle.

Le, Dat Duc↗
DOE OSTI2025

Fuel Cell Hybrid Electric Medium Duty Trucks, Rooftop Backup Power, and Advanced Hydrogen Refueling Components

The Fuel Cell Hybrid Electric Delivery Van final project report describes the vehicle development, build, and demonstration of 15 hydrogen fuel cell hybrid electric delivery vans (FCHEDVs) sponsored, in part, by the DOE. This report provides background for the project including goals and objectives, project implementation details, technical results and lessons learned, and recommendations for relevant technologies going forward.

33 ADVANCED PROPULSION SYSTEMS↗
DOE OSTI2023

Hybrid electric vehicle and method of operating engine of the same

A hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) for multiple operation modes includes: a gasoline diffusion flame (GDF) combustion engine configured to perform gasoline diffusion flame combustion; a motor-generator operatively connected to the GDF combustion engine and configured to selectively drive the HEV with electric power of a battery or generate electric power to charge the battery; and a multi-mode controller including a processor and configured to receive operating conditions of the GDF combustion engine and the motor-generator and define a plurality of mode operating regions based on the received operating conditions. In particular, the plurality of mode operating regions includes: an electric vehicle (EV) only mode operating region, a GDF mode operating region where the GDF combustion engine operates and drives the HEV while the motor-generator stops, and a GDF+EV mode operating region where the motor-generator assists the operation of the GDF combustion engine to drive the HEV.

Bourcier, Mark↗
DOE OSTI2021

Co-Optimization Scheme for Hybrid Electric Vehicles Powertrain and Exhaust Emission Control System Using Future Speed Prediction

Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) have been an effective solution for improved vehicle fuel efficiency and reduced emission pollution. In this paper, a co-optimization scheme is proposed to optimize fuel efficiency for HEVs. Here, the proposed optimization scheme uses obtainable future speed prediction as the basis to optimally tune control parameters for the existing powertrain control system. The ramp-up time of the catalyst temperature to reach its light-off level in the exhaust emission system is also considered as an additional optimization constraint to reduce emission. The Toyota Prius Hybrid Simulink model which is an integrated model for a powertrain and exhaust emission system is validated using real data from several real driving cycle scenarios. Then, to simplify the formulation of the proposed algorithm, the model for the optimization for powertrain and exhaust emission systems is represented by a set of equivalent neural network (NN) models learned using the data generated from the well-validated Toyota Prius Hybrid Simulink model. Using NN models, a co-optimization algorithm is established that provides an optimal tuning of some fuel-sensitive powertrain control parameters using future speed prediction, leading to a novel co-optimization algorithm, achieving on average a further 9.22% fuel savings for the Toyota Prius Hybrid Simulink model.

33 ADVANCED PROPULSION SYSTEMS↗
DOE OSTI2024

China's plug-in hybrid electric vehicle transition: An operational carbon perspective

Assessing the emissions of plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) operations is crucial for accelerating the carbon–neutral transition in the passenger car sector. This study is the first to adopt a bottom-up model to measure the real-world energy use and carbon dioxide emissions of China’s top twenty selling PHEV models across different regions from 2020 to 2022. The results indicate that (1) the actual electricity intensity of the best-selling PHEV models (20.2–38.2 kWh/100 km) was 30–40 % higher than the New European Driving Cycle values, and the actual gasoline intensity (4.7–23.5 L/100 km) was 3–6 times greater than the New European Driving Cycle values. (2) The overall energy use of the best-selling models varied among different regions, and the energy use from 2020 to 2022 in Southern China was double that Northern China and the Yangtze River Middle Reach. (3) The top-selling models emitted 4.7 megatons of carbon dioxide nationwide from 2020 to 2022, with 1.9 megatons released by electricity consumption and 2.8 megatons released by gasoline combustion. Furthermore, targeted policy implications for expediting the carbon–neutral transition within the passenger car sector are proposed. In essence, this study explores and compares benchmark data at both the national and regional levels, along with performance metrics associated with PHEV operations. The main objective is to aid nationwide decarbonization efforts, focusing on carbon reduction and promoting the rapid transition of road transportation toward a net-zero carbon future.

33 ADVANCED PROPULSION SYSTEMS↗
DOE OSTI2021

Developing a Hybrid Electric Vehicle Eco-Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control System at Signalized Intersections.

This study develops an eco-driving strategy for hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) in the vicinity of signalized intersections, entitled HEV Eco-Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control at Intersections (Eco-CACC-I). The proposed system computes real-time, energy-optimized vehicle trajectories using HEV vehicle dynamics and energy consumption models. In the proposed system, a simple HEV energy model is used to compute the instantaneous fuel consumption. This HEV energy model is selected since it is general, transferable, and can be easily used to compute instantaneous energy consumption levels for HEVs without the additional input of vehicle engine data or complicated power control strategies. In addition, a vehicle dynamics model is used to capture the relationship between speed, acceleration level, and tractive/resistance forces on vehicles. The energy-optimum problem is formulated as an optimization problem with constraints, which is solved using a moving-horizon dynamic programming approach. The proposed HEV Eco-CACC-I system was tested to evaluate its performance for various speed limits, roadway grades, and signal timings. Lastly, the proposed HEV controller was implemented in a microscopic traffic simulation software to test its network-wide performance. The test results from an arterial corridor with three signalized intersections demonstrate that the proposed system can effectively reduce stop-and-go traffic in the vicinity of signalized intersections producing savings of 7.4% in energy consumption, 5.8% in traffic delay and 23% vehicle stops, respectively.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2021

Comprehensive powertrain modeling for heavy-duty applications: A study of plug-in hybrid electric bus

A comprehensive forward-looking powertrain model with an efficiency-based control strategy was developed to achieve real-time optimization of plug-in hybrid electric buses while considering the real vehicle drivability and the practical operation of all powertrain components under real driving conditions. The control strategy is based on a supervisory control algorithm that alternately employs charge-dominant control and discharge-dominant control to manage multiple powertrain sources, and enable an optimal overall efficiency-based powertrain operation state by maximizing the inherent optimal powertrain efficiency through best all transmission gear choice and the blend of motor and/or engine power. In the model, a component energy efficiency database was developed to rapidly enable an smart and optimal operating state determined from a set of efficiency maps characterizing the component and powertrain control states as a function of the instantaneous vehicle operational condition. The results revealed that the energy savings achieved with the innovative powertrain control improved by 10%–30% compared with the baseline hybrid powertrain control strategy. The benefits of eco-driving with respect to energy consumption were also evaluated using the powertrain model. The powertrain control model was implemented into a real hybrid bus. Measured energy savings with the optimized control strategy were similar to the simulated results.

33 ADVANCED PROPULSION SYSTEMS↗
DOE OSTI2021

A Component-Sizing Methodology for a Hybrid Electric Vehicle Using an Optimization Algorithm

Many leading companies in the automotive industry have been putting tremendous effort into developing new powertrains and technologies to make their products more energy efficient. Evaluating the fuel economy benefit of a new technology in specific powertrain systems is straightforward; and, in an early concept phase, obtaining a projection of energy efficiency benefits from new technologies is extremely useful. However, when carmakers consider new technology or powertrain configurations, they must deal with a trade-off problem involving factors such as energy efficiency and performance, because of the complexities of sizing a vehicle’s powertrain components, which directly affect its energy efficiency and dynamic performance. As powertrains of modern vehicles become more complicated, even more effort is required to design the size of each component. This study presents a component-sizing process based on the forward-looking vehicle simulator “Autonomie” and the optimization algorithm “POUNDERS”; the supervisory control strategy based on Pontryagin’s Minimum Principle (PMP) assures sufficient computational system efficiency. We tested the process by applying it to a single power-split hybrid electric vehicle to determine optimal values of gear ratios and each component size, where we defined the optimization problem as minimizing energy consumption when the vehicle’s dynamic performance is given as a performance constraint. The suggested sizing process will be helpful in determining optimal component sizes for vehicle powertrain to maximize fuel efficiency while dynamic performance is satisfied. Indeed, this process does not require the engineer’s intuition or rules based on heuristics required in the rule-based process.

33 ADVANCED PROPULSION SYSTEMS↗
DOE OSTI2021

Co-Optimization of Velocity and Charge-Depletion for Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles: Accounting for Acceleration and Jerk Constraints

Abstract Recent advances in vehicle connectivity and automation technologies promote advanced control algorithms that co-optimize the longitudinal dynamics and powertrain operation of hybrid electric vehicles. Typically, a sequential optimization with the vehicle dynamics optimized followed by powertrain optimization is adopted to manage a number of complexities such as the inherent mixed-integer nature of the hybrid powertrain, the numerous state and control variables, the differing time scales of vehicle and powertrain subsystems, time-varying state constraints, and large horizon lengths. Instead, we solve the offline optimization problem in a centralize manner assuming exact knowledge of the lead vehicle's position over the entire trip by applying a discrete-time single shooting-based numerical approach, Discrete Mixed-Integer Shooting (DMIS), including a linearly increasing computational complexity to the problem horizon. In particular, the hierarchical problem structure is exploited to decompose the computationally intensive Hamiltonian minimization step into a set of low-dimensional optimizations. DMIS allows us to compute the direct fuel minimization problem including the vehicle and powertrain dynamics in a centralized manner to its full horizon while systematically tuning weighting factors that penalize passenger discomfort. For the first time, this study reveals that practically implemented sequential optimization exhibits similar fuel optimality as co-optimization when a certain level of passenger comfort is required.

Automation & Control Systems↗