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At least 19 records

Frequency Dependence of the Dielectric Loss Angle in Disordered Semiconductors in the Terahertz Frequency Range

Frequency dependence of the real part of the conductivity σ{sub 1}(ω) in the region of the transition from almost linear (s < 1) to quadratic (s ≈ 2) can indicate a change in the conduction mechanism (the transition from the variable-range to the fixed-range hopping with increasing frequency); in this case, the sharpness of the change in the slope of the frequency characteristic is related to the dependence of the preexponential factor of the resonance integral on the intercenter distance in the pair. The frequency dependence of the imaginary part of the conductivity σ{sub 2}(ω) has no kink in the vicinity of the transition frequency ωcr, remaining almost linear. A large dielectric loss angle |cotγ| = |σ{sub 2}|/σ{sub 1} can indicate that the imaginary part of the conductivity at ω < ω{sub cr} is defined by the larger zero-phonon contribution in σ{sub 2}{sup res} the region of weak variation in the loss angle γ(ω), which significantly exceeds the relaxation contribution σ{sub 2}{sup res}.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

Microwave soft x-ray microscopy for nanoscale magnetization dynamics in the 5–10 GHz frequency range

We present a scanning transmission x-ray microscopy setup combined with a novel microwave synchronization scheme for studying high frequency magnetization dynamics at synchrotron light sources. The sensitivity necessary to detect small changes in the magnetization on short time scales and nanometer spatial dimensions is achieved by combining the excitation mechanism with single photon counting electronics that is locked to the synchrotron operation frequency. Our instrument is capable of creating direct images of dynamical phenomena in the 5-10 GHz range, with high spatial resolution. When used together with circularly polarized x-rays, the above capabilities can be combined to study magnetic phenomena at microwave frequencies, such as ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) and spin waves. We demonstrate the capabilities of our technique by presenting phase resolved images of a ∼6 GHz nanoscale spin wave generated by a spin torque oscillator, as well as the uniform ferromagnetic precession with ∼0.1° amplitude at ∼9 GHz in a micrometer-sized cobalt strip.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗

Wide-frequency range, dynamic matching network and power system for the “Shoelace” radio frequency antenna on the Alcator C-Mod tokamak

A wide-frequency range (50–300 kHz) power system has been implemented for use with a new RF antenna – the “Shoelace” antenna – built to drive coherent plasma fluctuations in the edge of the Alcator C-Mod tokamak. A custom, dynamically tunable matching network allows two commercial 1 kW, 50-Ω RF amplifiers to drive the low-impedance, inductive load presented by the antenna. This is accomplished by a discretely variable L-match network, with 81 independently selected steps available for each of the series and parallel legs of the matching configuration. A compact programmable logic device provides a control system that measures the frequency with better than 1 kHz accuracy and transitions to the correct tuning state in less than 1 ms. At least 85% of source power is dissipated in the antenna across the operational frequency range, with a minimum frequency slew rate of 1 MHz/s; the best performance is achieved in the narrower band from 80 to 150 kHz which is of interest in typical experiments. The RF frequency can be run with open-loop control, following a pre-programmed analog waveform, or phase-locked to track a plasma fluctuation diagnostic signal in real time with programmable phase delay; the amplitude control is always open-loop. The control waveforms and phase delay are programmed remotely. These tools have enabled first-of-a-kind measurements of the tokamak edge plasma system response in the frequency range and at the wave number at which coherent fluctuations regulate heat and particle transport through the plasma boundary.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗

Characteristics of different frequency ranges in scanning electron microscope images

We demonstrate a new approach to characterize the frequency range in general scanning electron microscope (SEM) images. First, pure frequency images are generated from low frequency to high frequency, and then, the magnification of each type of frequency image is implemented. By comparing the edge percentage of the SEM image to the self-generated frequency images, we can define the frequency ranges of the SEM images. Characterization of frequency ranges of SEM images benefits further processing and analysis of those SEM images, such as in noise filtering and contrast enhancement.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

Experimental Limits on Gravitational Waves in the MHz Frequency Range

This thesis presents the results of a search for gravitational waves in the 1-11MHz frequency range using dual power-recycled Michelson laser interferometers at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory. An unprecedented level of sensitivity to gravitational waves in this frequency range has been achieved by cross-correlating the output fluctuations of two identical and co-located 40m long interferometers. This technique produces sensitivities better than two orders of magnitude below the quantum shot-noise limit, within integration times of less than 1 hour. 95% confidence level upper limits are placed on the strain amplitude of MHz frequency gravitational waves at the $10^{-21}\ \mathrm{Hz}^{-1/2}$ level, constituting the best direct limits to date at these frequencies. For gravitational wave power distributed over this frequency range, a broadband upper limit of $2.4\times10^{-21}\mathrm{Hz}^{-1/2}$ at 95% confidence level is also obtained. This thesis covers the detector technology, the commissioning and calibration of the instrument, the statistical data analysis, and the gravitational wave limit results. Particular attention is paid to the end-to-end calibration of the instrument's sensitivity to differential arm length motion, and so to gravitational wave strain. A detailed statistical analysis of the data is presented as well.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

Identification of waves in the lower-hybrid frequency range in the scrape-off layer plasma of Alcator C-Mod

We report polarization resolved measurements of the parallel refractive index $N_∥≡ck_∥/w$ of the driven RF waves in the lower hybrid (LH) range of frequencies are performed using arrays of RF magnetic probes in the scrape-off layer plasma of Alcator C-Mod. The measured $N_∥$ of the RF magnetic field component parallel to the background magnetic field is about –1.6, which corresponds to the peak of the launched LH $N_∥$ spectrum. Based on the wave dispersion relationship, this wave is identified as the LH slow wave. On the other hand, the RF magnetic field component perpendicular to the magnetic field is found to have a lower $N_∥$ of –1.2, and is detected only near the last closed flux surface. This wave is identified as the LH fast wave generated by slow-fast wave mode conversion.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

Identification of waves in the lower-hybrid frequency range in the scrape-off layer plasma of Alcator C-Mod

Polarization resolved measurements of the parallel refractive index Nk ≡ ckk/ω of the driven RF waves in the lower hybrid (LH) range of frequencies are performed using arrays of RF magnetic probes in the scrape-off layer plasma of Alcator C-Mod. The measured Nk of the RF magnetic field component parallel to the background magnetic field is about -1.6, which corresponds to the peak of the launched LH Nk spectrum. Based on the wave dispersion relationship, this wave is identified as the LH slow wave. On the other hand, the RF magnetic field component perpendicular to the magnetic field is found to have a lower Nk of -1.2, and is detected only near the last closed flux surface. This wave is identified as the LH fast wave generated by slow-fast wave mode conversion.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

A five-channel quasi-optical multiplexer of 12- to 90-GHz frequency range

An effective five-channel quasi-optical multiplexer, which distributes microwave signals of the frequency range of 12–90 GHz on five frequency channels, Ku, K, Ka, U, and E (frequency ranges of standard single-mode waveguides), or combines these channels into a single wave stream, has been developed for the first time. A relatively homogeneous characteristic with a total loss level of about 1.5 dB is achieved in 90% of each range band. A detailed analysis of diffraction and ohmic losses in the frequency channels of the multiplexer has been carried out.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

Effective conductivity and permittivity of unsaturated porous materials in the frequency range 1 mHz-1GHz

A model combining low-frequency complex conductivity and high-frequency permittivity is developed in the frequency range from 1 mHz to 1 GHz. The low-frequency conductivity depends on pore water and surface conductivities. Surface conductivity is controlled by the electrical diffuse layer, the outer component of the electrical double layer coating the surface of the minerals. The frequency dependence of the effective quadrature conductivity shows three domains. Below a critical frequency f p , which depends on the dynamic pore throat size Λ, the quadrature conductivity is frequency dependent. Between f p and a second critical frequency f d , the quadrature conductivity is generally well described by a plateau when clay minerals are present in the material. Clay-free porous materials with a narrow grain size distribution are described by a Cole-Cole model. The characteristic frequency f d controls the transition between double layer polarization and the effect of the high-frequency permittivity of the material. The Maxwell-Wagner polarization is found to be relatively negligible. For a broad range of frequencies below 1 MHz, the effective permittivity exhibits a strong dependence with the cation exchange capacity and the specific surface area. At high frequency, above the critical frequency f d , the effective permittivity reaches a high-frequency asymptotic limit that is controlled by the two Archie’s exponents m and n like the low-frequency electrical conductivity. The unified model is compared with various data sets from the literature and is able to explain fairly well a broad number of observations with a very small number of textural and electrochemical parameters. It could be therefore used to interpret induced polarization, induction-based electromagnetic methods, and ground penetrating radar data to characterize the vadose zone.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

Tunable photonic crystal wavelength sampler with response in terahertz frequency range

Optical features of novel one dimensional photonic crystals with response in the terahertz frequency range are studied theoretically by outlining the transfer matrix method. Dependence of the ideal crystal reflectance to the size of the alternating SiO{sub 2} and InSb layers are studied systematically at the first step. Extracting the optimum values in which large photonic band gaps (PBGs) appear in the reflectance spectrum, two more defective structures are proposed by benefiting the electro-optical behaviors of Li:NbO{sub 3} crystal. Taking into account of the reflection alterations, tunability of the crystals’ response by the wave incident angle, external bias voltage applied to the defect layer(s) and the wave polarization is further studied. Results show that PBGs and resonant modes inside them are strongly dependent to all these controlling factors besides the dependence to the structural parameters. But however, to some extent different modes have different behaviors. The proposed crystals may satisfy the growing demands for development of the high speed photonic devices in the terahertz frequency range and have great potentials for applications such as tunable wavelength samplers/filters.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

Modeling of long range frequency sweeping for energetic particle modes

Long range frequency sweeping events are simulated numerically within a one-dimensional, electrostatic bump-on-tail model with fast particle sources and collisions. The numerical solution accounts for fast particle trapping and detrapping in an evolving wave field with a fixed wavelength, and it includes three distinct collisions operators: Drag (dynamical friction on the background electrons), Krook-type collisions, and velocity space diffusion. The effects of particle trapping and diffusion on the evolution of holes and clumps are investigated, and the occurrence of non-monotonic (hooked) frequency sweeping and asymptotically steady holes is discussed. The presented solution constitutes a step towards predictive modeling of frequency sweeping events in more realistic geometries.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

Cryocooled terahertz photoconductive detector system with background-limited performance in 1.5–4 THz frequency range

We describe a 4-K-cryocooled dual-band terahertz (THz) photoconductive detector system with background-limited performance. The detector system comprises two THz photoconductive detectors covering a response in a wide frequency range from 1.5 to 4 THz, low noise amplifiers, optical low-pass filters to eliminate input radiation of higher frequencies, and a mechanical 4 K Gifford-McMahon refrigerator that provides practical and convenient operation without a liquid He container. The electrical and optical performances of the THz detector system were evaluated at a detector temperature of 4 K under 300 K background radiation. We proved that the detector system can achieve background-limited noise-equivalent-power on the order of 10{sup −14} W/Hz{sup 1/2} in the frequency range from 1.5 to 4 THz even if the vibration noise of the mechanical refrigerator is present.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗

The influence of interlayer exchange coupling in giant-magnetoresistive devices on spin diode effect in wide frequency range

Spin diode effect in a giant magnetoresistive strip is measured in a broad frequency range, including resonance and off-resonance frequencies. The off-resonance dc signal is relatively strong and also significantly dependent on the exchange coupling between magnetic films through the spacer layer. The measured dc signal is described theoretically by taking into account magnetic dynamics induced by Oersted field created by an ac current flowing through the system.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

An Investigation of the Transmission of Iron-Doped Zinc Selenide in the Terahertz-Frequency Range

We present the results of our experimental investigation of the transmission of plates of zinc-selenide crystal doped with iron at a level of 0.23 mass % in the terahertz-frequency range and compare them with the transmission of undoped samples. We show that the presence of iron impurities in a zinc-selenide sample makes the medium more transparent in the frequency range from 0.35 to 0.5 THz. The transmission of a doped sample in this range increases to 20% compared to pure ZnSe. This result can be used in the future to create efficient devices for controlling terahertz radiation.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

Filamentation instability of nonextensive current-driven plasma in the ion acoustic frequency range

The filamentation and ion acoustic instabilities of nonextensive current-driven plasma in the ion acoustic frequency range have been studied using the Lorentz transformation formulas. Based on the kinetic theory, the possibility of filamentation instability and its growth rate as well as the ion acoustic instability have been investigated. The results of the research show that the possibility and growth rate of these instabilities are significantly dependent on the electron nonextensive parameter and drift velocity. Besides, the increase of electrons nonextensive parameter and drift velocity lead to the increase of the growth rates of both instabilities. In addition, the wavelength region in which the filamentation instability occurs is more stretched in the presence of higher values of drift velocity and nonextensive parameter. Finally, the results of filamentation and ion acoustic instabilities have been compared and the conditions for filamentation instability to be dominant mode of instability have been presented.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

High-sensitivity operation of single-beam optically pumped magnetometer in a kHz frequency range

Here, optically pumped magnetometers (OPM) can be used in various applications, from magnetoencephalography to magnetic resonance imaging and nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR). OPMs provide high sensitivity and have the significant advantage of non-cryogenic operation. To date, many magnetometers have been demonstrated with sensitivity close to 1 fT, but most devices are not commercialized. Most recently, QuSpin developed a model of OPM that is low cost, high sensitivity, and convenient for users, which operates in a single-beam configuration. Here we developed a theory of single-beam (or parallel two-beam) magnetometers and showed that it is possible to achieve good sensitivity beyond their usual frequency range by tuning the magnetic field. Experimentally we have tested and optimized a QuSpin OPM for operation in the frequency range from DC to 1.7 kHz, and found that the performance was only slightly inferior despite the expected decrease due to deviation from the spin-exchange relaxation-free regime.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗

Novel internal measurements of ion cyclotron frequency range fast-ion driven modes

Abstract Novel internal measurements and analysis of ion cyclotron frequency range fast-ion driven modes in DIII-D are presented. Observations, including internal density fluctuation ( n ~ ) measurements obtained via Doppler backscattering, are presented for modes at low harmonics of the ion cyclotron frequency localized in the edge. The measurements indicate that these waves, identified as coherent ion cyclotron emission (ICE), have high wave number, k ⊥ ρ fast ≳ 1, consistent with the cyclotron harmonic wave branch of the magnetoacoustic cyclotron instability, or electrostatic instability mechanisms. Measurements show extended spatial structure (at least ∼1/6 the minor radius). These edge ICE modes undergo amplitude modulation correlated with edge localized modes (ELM) that is qualitatively consistent with expectations for ELM-induced fast-ion transport.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

Waves guided by density ducts in magnetoplasma in the nonresonant region of the whistler frequency range

Guidance of azimuthally symmetric waves by cylindrical density ducts in magnetoplasma in the nonresonant region of the whistler frequency range is investigated. It is demonstrated that eigenmodes existing at the studied frequencies in ducts with enhanced plasma density allow simplified description that makes analysis of the features of their guided propagation much easier. The results of calculation of the dispersion characteristics and field structure of the whistler modes supported by such ducts are presented.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗