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At least 19 records
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS2003

Depth Distribution Of The Maxima Of Extensive Air Shower

Observations of the extensive air showers from space can be free from interference by low altitude clouds and aerosols if the showers develop at a sufficiently high altitude. In this paper we explore the altitude distribution of shower maxima to determine the fraction of all showers that will reach their maxima at sufficient altitudes to avoid interference from these lower atmosphere phenomena. Typically the aerosols are confined within a planetary boundary layer that extends from only 2-3 km above the Earth's surface. Cloud top altitudes extend above 15 km but most are below 4 km. The results reported here show that more than 75% of the showers that will be observed by EUSO have maxima above the planetary boundary layer. The results also show that more than 50% of the showers that occur on cloudy days have their maxima above the cloud tops.

Adams, J. H.↗
NASA NTRS1984

Detailed studies of the electron lateral distribution in extensive air showers with energies around 10(16) eV

Detailed studies have been performed of the electron lateral distribution in extensive air showers using the Lodz extensive air shower array. The showers were grouped according to their particle densities around 20 m from the core. The grouping was made in very narrow intervals of the densities. For every group of showers and for every distance interval /changing by 5 m/ histograms of the numbers of electron counters discharged have been obtained. The trays of G.M counters were located at following distances from the center of the triggering detectors array: 16 m, 76 m, 117 m, 137 m, 141 m and 147 m.

Dzikowski, T.↗
NASA NTRS2011

Testing of Large Diameter Fresnel Optics for Space Based Observations of Extensive Air Showers

The JEM-EUSO mission will detect extensive air showers produced by extreme energy cosmic rays. It operates from the ISS looking down on Earth's night time atmosphere to detect the nitrogen fluorescence and Cherenkov produce by the charged particles in the EAS. The JEM-EUSO science objectives require a large field of view, sensitivity to energies below 50 EeV, and must fit within available ISS resources. The JEM-EUSO optic module uses three large diameter, thin plastic lenses with Fresnel surfaces to meet the instrument requirements. A bread-board model of the optic has been manufactured and has undergone preliminary tests. We report the results of optical performance tests and evaluate the present capability to manufacture these optical elements.

Adams, James H.↗
NASA NTRS1985

High energy hadrons in extensive air showers

Experimental data on the high energy hadronic component in extensive air showers of energies approx. 10 to the 14 to 10 to the 16 eV when compared with expectations from Monte Carlo simulations have shown the observed showers to be deficient in high energy hadrons relative to simulated showers. An attempt is made to understand these anomalous features with more accurate comparison of observations with expectations, taking into account the details of the experimental system. Results obtained from this analysis and their implications for the high energy physics of particle interactions at energy approx. 10 to the 15 eV are presented.

Tonwar, S. C.↗
NASA NTRS1985

Correlation of high energy muons with primary composition in extensive air shower

An experimental investigation of high energy muons above 200 GeV in extensive air showers has been made for studying high energy interaction and primary composition of cosmic rays of energies in the range 10 to the 14th power approx. 10 to the 15th power eV. The muon energies are estimated from the burst sizes initiated by the muons in the rock, which are measured by four layers of proportional counters, each of area 5 x 2.6 sq m, placed at 30 m.w.e. deep, Funasaka tunnel vertically below the air shower array. These results are compared with Monte Carlo simulations based on the scaling model and the fireball model for two primary compositions, all proton and mixed.

Chou, C.↗
NASA NTRS2021

Radio Simulations of Upgoing Extensive Air Showers Observed from Low-Earth Orbit

Tau neutrinos interacting in the Earth can result in upgoing extensive air showers. These showers produce optical and radio emission that can be detected by orbital and suborbital platforms. We present results of radio emission simulations using ZHAireS for observation from low-Earth orbit as part of NASA's nuSpaceSim program to develop a comprehensive end-to-end simulation package to model these signals. Peculiar properties of the radio emission arise from the fact that these showers develop in extremely rarified portions of the Earth's atmosphere and, being observed from hundreds of kilometers distance, have distinct coherent emission features compared to ground observations.

Romero-Wolf, Andrew↗
NASA NTRS2021

Modeling of the Tau and Muon Neutrino-induced Optical Cherenkov Signals from Upward-moving Extensive Air Showers

We present a detailed modeling and computation methodology to determine the optical Cherenkovsignals produced by upward-moving extensive air showers (EASs) induced byτ-leptons and muons,sourced from the interaction of high-energy astrophysical neutrinos interacting in the Earth. Fol-lowing and extending the physics modeling and Cherenkov signal simulations performed in [1], thisscheme encompasses a new, state-of-the-art computation of the muon neutrino propagation insidethe Earth and the contribution to theτ-lepton muon decay channel. The modeling takes into ac-count all possibleτ-lepton decay and muon energy loss channels that feed the optical Cherenkovemission, produced by both tau and muon initiated EASs. The EAS modeling uses the electronenergy, angular, and lateral distributions in the EAS and their evolution as well as the wavelengthdependence of the Cherenkov emission and its atmospheric attenuation. The results presented hereare focused on the detection capabilities of sub-orbital (balloon-borne) and orbital (satellite) basedinstruments. The latter case was calculated for POEMMAato compare to that presented in [1],specifically including the muon-decay channel ofτ-leptons and the muonic EAS Cherenkov signalfrom muon neutrino interactions in the Earth. By detailing all these individual contributions tothe optical Cherenkov emission and detection, we show how the ensemble that includes muonicchannels provides a large detection capability for space-based, high-energy cosmic neutrino detec-tion. Specifically, we show that for neutrino energies∼<10 PeV, the upward-EAS sensitivity due tomuon neutrino interactions in the Earth begin to dominate over that for tau neutrino interactions,effectively extending the neutrino sensitivity to lower energies.

A L Cummings↗
NASA NTRS1985

Electrons, muons and hadrons in extensive air showers and how do they depend on nuclear interaction model, part 2

Some of the results of Monte Carlo simulations of extensive air showers for nuclear interactions models are presented. The most significant part of scaling violation effect is generated by the inclusion of rising cross-section. Among the models considered the lowest value for Eo/N(max) is obtained when rapidly rising cross-section and charge exchange are both included (model R-F01). The value is still 1.38 GeV/electron. Except at the highest energies, the sensitivity to atomic mass of the primary is greater than to specific assumptions about multiple production.

Wrotniak, J. A.↗
NASA NTRS1985

Search for tachyons associated with extensive air showers in the ground level cosmic radiation

Events detected in a shielded plastic scintillation counter occurring in the 26 microsec preceding the arrival of an extensive air shower at ground level with local electron density or = 20 m to the -2 power and the 240 microsec after its arrival have been studied. No significant excess of events (tachyons) arriving in the early time domain have been observed in a sample of 11,585 air shower triggers.

Masjed, H. F.↗
NASA NTRS1985

Multidimensional analysis of data obtained in experiments with X-ray emulsion chambers and extensive air showers

Nonparametric statistical methods are used to carry out the quantitative comparison of the model and the experimental data. The same methods enable one to select the events initiated by the heavy nuclei and to calculate the portion of the corresponding events. For this purpose it is necessary to have the data on artificial events describing the experiment sufficiently well established. At present, the model with the small scaling violation in the fragmentation region is the closest to the experiments. Therefore, the treatment of gamma families obtained in the Pamir' experiment is being carried out at present with the application of these models.

Chilingaryan, A. A.↗
NASA NTRS1985

On the production mechanism of radio-pulses from large extensive air showers

None of the theories put forward so far to explain the radio emission from cosmic ray showers, has been successful in giving a satisfactory explanation for all the experimental data obtained from various laboratories over the globe. It is apprehended that emission mechanism at low and high frequencies may be quite different. This calls for new theoretical look into the phenomenon. Theoretical as well as the experimental results indicate that the frequency spectrum is rather flat in the frequency range (40 to 60 MHz. Above 80 MHz, the radio emission can be explained with the help of geomagnetic mechanism. But at very low frequency ( 10 MHz), mechanisms other than geomagnetic are involved.

Datta, P.↗