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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2024

Energy Storage Market Transformation Through Stored Energy Targets

Aggressive energy decarbonization targets will require the rapid deployment of renewable energy in the U.S. in coming years. As the amount of variable generation on the grid grows, there will be an increasing need for long-duration energy storage (LDES) technologies to maintain grid reliability. Meeting that need will require a suite of technology alternatives with different capabilities. Many of these alternatives, however, are in a nascent state and face significant commercialization challenges. In the last decade, 10 U.S. states have enacted energy storage mandates as a vehicle for market transformation to accommodate energy storage. Those mandates, however, fail to send appropriate investment signals for LDES technologies because they are based on energy storage capacity and treat all technologies the same, regardless of duration. This paper explores the idea of replacing capacity-based storage procurement targets with stored energy targets, which would be technology-neutral policies designed to enable the market transformation necessary to support a competitive LDES industry.

Twitchell, Jeremy B.↗
DOE OSTI2020

Computationally efficient optimization models for preliminary distillation column design and separation energy targeting

We propose versatile shortcut distillation column and separation energy targeting models that are well-suited for superstructure-based process synthesis. The models are based on a novel reformulation of the Underwood equations to address systems where the components that are present in the feed can vary due to zero flow rates of some components. Also, we propose valid constraints, resulting in a significant enhancement of the computational performance of the models. Furthermore, the proposed distillation column model can automatically identify adequate key components and the energy requirement of a desired separation task, while considering a wide range of types of separations including non-sharp/sloppy splits. Also, the proposed separation energy targeting model can be used to estimate an energy requirement target for the separation of a mixture without finding detail network configurations. Due to their versatility and computational efficiency, the proposed models can be readily used for and expand the scope of superstructure-based process synthesis approaches.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2018

Moving K-12 Zero Energy Schools to the Mainstream: Establishing Design Guidelines and Energy Targets

K-12 school buildings are ideal candidates to lead the market shift from buildings that consume energy to buildings that produce as much renewable energy as they use, and there are now resources available to guide owners and project teams as they make that shift. Chief among them is the Advanced Energy Design Guide for K-12 School Buildings: Achieving Zero Energy (K-12 ZE AEDG). Starting with a feasibility study to prove that zero energy schools were possible, a committee of industry experts used extensive energy modeling to create a set of energy use intensity allowances for school buildings such that on-site renewable energy could meet the buildings' energy loads . These energy targets were compared with the energy use intensities of a limited number of schools that have achieved very high levels of energy performance. The allowances represent a 'zero energy ready' (rather than zero energy) school, because in many situations the ability to use on-site renewable sources is limited by utilities, policies, or economics. From these targets, the guidance for achieving a zero energy school was created and developed into the K-12 ZE AEDG, which covers the process of designing and building zero energy schools from the perspective of an owner and a project team. The K-12 ZE AEDG advocates setting an absolute energy target before design begins. The K-12 ZE AEDG also contains practical, cost-effective strategies for achieving the energy target and outreach approaches and disseminating these market-friendly strategies to design and school owner communities.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2018

Moving K-12 Zero Energy Schools to the Mainstream: Establishing Design Guidelines and Energy Targets: Preprint

K-12 school buildings are ideal candidates to lead the market shift from buildings that consume energy to buildings that produce as much renewable energy as they use, and there are now resources available to guide owners and project teams as they make that shift. Chief among them is the Advanced Energy Design Guide for K-12 School Buildings: Achieving Zero Energy (K-12 ZE AEDG). Starting with a feasibility study to prove that zero energy schools were possible, a committee of industry experts used extensive energy modeling to create a set of energy use intensity allowances for school buildings such that on-site renewable energy could meet the buildings' energy loads . These energy targets were compared with the energy use intensities of a limited number of schools that have achieved very high levels of energy performance. The allowances represent a 'zero energy ready' (rather than zero energy) school, because in many situations the ability to use on-site renewable sources is limited by utilities, policies, or economics. From these targets, the guidance for achieving a zero energy school was created and developed into the K-12 ZE AEDG, which covers the process of designing and building zero energy schools from the perspective of an owner and a project team. The K-12 ZE AEDG advocates setting an absolute energy target before design begins. The K-12 ZE AEDG also contains practical, cost-effective strategies for achieving the energy target and outreach approaches and disseminating these market-friendly strategies to design and school owner communities.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2015

Targeted energy transfers and passive acoustic wave redirection in a two-dimensional granular network under periodic excitation

We study passive pulse redirection and nonlinear targeted energy transfer in a granular network composed of two semi-infinite, ordered homogeneous granular chains mounted on linear elastic foundations and coupled by weak linear stiffnesses. Periodic excitation in the form of repetitive half-sine pulses is applied to one of the chains, designated as the “excited chain,” whereas the other chain is initially at rest and is regarded as the “absorbing chain.” We show that passive pulse redirection and targeted energy transfer from the excited to the absorbing chain can be achieved by macro-scale realization of the spatial analog of the Landau-Zener quantum tunneling effect. This is realized by finite stratification of the elastic foundation of the excited chain and depends on the system parameters (e.g., the percentage of stratification) and on the parameters of the periodic excitation. Utilizing empirical mode decomposition and numerical Hilbert transforms, we detect the existence of two distinct nonlinear phenomena in the periodically forced network; namely, (i) energy localization in the absorbing chain due to sustained 1:1 resonance capture leading to irreversible pulse redirection from the excited chain, and (ii) continuous energy exchanges in the form of nonlinear beats between the two chains in the absence of resonance capture. Our results extend previous findings of transient passive energy redirection in impulsively excited granular networks and demonstrate that steady state passive pulse redirection in these networks can be robustly achieved under periodic excitation.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2017

Targeted energy transfer in laminar vortex-induced vibration of a sprung cylinder with a nonlinear dissipative rotator

We computationally investigate the dynamics of a linearly-sprung circular cylinder immersed in an incompressible flow and undergoing transverse vortex-induced vibration (VIV), to which is attached a rotational nonlinear energy sink (NES) consisting of a mass that freely rotates at constant radius about the cylinder axis, and whose motion is restrained by a rotational linear viscous damper. The inertial coupling between the rotational motion of the attached mass and the rectilinear motion of the cylinder is “essentially nonlinear”, which, in conjunction with dissipation, allows for one-way, nearly irreversible targeted energy transfer (TET) from the oscillating cylinder to the nonlinear dissipative attachment. At the intermediate Reynolds number , the NES-equipped sprung cylinder undergoes repetitive cycles of slowly decaying oscillations punctuated by intervals of chaotic instabilities. During the slowly decaying portion of each cycle, the dynamics of the cylinder is regular and, for large enough values of the ratio of the NES mass to the total mass (i.e., NES mass plus cylinder mass), can lead to significant vortex street elongation with partial stabilization of the wake. As approaches zero, no such vortex elongation is observed and the wake patterns appear similar to that for a sprung cylinder with no NES. Here we apply proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) to the velocity flow field during a slowly decaying portion of the solution and show that, in situations where vortex elongation occurs, the NES, though not in direct contact with the surrounding fluid, has a drastic effect on the underlying flow structures, imparting significant and continuous passive redistribution of energy among POD modes. We construct a POD-based reduced-order model for the lift coefficient to characterize energy transactions between the fluid and the cylinder throughout the slowly decaying cycle. We introduce a quantitative signed measure of the work done by the fluid on the cylinder over one quasi-period of the slowly decaying response and find that vortex elongation is associated with a sign change of that measure, indicating that a reversal of the direction of energy transfer, with the cylinder “leaking energy back” to the flow, is responsible for partial stabilization and elongation of the wake. We interpret these findings in terms of the spatial structure and energy distribution of the POD modes, and relate them to the mechanism of transient resonance capture into a slow invariant manifold of the fluid–structure interaction dynamics.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2020

Transforming New Multifamily Construction to Zero: Strategies for Implementing Energy Targets and Design Pathways: Preprint

Creating zero energy (ZE) mid- to high-rise multifamily buildings represent significant challenges in the design world. Tenants often take responsibility for some of the utilities and are responsible for consumption of some of the largest end uses: hot water and plug loads. Furthermore, designers can experience risk in creating new sets of details and recommending new strategies to reach aggressive EUI targets. To assist in a more streamlined and successful design approach to ZE multifamily buildings, five major professional societies and experts from the multifamily space created a Zero Energy Advanced Energy Design Guide (AEDG) for multifamily buildings based on data driven results coupled with actual design experiences and case studies. Pathways to achieve ZE design were established including whole building energy use intensity targets coupled with details on how to achieve success in implementing individual efficiency measures. The guidance strives to overcome design barriers and this paper provides an overview of the recommended process to achieve ZE or ZE-ready status, along with details on selecting energy targets, and strategy pathways to achieve the targets.

advanced energy design guide↗
DOE OSTI2021

Future Cost Benefits Analysis for Electrified Vehicles from Advances Due to U.S. Department of Energy Targets

The U.S. Department of Energy’s Vehicle Technologies Office (DOE-VTO) supports research and development (R&D), as well as deployment of efficient and sustainable transportation technologies, that will improve energy efficiency and fuel economy and enable America to use less petroleum. To accelerate the creation and adoption of new technologies, DOE-VTO has developed specific targets for a wide range of powertrain technologies (e.g., engine, battery, electric machine, lightweighting, etc.). This paper quantifies the impact of VTO R&D on vehicle energy consumption and cost compared to expected historical improvements across vehicle classes, powertrains, component technologies and timeframes. We have implemented a large scale simulation process to develop and simulate tens of thousands of vehicles on U.S. standard driving cycles using Autonomie, a vehicle simulation tool developed by Argonne National Laboratory. Results demonstrate significant additional reductions in both cost and energy consumption due to the existence of VTO R&D targets compared to predicted historical trends. It is observed that, over time, the fuel consumption of different electrified vehicles is expected to decrease by 40–50% and a reduction of 45–55% for vehicle manufacturing costs owing to significant improvements through various VTO R&D targets.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗
DOE OSTI2025

Shock propagation in aerogel and TPP foams for inertial fusion energy target design

Achieving practical inertial fusion energy (IFE) requires the development of target designs with well-characterized microstructure and compression response. We measured shock dynamics in low-density (17.5–500 mg/cm 3 ) aerogel and two-photon polymerization (TPP) foams using x-ray phase contrast imaging (XPCI) methods and the Velocity Interferometer System for Any Reflector. By analyzing shock front evolution, we examined how target type and density influence shock propagation and energy dissipation. Talbot-XPCI shows that aerogels support a smooth, bowed shock front due to their homogeneous nanometer-scale pore network. In contrast, TPP foams exhibit irregular, stepwise propagation driven by interactions with their periodic micrometer-scale lattice. Shock velocity follows a power-law relation: aerogels deviate from classical ρ −1/2 scaling due to pore-collapse dissipation, while TPP foams follow the trend with larger uncertainties from density variations. Comparisons with xRAGE simulations reveal systematic underestimation of shock speeds. These results provide the first experimental constraints on shock propagation in TPP foams over a wide density range and highlight the influence of internal structure on anisotropic shock behavior. Our findings support improved benchmarking of EOS and hydrodynamic models and inform the design of foam architectures that promote implosion symmetry in IFE capsules.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2024

The physics of gain relevant to inertial fusion energy target designs

In inertial confinement fusion, pellets of deuterium tritium fuel are compressed and heated to the conditions where they undergo fusion and release energy. The target gain (ratio of energy released from the fusion reactions to the energy in the drive source) is a key parameter in determining the power flow and economics of an inertial fusion energy (IFE) power plant. In this study, the physics of gain is explored for laser-direct-drive targets with driver energy at the megajoule scale. This analysis is performed with the assumption of next-generation laser technologies that are expected to increase convergent drive pressures to over 200 Mbar. This is possible with the addition of bandwidth to the laser spectrum and by employing focal-spot zooming. Simple physics arguments are used to derive scaling laws that describe target gain as a function of laser energy, adiabat, ablation pressure, and implosion velocity. Scaling laws are found for the unablated mass, ablation pressure, areal density, implosion velocity, and in-flight aspect ratio. Furthermore, those scaling laws are then used to explore the design space for IFE targets.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2016

Win–Win strategies to promote air pollutant control policies and non-fossil energy target regulation in China

The rapid growth of energy consumption in China has led to increased emissions of air pollutants. As a response, in its 12th Five Year Plan the Chinese government proposed mitigation targets for SO2 and NOx emissions. Herein we have investigated mitigation measures taken in different sectors and their corresponding impacts on the energy system. Additionally, as non-fossil energy development has gained traction in addressing energy and environmental challenges in China, we further investigated the impact of non-fossil energy development on air pollutant emissions, and then explored interactions and co-benefits between these two types of policies. An extended Global Change Assessment Model (GCAM) was used in this study, which includes an additional air pollutant emissions control module coupling multiple end-of-pipe (EOP) control technologies with energy technologies, as well as more detailed end-use sectors in China. We find that implementing EOP control technologies would reduce air pollution in the near future, but with little room left to implement these EOP technologies, other cleaner and more efficient technologies are also effective. These technologies would reduce final energy consumption, increase electricity’s share in final energy, and increase the share of non-fossil fuels in primary energy and electricity consumption. Increasing non-fossil energy usage at China’s proposed adoption rate would in turn also reduce SO2 and NOx emissions, however, the reductions from this policy alone still lag behind the targeted requirements of air pollutant reduction. Fortunately, a combination of air pollutant controls and non-fossil energy development could synergistically help realize the respective individual targets, and would result in lower costs than would addressing these issues separately.

Air pollution↗
DOE OSTI2025

Dataset for: Electric Vulnerability Index: Targeted Energy Storage Implementation Metric

Uninterrupted access to electricity is critical to the safety and security of American households. More frequent and extreme emergency events increase outages across the country, disproportionately impacting vulnerable communities that experience the most frequent and longest outages, are most sensitive to the loss of electric power, and have the least capacity to adapt to these conditions. This study devises a metric, the Electric Vulnerability Index (EVI), and validates this metric against the 2021 Winter Storm Uri in Texas. Though not ubiquitous, similar trends were observed between adjacent areas with higher EVI and those with higher outage rates from this storm. EVI is offered as a viable approach to quantify a population’s vulnerability to electric outages and maps that index across the continental United States to aid policymakers, advocates, and energy system stakeholders in the targeted deployment of resilience solutions, such as energy storage, to communities most in need. This dataset includes the geopackage file containing all relevant attributes used to generate the maps used in the accompanying paper.

Kerby, Jessica [Pacific Northwest National Laborat↗
DOE OSTI2013

Flight and Stability of a Laser Inertial Fusion Energy Target in the Drift Region between Injection and the Reaction Chamber with Computational Fluid Dynamics

A Laser Inertial Fusion Energy (LIFE) target’s flight through a low Reynolds number and high Mach number regime was analyzed with computational fluid dynamics software. This regime consisted of xenon gas at 1,050 K and approximately 6,670 Pa. Simulations with similar flow conditions were performed with a sphere and compared with experimental data and published correlations for validation purposes. Transient considerations of the developing flow around the target were explored. Simulations of the target at different velocities were used to determine correlations for the drag coefficient and Nusselt number as functions of the Reynolds number. Simulations with different angles of attack were used to determine the aerodynamic coefficients of drag, lift, Magnus moment, and overturning moment as well as target stability. The drag force, lift force, and overturning moment changed minimally with spin. Above an angle of attack of 15°, the overturning moment would be destabilizing. At low angles of attack (less than 15°), the overturning moment would tend to decrease the target’s angle of attack, indicating the lack of a need for spin for stability at small angles. This stabilizing moment would cause the target to move in a mildly damped oscillation about the axis parallel to the free-stream velocity vector through the target’s center of gravity.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2020

Moving Zero Energy Office Buildings to the Mainstream: Establishing Design Guidelines and Energy Targets: Preprint

Office buildings represent a significant portion of the commercial sector and are ideal candidates to lead the market towards achieving zero energy or zero energy ready buildings. The variety of sizes and uses for office buildings make them challenging to determine set design guidance that can be deployed across the market. A project committee for ASHRAE’s Zero Energy - Advanced Energy Design Guide (ZE-AEDG) for small and medium office buildings , comprised of members from five major national associations with market-pull in commercial buildings, created design guidance for achieving zero energy office buildings for new construction and major retrofit. This design guidance focuses on the process, providing a pathway for both office owners and design teams to achieve zero energy status. Energy use intensity targets range from 16 kBtu/ft²·yr to 36 kBtu/ft²·yr for the different climate zones were established such that office buildings can be “zero-ready,” that is, having low energy consumption that can easily be offset with renewables, preferably on-site. The design guidance was rooted in extensive energy modeling, as well as case studies of actual office buildings that have achieved high levels of energy performance and met zero energy or zero energy ready status. A unique aspect of the zero-energy guide is that it is not compared against a baseline but focuses on achieving an absolute target. The paper presents process of creating the targets, the selection of strategies to achieve the targets, and sample case studies that show how the cost-sensitive solutions are achievable for the design community. It also presents outreach strategies to deploy market achievable zero energy measures.

buildings↗
DOE OSTI2024

Assessment of Regional Interconnections to Meet Southeast Asia's Renewable Energy Targets: Phase I of the Singapore – U.S. Collaboration

This report summarizes the results of a study of long-distance subsea electrical interconnections in Southeast Asia, conducted under the first phase of the Singapore-U.S. collaboration under the Net Zero World Initiative. In Phase 1, the Net Zero World team evaluated the current state of the renewable energy landscape in Southeast Asia; developed an open-source capacity expansion model using GridPath and evaluated several future scenarios including changes in interregional transmission; explored the technical feasibility of regional subsea interconnectors; and estimated socio-economic benefits of expanded regional transmission.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗