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At least 19 records

Bulk observables at 5.02 TeV using quasiparticle anisotropic hydrodynamics

Abstract We compare predictions of 3+1D quasiparticle anisotropic hydrodynamics (aHydroQP) for a large set of bulk observables with experimental data collected in 5.02 TeV Pb–Pb collisions. We make predictions for identified hadron spectra, identified hadron average transverse momentum, charged particle multiplicity as a function of pseudorapidity, the kaon-to-pion ( $$K/\pi $$ K / π ) and proton-to-pion ( $$p/\pi $$ p / π ) ratios, identified particle and charged particle elliptic flow, and HBT radii. We compare to data collected by the ALICE collaboration in 5.02 TeV Pb–Pb collisions. We find that, based on available data, these bulk observables are well described by aHydroQP with an assumed initial central temperature of $$T_0=630$$ T 0 = 630 MeV at $$\tau _0 = 0.25$$ τ 0 = 0.25 fm/c and a constant specific shear viscosity of $$\eta /s=0.159$$ η / s = 0.159 , which corresponds to a peak specific bulk viscosity of $$\zeta /s = 0.048$$ ζ / s = 0.048 . In particular, we find that the momentum dependence of the kaon-to-pion ( $$K/\pi $$ K / π ) and proton-to-pion ( $$p/\pi $$ p / π ) ratios reported recently by the ALICE collaboration are extremely well described by aHydroQP in the 0–5% centrality class.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

Pion interferometry at 200 GeV using anisotropic hydrodynamics

In this paper, we continue our phenomenological studies of heavy-ion collisions using 3 + 1 D anisotropic hydrodynamics (aHydro). In previous works, we compared quasiparticle aHydro (aHydroQP) with ALICE 2.76 TeV Pb-Pb and BNL Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider 200 GeV Au-Au collision results. At both energies, the agreement was quite good between aHydroQP and the experimental data for many observables. In this work, we present comparisons of the Hanbury Brown–Twiss (HBT) radii and their ratios determined using π + π + pairs produced in 200 GeV Au-Au collisions. We first present comparisons with STAR results for the HBT radii and their ratios. We then present comparisons with PHENIX results for the HBT radii and their ratios. In both cases, we find reasonable agreement between aHydroQP predictions and available experimental results for the ratios of HBT radii. At the level of the radii themselves, in some cases quantitative differences on the order of 10–20% remain, which deserve further research.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗

Bayesian calibration of viscous anisotropic hydrodynamic simulations of heavy-ion collisions

Owing to large pressure gradients at early times, standard hydrodynamic model simulations of relativistic heavy-ion collisions do not become reliable until O(1) fm/c after the collision. To address this one often introduces a prehydrodynamic stage that models the early evolution microscopically, typically as a conformal, weakly interacting gas. In such an approach the transition from the prehydrodynamic to the hydrodynamic stage is discontinuous, introducing considerable theoretical model ambiguity. Alternatively, fluids with large anisotropic pressure gradients can be handled macroscopically using the recently developed viscous anisotropic hydrodynamics (VAH). In high-energy heavy-ion collisions VAH is applicable already at very early times, and at later times transitions smoothly into conventional second-order viscous hydrodynamics. Here we present a Bayesian calibration of the VAH model with experimental data for Pb-Pb collisions at the LHC at $\sqrt{^{S}NN}$ = 2.76 A TeV. We find that the VAH model has the unique capability of constraining the specific viscosities of the quark-gluon plasma at higher temperatures than other previously used models.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗

Resummed Relativistic Dissipative Hydrodynamics

In this review, we present the motivation for using relativistic anisotropic hydrodynamics to study the physics of ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions. We then highlight the main ingredients of the 3+1D quasiparticle anisotropic hydrodynamics model including the underlying symmetry assumptions and present phenomenological comparisons with experimental data at different collision energies. These comparisons show that anisotropic hydrodynamics can describe many bulk observables of the quark-gluon plasma.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

Nonextensive hydrodynamics of boost-invariant plasmas

We use quasiparticle anisotropic hydrodynamics to study the non-conformal and non-extensive dynamics of a system undergoing boost-invariant Bjorken expansion. To introduce nonextensivity, we use an underlying Tsallis distribution with a time-dependent nonextensivity parameter q. By taking moments of the quasiparticle Boltzmann equation in the relaxation-time approximation, we obtain dynamical equations which allow us to determine the time evolution of all microscopic parameters including q. We compare numerical solutions for bulk observables obtained using the nonextensive evolution with results obtained using quasiparticle anisotropic hydrodynamics with a Boltzmann distribution function (q → 1). We show that the evolution of the temperature, pressure ratio, and scaled energy density, are quite insensitive to which distribution function is assumed. However, we find significant differences in the early-time evolution of the bulk pressure which are observed for even small deviations from the Boltzmann distribution function. Finally, we discuss the existence of non-conformal hydrodynamic attractors for the longitudinal and transverse pressures, the bulk and shear viscous corrections, and the nonextensivity parameter q.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

Kaonic Hanbury-Brown–Twiss radii at 200 GeV and 5.02 TeV

Here, we use 3 + 1 dimensional quasiparticle anisotropic hydrodynamics (aHydroQP) to make predictions for kaon Hanbury-Brown–Twiss (HBT) radii in 200 GeV and 5.02 TeV heavy-ion collisions. Using previously determined aHydroQP parameters, we compute kaonic HBT radii and their ratios as a function of the mean transverse momentum of the pair k T . We first consider Au-Au collisions at 200 GeV, finding good agreement between aHydroQP predictions and experimental data up to k T ≈ 0.8 GeV. We then present predictions for kaonic HBT radii and their ratios in 5.02 TeV Pb-Pb collisions. Our aHydroQP predictions do not exhibit a clear k T scaling of the pion and kaon source radii, however, an approximate transverse mass m T scaling is observed, particularly at 200 GeV.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗

Bottomonium suppression in 5.02 and 8.16 TeV 𝑝-Pb collisions

Here, we compute the suppression of ϒ⁡(1⁢𝑆), ϒ⁡(2⁢𝑆), and ϒ⁡(3⁢𝑆) states in 𝑝-Pb collisions relative to 𝑝⁢𝑝 collisions, including nuclear parton distribution function (nPDF) effects, coherent energy loss, momentum broadening, and final-state interactions in the quark-gluon plasma. We employ the EPPS21 nPDFs and calculate the uncertainty resulting from variation over the associated error sets. To compute coherent energy loss and momentum broadening, we follow the approach of Arleo, Peigne, and collaborators. The 3+1⁢D viscous hydrodynamical background evolution of the quark-gluon plasma is generated by anisotropic hydrodynamics. The in-medium suppression of bottomonium in the quark-gluon plasma is computed using a next-to-leading-order open quantum system framework formulated within potential nonrelativistic quantum chromodynamics. We find that inclusion of all these effects provides a reasonable description of experimental data from the ALICE, ATLAS, CMS, and LHCb Collaborations for the suppression of ϒ⁡(1⁢𝑆), ϒ⁡(2⁢𝑆), and ϒ⁡(3⁢𝑆) as a function of both transverse momentum and rapidity.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

Fireball tomography from bottomonia elliptic flow in relativistic heavy-ion collisions

Abstract We calculate the elliptic flow of bottomonia produced in Pb $$\,+\,$$ + Pb collisions at $$\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}=5.02$$ s NN = 5.02 TeV. We consider temperature-dependent decay widths for the anisotropic escape of various bottomonium states and observe that the transverse momentum dependence of bottomonia elliptic flow provides a tomographic information about the QGP fireball at different stages of its evolution. For the space-time evolution of the fireball, we employ simulation results from the 3 + 1 D quasiparticle anisotropic hydrodynamic model. We find that our results for transverse momentum dependence of bottomonia elliptic flow are in reasonable agreement with experimental results from the ALICE and CMS collaborations.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

Generalized design principles for hydrodynamic electron transport in anisotropic metals

Interactions of charge carriers with lattice vibrations, or phonons, play a critical role in unconventional electronic transport of metals and semimetals. Recent observations of phonon-mediated collective electron flow in bulk semimetals, termed electron hydrodynamics, present new opportunities in the search for strong electron-electron interactions in high carrier density materials. Here we present the general transport signatures of such a second-order scattering mechanism, along with analytical limits at the Eliashberg level of theory. We study electronic transport, using ab initio calculations, in finite-size channels of semimetallic ZrSiS and TaAs 2 with and without topological band crossings, respectively. The order of magnitude separation between momentum-relaxing and momentum-conserving scattering length scales across a wide temperature range make both of them promising candidates for further experimental observation of electron hydrodynamics. More generally, our calculations suggest that the hydrodynamic transport regime does not, to first order, rely on the topological nature of the bands. Finally, we discuss general design principles guiding future search for hydrodynamic candidates, based on the analytical formulation and our ab initio predictions. Further, we find that systems with strong electron-phonon interactions, reduced electronic phase space, and suppressed phonon-phonon scattering at temperatures of interest are likely to feature hydrodynamic electron transport. We predict that layered and/or anisotropic semimetals composed of half-filled d shells and light group V/VI elements with lower crystal symmetry are promising candidates to observe hydrodynamic phenomena in the future.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Anisotropic fluid dynamical simulations of heavy-ion collisions

We present VAH, a (3+1)–dimensional simulation that evolves the far-from-equilibrium quark-gluon plasma produced in ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions with anisotropic fluid dynamics. We solve the hydrodynamic equations on an Eulerian grid using the Kurganov–Tadmor algorithm in combination with a new adaptive Runge–Kutta method. Our numerical scheme allows us to start the simulation soon after the nuclear collision, largely avoiding the need to integrate it with a separate pre-equilibrium dynamics module. We test the code's performance by simulating on the Eulerian grid conformal and non-conformal Bjorken flow as well as conformal Gubser flow, whose (0+1)–dimensional solutions are precisely known. Finally, we compare non-conformal anisotropic hydrodynamics to second-order viscous hydrodynamics in central Pb+Pb collisions and find that the former's longitudinal flow profile responds more consistently to the fluid's gradients along the spacetime rapidity direction.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

The role of longitudinal decorrelations for measurements of anisotropic flow in small collision systems

Within a (3+1)D viscous hydrodynamic model we compute anisotropic flow in small system collisions as performed at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider and measured by the STAR and PHENIX Collaborations. We emphasize the importance of the rapidity dependence of the geometry for interpreting the differences encountered in measurements by the two collaborations.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗

Tracing cosmic gas in filaments and halos: Low-redshift insights from the kinematic Sunyaev-Zel’dovich effect

In this work, we leverage cosmic microwave background (CMB) data from the Atacama Cosmology Telescope (ACT) and LSS data from the imaging survey conducted by the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) to study the distribution of gas around galaxy groups at low redshift, z ≈ 0.3, via the kinematic Sunyaev-Zel'dovich (kSZ) effect. In particular, we perform velocity-weighted stacking on the photometric galaxies from the Bright Galaxy Survey (BGS) to isolate the monopole and quadrupole of the kSZ signal, orienting the stacked images along 2D filaments identified using the Hessian of the projected gravitational potential. We find a 7.2σ detection in the monopole of the signal (i.e., the gas density profile) and a 4σ detection in the quadrupole (m = 2), constituting the first measurement of the alignment between gas distribution and the cosmic web through the kSZ effect. As it is a linear probe of the local gas density, the kSZ has heightened sensitivity to the warm-hot intergalactic medium (WHIM), which is believed to house the majority of the "missing baryons."Mapping out the gas density at low redshifts, as enabled by our measurements, is crucial for weak lensing surveys, for which the impact of baryons on small scales is a major impediment. We compare the anisotropic signal against two hydrodynamical simulations, TNG300-1 and Illustris, which have very different baryonic feedback prescriptions. We find that the anisotropic signal measured in the data is comparable but slightly larger and more extended compared with the simulations. Further, this suggests that there is excess accretion and feedback taking place through the filaments, hinting at the possible presence of spin-filament alignment of the BGS objects.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

Anisotropic Flow in Fixed-Target 208 Pb + 20 Ne Collisions as a Probe of Quark-Gluon Plasma

The System for Measuring Overlap with Gas (SMOG2) at the LHCb detector enables the study of fixed-target ion-ion collisions at relativistic energies ($\sqrt{𝑠_{NN}}$ ∼ 100 GeV in the center of mass). Here, with input from ab initio calculations of the structure of 16 O and 20 Ne , we compute 3+1⁢D hydrodynamic predictions for the anisotropic flow of Pb+Ne and Pb+O collisions to be tested with upcoming LHCb data. This will allow the detailed study of quark-gluon plasma formation as well as experimental tests of the predicted nuclear shapes. Elliptic flow (𝑣 2 ) in Pb + Ne collisions is greatly enhanced compared to the Pb + O baseline due to the shape of 20 Ne , which is deformed in a bowling-pin geometry. Owing to the large 208 Pb radius, this effect is seen in a broad centrality range, a unique feature of this collision configuration. Larger elliptic flow further enhances the quadrangular flow (𝑣 4 ) of Pb + Ne collisions via nonlinear coupling, and impacts the sign of the kurtosis of the elliptic flow vector distribution (𝑐 2 ⁡{4}). Exploiting the shape of 20 Ne proves thus an ideal method to investigate the formation of quark-gluon plasma in fixed-target experiments at LHCb, and demonstrates the power of System for Measuring Overlap with Gas as a tool to image nuclear ground states.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗

Modified equilibrium distributions for Cooper-Frye particlization

We introduce a positive-definite single-particle distribution that is suitable for describing the transition from a macroscopic hydrodynamic to a microscopic kinetic description during the late stages of heavy-ion collisions in the presence of moderately large viscous corrections. The modified equilibrium distribution function can be constructed with hydrodynamic input from either relativistic viscous fluid dynamics or anisotropic fluid dynamics. We test the modified equilibrium distribution's hydrodynamic output for a stationary hadron resonance gas subject to either shear stress, bulk pressure, or baryon diffusion current at a given freeze-out temperature and baryon chemical potential. While it does not reproduce all components of the net baryon current and energy-momentum tensor exactly, it significantly improves upon the customary linearized approximations for the nonequilibrium correction δf n which typically lead to unphysical negative distribution functions at large particle momenta. A comparison of particle spectra and p T –differential elliptic flow coefficients from the Cooper–Frye formula computed with the modified equilibrium distribution and with linearized δf n corrections is presented, for two different (2 + 1)–dimensional hypersurfaces corresponding to central and noncentral Pb + Pb collisions at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC).

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗

3D structure of anisotropic flow in small collision systems at energies available at the BNL Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider

Here, we present (3 + 1)-dimensional [(3 + 1)D] dynamical simulations of asymmetric nuclear collisions at the BNL Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC). Employing a dynamical initial state model coupled to (3 + 1)D viscous relativistic hydrodynamics, we explore the rapidity dependence of anisotropic flow in the RHIC small system scan at 200 GeV center-of-mass energy. We calibrate parameters to describe central 3 He + Au collisions and make extrapolations to d + Au and p + Au collisions. Our calculations demonstrate that approximately 50% of the v 3 (p T ) difference between the measurements by the STAR and PHENIX Collaborations can be explained by the use of reference flow vectors from different rapidity regions. This emphasizes the importance of longitudinal flow decorrelation for anisotropic flow measurements in asymmetric nuclear collisions, and the need for (3 + 1)D simulations. We also present results for the beam energy dependence of particle spectra and anisotropic flow in d + Au collisions.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗