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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2011

Nuclear Data Sheets for A = 56

The 1999 publication of Nuclear Data Sheets for A=56 (1999Hu04) has been updated using experimental nuclear structure data and decay data available before November 2009. The information for {sup 56}K, {sup 56}Ca, {sup 56}Sc, {sup 56}Ti, {sup 56}V, {sup 56}Cr, {sup 56}Mn, {sup 56}Fe, {sup 56}Co, {sup 56}Ni, {sup 56}Cu, and {sup 56}Zn from various reaction and decay experiments together with their adopted levels and {gamma} transition properties is summarized and presented.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2014

Beta Decay Study of the T{sub z}=−2{sup 56}Zn Nucleus and the Determination of the Half-Lives of a Few fp-shell Nuclei

This paper concerns the experimental study of the β decay properties of few proton-rich fp-shell nuclei. The nuclei were produced at GANIL in fragmentation reactions, separated with the LISE spectrometer and stopped in an implantation detector surrounded by Ge detectors. The β-delayed gammas, β-delayed protons and the exotic β-delayed gamma-proton emission have been studied. Preliminary results are presented. The decay of the T{sub z}=−2 nucleus {sup 56}Zn has been studied in detail. Information from the β-delayed protons and β-delayed gammas has been used to deduce the decay scheme. The exotic beta-delayed gamma-proton decay has been observed for the first time in the fp-shell. The interpretation of the data was made possible thanks to the detailed knowledge of the mirror Charge Exchange (CE) process and the gamma de-excitation of the states in {sup 56}Co, the mirror nucleus of {sup 56}Cu.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2021

Production of the most neutron-deficient Zn isotopes by projectile fragmentation of Kr 78

The cross sections for the production of three most neutron-deficient zinc isotopes, 54–56 Zn, in the projectile fragmentation of 78 Kr at 345 MeV/nucleon on a beryllium target, were measured. Although the results are smaller by over an order of magnitude from those obtained with a 58 Ni beam at 75 MeV/nucleon on a nickel target, the rates of reaction products are found to be larger in the case of high-energy fragmentation of 78 Kr. The experimental cross sections for the most neutron-deficient isotopes of even-Z nuclei between zinc and krypton were analyzed in the framework of the abrasion-ablation model. A very good agreement with the data was found when the nuclear masses predicted by a particular variant of the Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov mass model were used. The prospects for the observation of more exotic isotopes in this region are discussed in context of 2p radioactivity.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2015

Special features of single-particle proton spectra of nickel, zinc, and germanium isotopes in the vicinity of the proton drip line

The single-particle proton spectra of the neutron-deficient isotopes {sup 50,52}Ni, {sup 56,58,60,62}Zn, and {sup 60,62,64}Ge were calculated on the basis of the dispersive optical model whose parameters were extrapolated from the region of stable isotopes. The resulting parameter values lead to agreement between the total number of protons in bound states and the charge number Z of the respective nucleus. The results of the calculations are indicative of a weakly magic character of the {sup 58}Zn nucleus, which has a traditional magic number of N = 28 and a nearly magic number of Z = 30, and the {sup 64}Ge nucleus, for which N = Z = 32.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2013

NUCLEOSYNTHESIS IN THE OUTFLOWS ASSOCIATED WITH ACCRETION DISKS OF TYPE II COLLAPSARS

We investigate nucleosynthesis inside the outflows from gamma-ray burst (GRB) accretion disks formed by the Type II collapsars. In these collapsars, massive stars undergo core collapse to form a proto-neutron star initially, and a mild supernova (SN) explosion is driven. The SN ejecta lack momentum, and subsequently this newly formed neutron star gets transformed to a stellar mass black hole via massive fallback. The hydrodynamics and the nucleosynthesis in these accretion disks have been studied extensively in the past. Several heavy elements are synthesized in the disk, and much of these heavy elements are ejected from the disk via winds and outflows. We study nucleosynthesis in the outflows launched from these disks by using an adiabatic, spherically expanding outflow model, to understand which of these elements thus synthesized in the disk survive in the outflow. While studying this, we find that many new elements like isotopes of titanium, copper, zinc, etc., are present in the outflows. {sup 56}Ni is abundantly synthesized in most of the cases in the outflow, which implies that the outflows from these disks in a majority of cases will lead to an observable SN explosion. It is mainly present when outflow is considered from the He-rich, {sup 56}Ni/{sup 54}Fe-rich zones of the disks. However, outflow from the Si-rich zone of the disk remains rich in silicon. Although emission lines of many of these heavy elements have been observed in the X-ray afterglows of several GRBs by Chandra, BeppoSAX, XMM-Newton, etc., Swift seems to have not yet detected these lines.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2014

Nuclear Data Sheets for A = 54

The 2005 evaluation for A=54 (2006Hu08) has been updated. Detailed experimental nuclear structure data and decay data for all nuclei with mass chain A=54 are presented in this current evaluation. The new data and information are given in following datasets: {sup 54}Ca: {sup 9}Be({sup 76}Ge, X) and Be({sup 55}Sc, p), ({sup 56}Ti, 2p) {sup 54}Sc: {sup 54}Ca β{sup −} decay and {sup 54}Sc IT decay {sup 54}Ti: {sup 54}Sc β{sup −} decay {sup 54}Cr: {sup 54}Mn ε decay, {sup 56}Fe(μ, nupng), and {sup 238}U({sup 64}Ni, Xγ) {sup 54}Mn: {sup 51}V({sup 20}Ne, Xγ), {sup 55}Mn(p, pn), and {sup 56}Fe(μ, nu2ng) {sup 54}Fe: {sup 58}Ni α decay, {sup 9}Be({sup 55}Co, Xγ), {sup 54}Fe(e, e'), {sup 54}Fe(p, p'), and Coulomb Excitation {sup 54}Co: {sup 54}Ni ε decay, {sup 55}Cu εp decay, {sup 28}Si({sup 32}S, αpnγ), {sup 54}Fe(p,n), and {sup 54}Fe({sup 3}He, t) {sup 54}Ni: {sup 54}Ni IT decay, {sup 55}Zn εp decay, {sup 9}Be({sup 55}Ni, Xγ), and {sup 24}Mg({sup 32}S, Xγ) {sup 54}Zn: Ni({sup 58}Ni, X)

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2012

IMPACT OF SUPERNOVA DYNAMICS ON THE {nu}p-PROCESS

We study the impact of the late-time dynamical evolution of ejecta from core-collapse supernovae on {nu}p-process nucleosynthesis. Our results are based on hydrodynamical simulations of neutrino-driven wind ejecta. Motivated by recent two-dimensional wind simulations, we vary the dynamical evolution during the {nu}p-process and show that final abundances strongly depend on the temperature evolution. When the expansion is very fast, there is not enough time for antineutrino absorption on protons to produce enough neutrons to overcome the {beta}{sup +}-decay waiting points and no heavy elements beyond A = 64 are produced. The wind termination shock or reverse shock dramatically reduces the expansion speed of the ejecta. This extends the period during which matter remains at relatively high temperatures and is exposed to high neutrino fluxes, thus allowing for further (p, {gamma}) and (n, p) reactions to occur and to synthesize elements beyond iron. We find that the {nu}p-process starts to efficiently produce heavy elements only when the temperature drops below {approx}3 GK. At higher temperatures, due to the low alpha separation energy of {sup 60}Zn (S{sub {alpha}} = 2.7 MeV) the reaction {sup 59}Cu(p, {alpha}){sup 56}Ni is faster than the reaction {sup 59}Cu(p, {gamma}){sup 60}Zn. This results in the closed NiCu cycle that we identify and discuss here for the first time. We also investigate the late phase of the {nu}p-process when the temperatures become too low to maintain proton captures. Depending on the late neutron density, the evolution to stability is dominated by {beta}{sup +} decays or by (n, {gamma}) reactions. In the latter case, the matter flow can even reach the neutron-rich side of stability and the isotopic composition of a given element is then dominated by neutron-rich isotopes.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2016

DETECTION OF PHOSPHORUS, SULPHUR, AND ZINC IN THE CARBON-ENHANCED METAL-POOR STAR BD+44 493

The carbon-enhanced metal-poor star BD+44°493 ([Fe/H] = −3.9) has been proposed as a candidate second-generation star enriched by metals from a single Pop III star. We report the first detections of P and S and the second detection of Zn in any extremely metal-poor carbon-enhanced star, using new spectra of BD+44°493 collected by the Cosmic Origins Spectrograph on the Hubble Space Telescope . We derive [P/Fe] = −0.34 ± 0.21, [S/Fe] = +0.07 ± 0.41, and [Zn/Fe] = −0.10 ± 0.24. We increase by 10-fold the number of Si i lines detected in BD+44°493, yielding [Si/Fe] = +0.15 ± 0.22. The [S/Fe] and [Zn/Fe] ratios exclude the hypothesis that the abundance pattern in BD+44°493 results from depletion of refractory elements onto dust grains. Comparison with zero-metallicity supernova (SN) models suggests that the stellar progenitor that enriched BD+44°493 was massive and ejected much less than 0.07 M {sub ⊙} of {sup 56}Ni, characteristic of a faint SN.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2014

Electrochemical deposition of iron sulfide thin films and heterojunction diodes with zinc oxide

Iron sulfide thin films were fabricated by the electrochemical deposition method from an aqueous solution containing FeSO{sub 4} and Na{sub 2}S{sub 2}O{sub 3}. The composition ratio obtained was Fe:S:O = 36:56:8. In the photoelectrochemical measurement, a weak negative photo-current was observed for the iron sulfide films, which indicates that its conduction type is p-type. No peaks were observed in X-ray diffraction pattern, and thus the deposited films were considered to be amorphous. For a heterojunction with ZnO, rectification properties were confirmed in the current-voltage characteristics. Moreover, the current was clearly enhanced under AM1.5 illumination.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2015

Generation of radially polarized high energy mid-infrared optical vortex by use of a passive axially symmetric ZnSe waveplate

We demonstrated the generation of the intense radially polarized mid-infrared optical vortex at a wavelength of 10.6 μm by use of a passive axially symmetric zinc selenide (ZnSe) waveplate with high energy pulse throughput. The phase of the radially polarized optical vortex with the degree of polarization of 0.95 was spirally distributed in regard to the angle. The converted laser beam energy of about 2.6 mJ per pulse was obtained at the input pulse energy of 4.9 mJ, corresponding to the energy conversion efficiency of 56%.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2016

Summary of Adsorption Capacity and Adsorption Kinetics of Uranium and Other Elements on Amidoxime-based Adsorbents from Time Series Marine Testing at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory

The Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) has been conducting marine testing of uranium adsorbent materials for the Fuel Resources Program, Department of Energy, Office of Nuclear Energy (DOE-NE) beginning in FY 2012. The marine testing program is being conducted at PNNL’s Marine Sciences Laboratory (MSL), located at Sequim Bay, along the coast of Washington. One of the main efforts of the marine testing program is the determination of adsorption capacity and adsorption kinetics for uranium and selected other elements (e.g. vanadium, iron, copper, nickel, and zinc) for adsorbent materials provided primarily by Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), but also includes other Fuel Resources Program participants. This report summarizes the major marine testing results that have been obtained to date using time series sampling for 42 to 56 days using either flow-through column or recirculating flume exposures. The major results are highlighted in this report, and the full data sets are appended as a series of Excel spreadsheet files. Over the four year period (2012-2016) that marine testing of amidoxime-based polymeric adsorbents was conducted at PNNL’s Marine Science Laboratory, there has been a steady progression of improvement in the 56-day adsorbent capacity from 3.30 g U/kg adsorbent for the ORNL 38H adsorbent to the current best performing adsorbent prepared by a collaboration between the University of Tennessee and ORNL to produce the adsorbent SB12-8, which has an adsorption capacity of 6.56 g U/kg adsorbent. This nearly doubling of the adsorption capacity in four years is a significant advancement in amidoxime-based adsorbent technology and a significant achievement for the Uranium from Seawater program. The achievements are evident when compared to the several decades of work conducted by the Japanese scientists beginning in the 1980’s (Kim et al., 2013). The best adsorbent capacity reported by the Japanese scientists was 3.2 g U/kg adsorbent for a 180 day deployment at temperatures between 15 and 25 °C (Kim et al., 2013) The majority of the capacities the Japanese scientists reported were less than 2 g U/kg adsorbent (Kim et al., 2013). Repeated time series measurements of a common formulation of amidoxime-based adsorbent, the ORNL AF series, by both flow-through column (3.91 ± 0.11 g U/kg adsorbent). and recirculating flume exposures (4.03 ± 0.12 g U/kg adsorbent) produced 56-day adsorption capacities that agreed extremely well. This excellent agreement generates confidence that the testing procedures are accurate and reliable, and, moreover, that the technology to produce the adsorbents is highly reliable and reproducible, lending additional confidence of the robustness and homogeneity of the production technology.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗
DOE OSTI2017

Updated indicators of Swedish national human toxicity and ecotoxicity footprints using USEtox 2.01

In a recent paper, Sörme et al. (Environ. Impact Assess. Rev., 56, 2016), took a first step towards an indicator of a national chemical footprint, and applied it to Sweden. Using USEtox 1.01, they calculated national impact potentials for human toxicity and ecotoxicity. The results showed that zinc dominated impacts, both for human toxicity and ecotoxicity. We calculated updated indicators of the Swedish national human toxicity and ecotoxicity footprint using USEtox 2.01. We also compared impact potentials based on USEtox with the mass of chemical emissions. The two model versions produced relatively consistent results. Zinc is still a major contributor to the human toxicity and ecotoxicity impact potentials when characterized with USEtox 2.01. The mass-based indicator pinpoints somewhat different substances than the impact-based indicators. - Highlights: • USEtox 1.01 and 2.01 are relatively consistent in identifying the substances with largest impact potentials. • Metals were identified as a priority group of substances for both human toxicity and ecotoxicity. • Zinc is a major contributor to the human toxicity impact potential, in both model versions. • Zinc’s dominance concerning human toxicity sharply contrasts results from other studies: this is somewhat of a paradox. • Using the mass of chemical emissions as a simplified indicator pinpoints somewhat different substances.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2019

Evaluating the structural complexity of isomeric bile acids with ion mobility spectrometry

Bile acids (BAs) play an integral role in digestion through the absorption of nutrients, emulsification of fats and fat-soluble vitamins, and maintenance of cholesterol levels. Metabolic disruption, diabetes, colorectal cancer, and numerous other diseases have been linked with BA disruption, making improved BA analyses essential. To date, most BA measurements are performed using liquid chromatography separations in conjunction with mass spectrometry measurements (LC-MS). However, 10–40 min LC gradients are often used for BA analyses and these may not even be sufficient for distinguishing all the important isomers present in the human body. Ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) is a promising tool for BA evaluations due to its ability to quickly separate isomeric molecules with subtle structural differences. In this study, we utilized drift tube IMS (DTIMS) coupled with MS to characterize 56 different unlabeled BA standards and 16 deuterated versions. In the DTIMS-MS analyses of 12 isomer groups, BAs with smaller m/z values were easily separated in either their deprotonated or sodiated forms (or both). However, as the BAs grew in m/z value, they became more difficult to separate with two isomer groups being inseparable. Metal ions such as copper and zinc were then added to the overlapping BAs, and due to different binding sites, the resulting complexes were separable. Thus, the rapid structural measurements possible with DTIMS-MS show great potential for BAs measurements with and without prior LC separations.

Zheng, Xueyun↗
DOE OSTI2011

Mixed Zn and O substitution of Co and Mn in ZnO

The physical properties of an impurity atom in a semiconductor are primarily determined by the lattice site it occupies. In general, this occupancy can be correctly predicted based on chemical intuition, but not always. We report on one such exception in the dilute magnetic semiconductors Co- and Mn-doped ZnO, experimentally determining the lattice location of Co and Mn using {beta}{sup -}-emission channeling from the decay of radioactive {sup 61}Co and {sup 56}Mn implanted at the ISOLDE facility at CERN. Surprisingly, in addition to the majority substituting for Zn, we find up to 18% (27%) of the Co (Mn) atoms in O sites, which is virtually unaffected by thermal annealing up to 900 deg. C. We discuss how this anion site configuration, which had never been considered before for any transition metal in any metal oxide material, may in fact have a low formation energy. This suggests a change in paradigm regarding transition-metal incorporation in ZnO and possibly other oxides and wide-gap semiconductors.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2017

In-situ functionalization of mesoporous hexagonal ZnO synthesized in task specific ionic liquid as a photocatalyst for elimination of SO{sub 2}, NO{sub x}, and CO

A novel mesoporous structure of zinc oxide was synthesized in hydrothermal autocalve in the presence of a functional ionic liquid (FIL) {[CH_2CH_2] O_2 (mm)_2}. This FIL with ether groups was used simultaneously as a designer templating agent and a source of the hydroxyl radical. The presence of this ionic liquid led to producing ethylene glycol in the reaction media, which adsorb on the surface of mesoporous hexagonal ZnO plates. These mesoporous structures can adsorb pollutant gases and increase photocatalytic oxidation of pollutant gases in compare with commercial ZnO nanoparticles and agglomerated nanoparticles synthesized in this work. XPS data confirmed ethylene glycol production by the ionic liquid, which could prove a role for ionic liquids as designers. The estimated BET surface area values of ZnO hexagonal mesoporous plates and agglomerated particles were 84 m{sup 2}/g and 12 m{sup 2}/g respectively. Optical properties of the mesoporous structures were analyzed by photoluminescence spectroscopy and diffuse reflectance UV–visible spectroscopy. The performance of these structures as efficient photocatalysts was further demonstrated by their removal of NO{sub x}, SO{sub 2,} and CO under UV irradiation. The removal of NO{sub x}, SO{sub 2,} and CO under UV irradiation was 56%, 81%, and 35% respectively, after 40 min of irradiation time. Reusability of the photocatalyst was determined; the results show no significant decrease of activity of photocatalyst. after five cycles. - Highlights: • The hexagonal and mesoporous structures of ZnO were synthesized in the presence of FIL. • FIL has been used as a designer agent and a source of the hydroxyl radical. • In-situ functionalization of ZnO in presence of FIL. • The mesoporous functionalized ZnO was used as photocatalyst for removal of NOx, SO{sub 2,} and CO.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2016

Effect of Zn-doping on structural and magnetic properties of copper ferrite nanoparticles

The nanoparticles of CuFe{sub 2}O{sub 4} (CF) and Cu{sub 0.8}Zn{sub 0.2}Fe{sub 2}O{sub 4} (CZF) were synthesized using co-precipitation method to study the effect of Zn doping in Cu-ferrite. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns were well fitted with two-phase structure using Rietveld analysis as Fd-3 m space group (spinel system) and C12/c1 space group (monoclinic system CuO-phase). The average crystallite size of the CF and CZF nanoparticles for spinel structure are 6 and 7 nm respectively. The spinel phase fraction is increased from 56% to 71% with Zn-doping of 20% in CF. The transmission electron micrograph analysis showed the narrow size distribution for CZF nanoparticles. The magnetization plots as a function of magnetic field (M (H)) of CF and CZF nanoparticles indicate superparamagnetic behavior. The magnetization is increased with Zn-doping in CF. The stable spinel Cu-ferrite can be obtained with Zn-doping in CF.

77 NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2015

Epitaxial ZnO/LiNbO{sub 3}/ZnO stacked layer waveguide for application to thin-film Pockels sensors

We produced slab waveguides consisting of a LiNbO{sub 3} (LN) core layer that was sandwiched with Al-doped ZnO cladding layers. The ZnO/LN/ZnO stacked layers were grown on sapphire C-planes by electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) plasma sputtering and were subjected to structural, electrical, and optical characterizations. X-ray diffraction confirmed that the ZnO and LN layers were epitaxial without containing misoriented crystallites. The presence of 60°-rotational variants of ZnO and LN crystalline domains were identified from X-ray pole figures. Cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy images revealed a c-axis orientated columnar texture for LN crystals, which ensured operation as electro-optic sensors based on optical anisotropy along longitudinal and transversal directions. The interfacial roughness between the LN core and ZnO bottom layers as well as that between the ZnO top and the LN core layers was less than 20 nm, which agreed with surface images observed with atomic force microscopy. Outgrowth of triangular LN crystalline domains produced large roughness at the LN film surface. The RMS roughness of the LN film surface was twice that of the same structure grown on sapphire A-planes. Vertical optical transmittance of the stacked films was higher than 85% within the visible and infrared wavelength range. Following the approach adopted by Teng and Man [Appl. Phys. Lett. 56, 1734 (1990)], ac Pockels coefficients of r{sub 33} = 24-28 pm/V were derived for c-axis oriented LN films grown on low-resistive Si substrates. Light propagation within a ZnO/LN/ZnO slab waveguide as well as within a ZnO single layer waveguide was confirmed. The birefringence of these waveguides was 0.11 for the former and 0.05 for the latter.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2022

Production of fast-charge Zn-based aqueous batteries via interfacial adsorption of ion-oligomer complexes

Abstract Aqueous zinc batteries are attracting interest because of their potential for cost-effective and safe electricity storage. However, metallic zinc exhibits only moderate reversibility in aqueous electrolytes. To circumvent this issue, we study aqueous Zn batteries able to form nanometric interphases at the Zn metal/liquid electrolyte interface, composed of an ion-oligomer complex. In Zn||Zn symmetric cell studies, we report highly reversible cycling at high current densities and capacities (e.g., 160 mA cm −2 ; 2.6 mAh cm −2 ). By means of quartz-crystal microbalance, nuclear magnetic resonance, and voltammetry measurements we show that the interphase film exists in a dynamic equilibrium with oligomers dissolved in the electrolyte. The interphase strategy is applied to aqueous Zn||I 2 and Zn||MnO 2 cells that are charged/discharged for 12,000 cycles and 1000 cycles, respectively, at a current density of 160 mA cm −2 and capacity of approximately 0.85 mAh cm −2 . Finally, we demonstrate that Zn||I 2 -carbon pouch cells (9 cm 2 area) cycle stably and deliver a specific energy of 151 Wh/kg (based on the total mass of active materials in the electrode) at a charge current density of 56 mA cm −2 .

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗