XRAY Images of NDT Detectors
XRAY images of detectors
46 - INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AN↗
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Milestone report for MRT 8479: High Yield Xray Imager Preliminary Design Review
The High Yield Xray Imager (HYXI) is a new NIF target diagnostic system currently under development. The goal of HYXI is to provide high-fidelity, high temporal resolution x-ray imaging capability on high yield NIF implosions at 10MJ and above. The HYXI instrument design concept is based on the combination of two technologies that have been successfully utilized at the NIF on previous instruments, electron pulse-dilation and hybrid-CMOS sensor imaging. The combination of these two techniques will give HYXI sufficient data quality to ascertain differences in hot spot formation dynamics between high and low yield implosions. This information will highlight the critical hot spot conditions needed for ignition and burn. The HYXI design leverages the successful operation of the PDIXI x-ray imager at the NIF on multi-MJ yield shots. Also, a new radiation tolerance CMOS imaging array is being developed to eliminate the significant background noise which limits the data quality of PDIXI. The HYXI Preliminary Design Review was completed at the end of Q4 FY23. The HYXI project is a multi-year effort with a phased approach to be bring up system functionality over time in parallel with the development and fabrication effort of the new CMOS imaging array. Initial time integrated NIF data will be collected in Q2 FY25, first time resolved imaging with Daedalus starting in Q2 FY26 and the final performance qualification of the complete HYXI system is scheduled for Q2 FY27.
46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
High Yield Xray Imager Final Design Review
The High Yield Xray Imager (HYXI) is a new NIF target diagnostic system currently under development. The goal of HYXI is to provide high-fidelity, high temporal resolution x-ray imaging capability on high yield NIF implosions at 10MJ and above. The HYXI instrument design concept is based on the combination of two technologies that have been successfully utilized at the NIF on previous instruments, electron pulse-dilation and hybrid-CMOS sensor imaging. The combination of these two techniques will give HYXI sufficient data quality to ascertain differences in hot spot formation dynamics between high and low yield implosions. This information will highlight the critical hot spot conditions needed for ignition and burn. The HYXI design leverages the successful operation of the PDIXI x-ray imager at the NIF on multi MJ yield shots. A new radiation tolerant CMOS imaging array (HYPERION) is being developed to eliminate the significant background noise which limits the data quality of PDIXI. We successfully placed the contract with Advanced hCMOS Systems (AHS) to develop the HYPERION sensor, which fulfils our criteria to place long lead time item procurements by end of FY24. The HYXI Final Design Review was completed at the end of Q4 FY24 (Sep 24 th and Sep 30 th ). The HYXI project is a multi-year effort with a phased approach to be bring up system functionality over time in parallel with the development and fabrication effort of the HYPERION CMOS imaging array. In Phase 1, time-integrated x-ray images on NIF DT experiments will be collected starting in Q3 FY25. In Phase 2 of the project, time-resolved imaging with HYXI utilizing a spare microchannel plate detector back-end will begin in Q3 FY26. Phase 3 concludes the project with the installation of the HYPERION sensor array and the final performance qualification of the HYXI instrument which is scheduled for Q3 FY27 as discussed in the PDR and MRT report on this project in FY23.
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REAL-TIME EDGE INFERENCE FOR PTYCHOGRAPHIC NANOSCALE XRAY IMAGING
The consolidated code is deployed in an embedded GPU System (Jetson AGX Xavier Developer Kit), performs inference on the pVA stream sent from the X-ray detector. The inferred output is sent back to the local detector machine as a PVA stream and can be viewed in an ImageJ viewer.
VASANTHAKUMARIBABU, ANAKHA↗
Registration of Laser Confocal Microscope (LCM), Wide Area Measurement System (WAMS), and X-Ray Tomographic (XRAY) Images
Abstract not provided.
46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
SU-E-J-159: Analysis of Total Imaging Uncertainty in Respiratory-Gated Radiotherapy
Purpose: In respiratory-gated radiotherapy, the gating phase during treatment delivery needs to coincide with the corresponding phase determined during the treatment plan. However, because radiotherapy is performed based on the image obtained for the treatment plan, the time delay, motion artifact, volume effect, and resolution in the images are uncertain. Thus, imaging uncertainty is the most basic factor that affects the localization accuracy. Therefore, these uncertainties should be analyzed. This study aims to analyze the total imaging uncertainty in respiratory-gated radiotherapy. Methods: Two factors of imaging uncertainties related to respiratory-gated radiotherapy were analyzed. First, CT image was used to determine the target volume and 4D treatment planning for the Varian Realtime Position Management (RPM) system. Second, an X-ray image was acquired for image-guided radiotherapy (IGRT) for the BrainLAB ExacTrac system. These factors were measured using a respiratory gating phantom. The conditions applied during phantom operation were as follows: respiratory wave form, sine curve; respiratory cycle, 4 s; phantom target motion amplitude, 10, 20, and 29 mm (which is maximum phantom longitudinal motion). The target and cylindrical marker implanted in the phantom coverage of the CT images was measured and compared with the theoretically calculated coverage from the phantom motion. The theoretical position of the cylindrical marker implanted in the phantom was compared with that acquired from the X-ray image. The total imaging uncertainty was analyzed from these two factors. Results: In the CT image, the uncertainty between the target and cylindrical marker’s actual coverage and the coverage of CT images was 1.19 mm and 2.50mm, respectively. In the Xray image, the uncertainty was 0.39 mm. The total imaging uncertainty from the two factors was 1.62mm. Conclusion: The total imaging uncertainty in respiratory-gated radiotherapy was clinically acceptable. However, an internal margin should be added to account for the total imaging uncertainty.
60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
2D monochromatic x-ray imaging for beam monitoring of an x-ray free electron laser and a high-power femtosecond laser
Single-shot simultaneous beam monitoring of an x-ray free electron laser (XFEL) and a high-power femtosecond laser is demonstrated using 2D monochromatic Kα imaging. In a pump-probe experiment carried out at the Matter in Extreme Conditions end-station of the Linac Coherent Light Source, a thin solid titanium foil irradiated by a 25-TW relativistic intensity laser for fast electron isochoric heating was probed by a 7.0 keV XFEL beam for x-ray Thomson scattering measurements. Using a spherical crystal imager (SCI), the spatial overlap of the beams was examined by measuring 4.5 keV titanium Kα x rays produced by laseraccelerated fast electrons and the x-ray beam. Changes in XFEL-induced Kα emission patterns were observed down to a ~20×40 μm2 rectangular shape as the beam was focused. Laser-only and two-beam shots reveal that large spatial offsets of laser-induced Kα spots in a horizontal direction is attributed to imprecise target positioning rather than shot-to-shot laser pointing variations. As a consequence, successful beam overlapping was observed on ~58% of all two-beam shots for 10 μm thick samples. The Kα measurements also show a linear relationship between total Kα yields and integrated x-ray scattering signals. Monochromatic xray imaging with SCI could be used as an on-shot beam pointing diagnostic in XFEL-laser or multiple short-pulse laser experiments.
47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
REVEAL
Reveal allows a user to input location dimensions of common features from 2 orthogonal xray images of a cylindrical object. The output of the program will give the user a 2-Dimensional map with cylindrical coordinates showing the location of the features measured from the xrays.SAND2019-13499 M Sandia National Laboratories is a multimission laboratory managed and operated by National Technology & Engineering Solutions of Sandia, LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of Honeywell International Inc., for the U.S. Department of Energy’s National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-NA0003525.
Hobart, Clinton↗
Upgrade of High-Energy X-Ray real-time radioscopy for KROTOS experiment
As part of its R and D programs on severe accidents, in particular on understanding of corium-water interaction, CEA is commissioning an update of the KROTOS experiment at Cadarache. The Xray imaging setup (high energy real-time radioscopy) is upgraded to provide the best performances for the new experimental program. In order to fit the performance needs (faster acquisition, smaller detection limit and higher field of view), two radioscopy setups, with two linear accelerators (linacs 9 MV and 6 MV), are placed in the irradiation cell. Having discussed the expected performances in terms of frequency, detection limit and field-of-view, this article details each stage of both radioscopy chains: principles and technical characteristics. Then, linacs and cameras synchronization (at few hundred Hertz), data flows and storage setups are detailed. Finally, experimental characterizations and performance validations on phantom are presented. (authors)
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Countering sensor drift in x-ray micrscopy with fast and robust optimal control
In X-ray microscopy it is imperative that the relative position between the optics stage, that carries the X-ray focusing optics, and the sample stage follow a certain trajectory while either the optics or sample stage is being scanned. Main challenges in achieving this requirement include - open loop drift, environmental disturbance, measurement noise, sensor drift, and control hardware limit. The state-of-the-art in X-ray microscopy at Advanced Photon Source (APS) at Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) features an H ∞ control architecture applied to only the optics stage or both the optics and sample stage, achieving the objectives of large tracking bandwidth over 200 Hz, good positioning resolution on the order of nanometers, rejection of environmental disturbance, attenuation of measurement noise, good Xray diffraction image resolution and increased imaging bandwidth. However, an unaddressed issue in our existing robust control design is that the sensors and the fixtures that hold the sensors drift with time due to changing air temperature in the APS beamline. Since the drift of sensor itself is not measured, it affects the relative position between the focusing optics and sample resulting into imaging artifacts and reduced image resolution. In this article, we demonstrate the rejection of the sensor drift by directly measuring the displacement of the sensor with respect to the global reference frame. Both the measured sensor displacement (i.e. sensor drift) and optics stage displacement are incorporated in the H ∞ control architecture to achieve the above mentioned objectives in addition to minimal relative displacement between the optics stage and the sample stage. This will improve the Xray image resolution and reduce image artifacts.
Robust Control↗
Solving structure with sparse, randomly-oriented x-ray data
Single-particle imaging experiments of biomolecules at x-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) require processing hundreds of thousands of images that contain very few x-rays. Each low-fluence image of the diffraction pattern is produced by a single, randomly oriented particle, such as a protein. We demonstrate the feasibility of recovering structural information at these extremes using low-fluence images of a randomly oriented 2D x-ray mask. Successful reconstruction is obtained with images averaging only 2.5 photons per frame, where it seems doubtful there could be information about the state of rotation, let alone the image contrast. This is accomplished with an expectation maximization algorithm that processes the low-fluence data in aggregate, and without any prior knowledge of the object or its orientation. The versatility of the method promises, more generally, to redefine what measurement scenarios can provide useful signal.
71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
Three-dimensional optical trapping and orientation of microparticles for coherent X-ray diffraction imaging
Optical trapping has been implemented in many areas of physics and biology as a noncontact sample manipulation technique to study the structure and dynamics of nano-andmesoscale objects. It provides a unique approach for manipulating microscopic objects without inducing undesired changes in structure. Combining optical trapping with hard X-ray microscopy techniques, such as coherent diffraction imaging and crystallography, provides a nonperturbing environment where electronic and structural dynamics of an individual particle in solution can be followed in situ. It was previously shown that optical trapping allows the manipulation of micrometer-sized objects for Xray fluorescence imaging. However, questions remain over the ability of optical trapping to position objects for X-ray diffraction measurements, which have stringent requirements for angular stability. Our work demonstrates that dynamic holographic optical tweezers are capable of manipulating single micrometer-scale anisotropic particles in a microfluidic environment with the precision and stability required for X-ray Bragg diffraction experiments-thus functioning as an "optical goniometer." The methodology can be extended to a variety of X-ray experiments and the Bragg coherent diffractive imaging of individual particles in solution, as demonstrated here, will be markedly enhanced with the advent of brighter, coherent X-ray sources.
Gao, Yuan↗
A Comparison of Cargo X-Ray Attenuation as Measured by Top-Down versus Side-View Imaging Systems
Because millions of cargo containers enter the United States each year, there are millions of opportunities for terrorists to smuggle in dangerous radiological or special nuclear materials. The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) has been tasked to ensure that the United States remains safe from the illicit transportation, development, or procurement of a radiological/ nuclear (R/N) device or materials. The Nuclear and Radiological Imaging Platform (NRIP) program within DHS/CWMD aims to develop and characterize the performance of an integrated R/N detection platform and to determine if it performs better than previous screening systems. The cargo scanner developed by Passport features several technologies that have never been fielded, including the subsystem that my project involved. I concentrated on the high-energy Xray transmission imaging subsystem for producing 2D (top-down view) attenuation images. This subsystem was created to help identify highly-attenuating potential threats, but I focused on a smaller, more specific topic for my project. I worked on converting attenuations in the top-down X-ray transmission images into equivalent steel thickness. For example, a slab of material with a given attenuation would be converted into an equivalent thickness of steel that would have the same attenuation. Equivalent steel thickness provides a consistent way to compare data acquired by different inspection systems.
47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
Design of a Large Diffraction Grating Optical Assembly
The Advanced Radiographic Capability (ARC) is a diagnostic system in the National Ignition Facility (NIF) that will enable high-speed imaging of imploding targets in the NIF Target Chamber. NIF is a multi-billion dollar project to focus 192 laser beams onto a small target (approximately the size of a pencil eraser) to generate nuclear fusion. The complete ARC system is composed of approximately 80 modular large optical assemblies known as Line Replaceable Units (LRUs). The total estimated weight of the ARC optics alone is 16,000 lbs, with an average optic weight of 200 lbs. Key to the function and performance of ARC is an optical compressor, which uses diffraction gratings known as Grating LRUs to temporally compress a total of 8 laser beams. The resulting high-power beams are focused onto a back-lighter target to create high-energy xrays for imaging. These Grating LRUs are housed inside vacuum vessels called Compressor Vessels (Figures 1-5). There are a total of 32 Grating LRUs, 16 in each Compressor Vessel.
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Fracture Intersections under Stress: Laboratory Data and Code [Data set]
The connectivity of natural and induced fractures governs the injection and withdrawal of fluids from subsurface reservoirs. Connectivity depends on intersections that control how fluids mix and move through the entire system. Here, we present data sets from 3D X-ray microscopy measurements of simple fracture networks under stress. 3D printing was used to create prismatic blocks that formed fracture networks composed of 2 orthogonal fractures. The network orientation was either "x" or "+" relative to an applied vertical stress. 3D data sets were collected for normal loads of 25, 100 and 200 Newtons for samples with fracture surfaces with either correlated or uncorrelated asperity distributions. The file contains data from the 12 samples analyzed along with an example code used to extract the intersection geometry. Additional experimental details can be found in the manuscript "Geologic Stress Modulates Fluid Mixing at Fracture Intersections" (10.1038/s43247-026-03525-9)and supplemental information to appear in Communications Earth & Environment in 2026.
02 PETROLEUM↗
High-Efficiency High-Resolution Sensor for Hard X-Ray Microtomography
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
X-ray Computed Tomography Imaging of Printed Circuit Boards
Nondestructive inspection of printed circuit boards (PCB) can be efficiently carried out with xray Computed Tomography (XCT). However, image artifacts can obscure some of the PCB details. As a demonstration of LLNL’s XCT capabilities, an internally-funded effort was recently executed that acquired XCT data for a PCB. These data were reconstructed with both traditional and physics-based iterative techniques to illustrate the use of advanced algorithms to reduce artifacts and thus improve image quality.
42 ENGINEERING↗
Eccentric needle motion effect on near-nozzle dynamics of diesel spray
Here, the eccentric needle motion has been regarded as an important cause of in-nozzle flow disturbances and hole-to-hole spray variations of modern fuel injectors. However, the experimental investigations on this subject have rarely been reported due to great difficulties in the direct measurements of eccentric needle motion and the flow characteristics of individual holes in an injection nozzle. In this study, the axial and eccentric needle motion and the ear-nozzle spray dynamics of 3-hole, 5-hole and 8-hole diesel injection nozzles were investigated in varied injection pressure conditions using an xray phase-contrast imaging technique. The eccentric needle motion and near-nozzle spray axial velocity showed temporal oscillations during the injection with different oscillation frequencies. The frequencies of these two oscillations were independent to the nozzle and injection pressure. To discuss the mutual dependency of these two oscillations, the time traces of the spray axial velocity were measured for individual holes. The results showed that the oscillation phase, frequency and amplitude of the spray axial velocity were almost identical for all holes, which indicated that the sac pressure variation rather than hole-to-hole flow variation can be the primary cause of the spray axial velocity oscillation by the eccentric needle motion. The adequacy of this consideration was thoroughly discussed using a mass balance model in the nozzle sac that predicted the sac pressure variation during an injection event.
42 ENGINEERING↗