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DOE OSTI2024

Capturing thin structures in VOF simulations with two-plane reconstruction

A novel interface reconstruction strategy for volume of fluid (VOF) methods is introduced that represents the liquid-gas interface as two planes that co-exist within a single computational cell. In comparison to the piecewise linear interface calculation (PLIC), this new algorithm greatly improves the accuracy of the reconstruction, in particular when dealing with thin structures such as films. The placement of the two planes requires the solution of a non-linear optimization problem in six dimensions, which has the potential to be overly expensive. Further, an efficient solution to this optimization problem is presented here that exploits two key ideas: an algorithm for extracting multiple plane orientations from transported surface data, and an efficient and mass-conserving distance-finding algorithm that accounts for two planes with arbitrary orientation. Additionally, a simple and robust strategy is presented to accurately represent the surface tension forces produced at the interface of subgrid-thickness films. The performance of this new VOF reconstruction is demonstrated on several test cases that illustrate the capability to handle arbitrarily thin films.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on VOF by Materials Project

VOF is zeta iron carbide-derived structured and crystallizes in the monoclinic P2_1/c space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are two inequivalent V3+ sites. In the first V3+ site, V3+ is bonded to three O2- and three F1- atoms to form a mixture of edge and corner-sharing VO3F3 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 46–57°. There is one shorter (1.94 Å) and two longer (2.00 Å) V–O bond length. There are a spread of V–F bond distances ranging from 2.07–2.17 Å. In the second V3+ site, V3+ is bonded to three O2- and three F1- atoms to form a mixture of edge and corner-sharing VO3F3 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 43–55°. There is one shorter (1.93 Å) and two longer (2.02 Å) V–O bond length. There are a spread of V–F bond distances ranging from 2.04–2.13 Å. There are two inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to three V3+ atoms. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to three V3+ atoms. There are two inequivalent F1- sites. In the first F1- site, F1- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to three V3+ atoms. In the second F1- site, F1- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to three V3+ atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on VOF by Materials Project

VOF is beta Vanadium nitride-derived structured and crystallizes in the monoclinic P2/m space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are five inequivalent V3+ sites. In the first V3+ site, V3+ is bonded to two O2- and four F1- atoms to form VO2F4 octahedra that share corners with eight VO3F3 octahedra and edges with two equivalent VO2F4 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 49–52°. There is one shorter (1.93 Å) and one longer (1.94 Å) V–O bond length. All V–F bond lengths are 2.07 Å. In the second V3+ site, V3+ is bonded to four equivalent O2- and two equivalent F1- atoms to form VO4F2 octahedra that share corners with eight equivalent VO3F3 octahedra and edges with two equivalent VO4F2 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 48–50°. All V–O bond lengths are 2.02 Å. Both V–F bond lengths are 2.09 Å. In the third V3+ site, V3+ is bonded to two equivalent O2- and four equivalent F1- atoms to form VO2F4 octahedra that share corners with eight equivalent VO4F2 octahedra and edges with two equivalent VO2F4 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 49–50°. Both V–O bond lengths are 1.94 Å. All V–F bond lengths are 2.06 Å. In the fourth V3+ site, V3+ is bonded to three O2- and three F1- atoms to form VO3F3 octahedra that share corners with eight VO2F4 octahedra and edges with two equivalent VO3F3 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 48–52°. There is one shorter (1.89 Å) and two longer (1.97 Å) V–O bond length. There are two shorter (2.12 Å) and one longer (2.21 Å) V–F bond lengths. In the fifth V3+ site, V3+ is bonded to four O2- and two F1- atoms to form VO4F2 octahedra that share corners with eight VO2F4 octahedra and edges with two equivalent VO4F2 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 49–50°. All V–O bond lengths are 2.02 Å. There are one shorter (2.12 Å) and one longer (2.13 Å) V–F bond lengths. There are four inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to three V3+ atoms. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a trigonal planar geometry to three V3+ atoms. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to three V3+ atoms. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to three V3+ atoms. There are four inequivalent F1- sites. In the first F1- site, F1- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to three V3+ atoms. In the second F1- site, F1- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to three V3+ atoms. In the third F1- site, F1- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to three V3+ atoms. In the fourth F1- site, F1- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to three V3+ atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on VOF by Materials Project

VOF is beta Vanadium nitride-derived structured and crystallizes in the monoclinic P2_1 space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are three inequivalent V3+ sites. In the first V3+ site, V3+ is bonded to three O2- and three F1- atoms to form a mixture of corner and edge-sharing VO3F3 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 48–52°. There is one shorter (1.93 Å) and two longer (1.99 Å) V–O bond length. There are a spread of V–F bond distances ranging from 2.10–2.15 Å. In the second V3+ site, V3+ is bonded to three O2- and three F1- atoms to form a mixture of corner and edge-sharing VO3F3 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 47–54°. There are a spread of V–O bond distances ranging from 1.92–2.00 Å. There are a spread of V–F bond distances ranging from 2.10–2.14 Å. In the third V3+ site, V3+ is bonded to three O2- and three F1- atoms to form a mixture of corner and edge-sharing VO3F3 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 47–54°. There is one shorter (1.91 Å) and two longer (1.97 Å) V–O bond length. There are a spread of V–F bond distances ranging from 2.13–2.15 Å. There are three inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to three V3+ atoms. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to three V3+ atoms. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to three V3+ atoms. There are three inequivalent F1- sites. In the first F1- site, F1- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to three V3+ atoms. In the second F1- site, F1- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to three V3+ atoms. In the third F1- site, F1- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to three V3+ atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on VOF by Materials Project

VOF is beta Vanadium nitride-derived structured and crystallizes in the orthorhombic Ama2 space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are three inequivalent V3+ sites. In the first V3+ site, V3+ is bonded to three O2- and three F1- atoms to form a mixture of edge and corner-sharing VO3F3 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 48–52°. There is one shorter (1.93 Å) and two longer (1.99 Å) V–O bond length. There are two shorter (2.10 Å) and one longer (2.14 Å) V–F bond lengths. In the second V3+ site, V3+ is bonded to three O2- and three F1- atoms to form a mixture of edge and corner-sharing VO3F3 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 47–54°. There is one shorter (1.92 Å) and two longer (1.98 Å) V–O bond length. There are one shorter (2.13 Å) and two longer (2.14 Å) V–F bond lengths. In the third V3+ site, V3+ is bonded to three O2- and three F1- atoms to form a mixture of edge and corner-sharing VO3F3 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 47–54°. There are a spread of V–O bond distances ranging from 1.92–2.00 Å. There are a spread of V–F bond distances ranging from 2.10–2.15 Å. There are three inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to three V3+ atoms. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to three V3+ atoms. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to three V3+ atoms. There are three inequivalent F1- sites. In the first F1- site, F1- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to three V3+ atoms. In the second F1- site, F1- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to three V3+ atoms. In the third F1- site, F1- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to three V3+ atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on VOF by Materials Project

VOF is beta Vanadium nitride-derived structured and crystallizes in the monoclinic P2/m space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are five inequivalent V3+ sites. In the first V3+ site, V3+ is bonded to three O2- and three F1- atoms to form VO3F3 octahedra that share corners with eight VO2F4 octahedra and edges with two equivalent VO3F3 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 47–52°. There is one shorter (1.89 Å) and two longer (1.98 Å) V–O bond length. There are two shorter (2.13 Å) and one longer (2.17 Å) V–F bond lengths. In the second V3+ site, V3+ is bonded to two O2- and four F1- atoms to form VO2F4 octahedra that share corners with eight VO4F2 octahedra and edges with two equivalent VO2F4 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 49–50°. Both V–O bond lengths are 1.93 Å. All V–F bond lengths are 2.07 Å. In the third V3+ site, V3+ is bonded to two equivalent O2- and four equivalent F1- atoms to form VO2F4 octahedra that share corners with eight equivalent VO3F3 octahedra and edges with two equivalent VO2F4 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 49–52°. Both V–O bond lengths are 1.94 Å. All V–F bond lengths are 2.07 Å. In the fourth V3+ site, V3+ is bonded to four O2- and two F1- atoms to form VO4F2 octahedra that share corners with eight VO3F3 octahedra and edges with two equivalent VO4F2 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 47–50°. There are two shorter (2.01 Å) and two longer (2.02 Å) V–O bond lengths. There are one shorter (2.10 Å) and one longer (2.14 Å) V–F bond lengths. In the fifth V3+ site, V3+ is bonded to four equivalent O2- and two equivalent F1- atoms to form VO4F2 octahedra that share corners with eight equivalent VO2F4 octahedra and edges with two equivalent VO4F2 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 49–50°. All V–O bond lengths are 2.01 Å. Both V–F bond lengths are 2.13 Å. There are four inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to three V3+ atoms. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to three V3+ atoms. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to three V3+ atoms. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to three V3+ atoms. There are four inequivalent F1- sites. In the first F1- site, F1- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to three V3+ atoms. In the second F1- site, F1- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to three V3+ atoms. In the third F1- site, F1- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to three V3+ atoms. In the fourth F1- site, F1- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to three V3+ atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on VOF by Materials Project

VOF is beta Vanadium nitride-derived structured and crystallizes in the monoclinic Pm space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are eight inequivalent V3+ sites. In the first V3+ site, V3+ is bonded to two O2- and four F1- atoms to form VO2F4 octahedra that share corners with eight VO4F2 octahedra and edges with two equivalent VO2F4 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 49–50°. There is one shorter (1.93 Å) and one longer (1.94 Å) V–O bond length. There are two shorter (2.06 Å) and two longer (2.07 Å) V–F bond lengths. In the second V3+ site, V3+ is bonded to three O2- and three F1- atoms to form VO3F3 octahedra that share corners with eight VO4F2 octahedra and edges with two equivalent VO3F3 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 47–51°. There is one shorter (1.89 Å) and two longer (1.98 Å) V–O bond length. There are one shorter (2.11 Å) and two longer (2.13 Å) V–F bond lengths. In the third V3+ site, V3+ is bonded to two O2- and four F1- atoms to form VO2F4 octahedra that share corners with eight VO4F2 octahedra and edges with two equivalent VO2F4 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 49–50°. There is one shorter (1.93 Å) and one longer (1.94 Å) V–O bond length. All V–F bond lengths are 2.06 Å. In the fourth V3+ site, V3+ is bonded to two O2- and four F1- atoms to form VO2F4 octahedra that share corners with eight VO3F3 octahedra and edges with two equivalent VO2F4 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 48–52°. There is one shorter (1.92 Å) and one longer (1.94 Å) V–O bond length. There are two shorter (2.07 Å) and two longer (2.08 Å) V–F bond lengths. In the fifth V3+ site, V3+ is bonded to four O2- and two F1- atoms to form VO4F2 octahedra that share corners with eight VO2F4 octahedra and edges with two equivalent VO4F2 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 47–51°. All V–O bond lengths are 2.01 Å. There are one shorter (2.12 Å) and one longer (2.14 Å) V–F bond lengths. In the sixth V3+ site, V3+ is bonded to three O2- and three F1- atoms to form a mixture of corner and edge-sharing VO3F3 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 47–52°. There is one shorter (1.90 Å) and two longer (1.97 Å) V–O bond length. There are two shorter (2.12 Å) and one longer (2.22 Å) V–F bond lengths. In the seventh V3+ site, V3+ is bonded to four O2- and two F1- atoms to form VO4F2 octahedra that share corners with eight VO2F4 octahedra and edges with two equivalent VO4F2 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 49–50°. There are two shorter (2.01 Å) and two longer (2.02 Å) V–O bond lengths. Both V–F bond lengths are 2.12 Å. In the eighth V3+ site, V3+ is bonded to four O2- and two F1- atoms to form VO4F2 octahedra that share corners with eight VO2F4 octahedra and edges with two equivalent VO4F2 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 48–50°. There are two shorter (2.01 Å) and two longer (2.02 Å) V–O bond lengths. There are one shorter (2.12 Å) and one longer (2.13 Å) V–F bond lengths. There are eight inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to three V3+ atoms. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a trigonal planar geometry to three V3+ atoms. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to three V3+ atoms. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to three V3+ atoms. In the fifth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to three V3+ atoms. In the sixth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to three V3+ atoms. In the seventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to three V3+ atoms. In the eighth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to three V3+ atoms. There are eight inequivalent F1- sites. In the first F1- site, F1- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to three V3+ atoms. In the second F1- site, F1- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to three V3+ atoms. In the third F1- site, F1- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to three V3+ atoms. In the fourth F1- site, F1- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to three V3+ atoms. In the fifth F1- site, F1- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to three V3+ atoms. In the sixth F1- site, F1- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to three V3+ atoms. In the seventh F1- site, F1- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to three V3+ atoms. In the eighth F1- site, F1- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to three V3+ atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on VOF by Materials Project

VOF is beta Vanadium nitride-derived structured and crystallizes in the monoclinic Pm space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are eight inequivalent V3+ sites. In the first V3+ site, V3+ is bonded to three O2- and three F1- atoms to form VO3F3 octahedra that share corners with eight VO2F4 octahedra and edges with two equivalent VO3F3 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 47–52°. There is one shorter (1.89 Å) and two longer (1.97 Å) V–O bond length. There are two shorter (2.13 Å) and one longer (2.16 Å) V–F bond lengths. In the second V3+ site, V3+ is bonded to four O2- and two F1- atoms to form VO4F2 octahedra that share corners with eight VO2F4 octahedra and edges with two equivalent VO4F2 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 47–50°. All V–O bond lengths are 2.02 Å. There are one shorter (2.09 Å) and one longer (2.13 Å) V–F bond lengths. In the third V3+ site, V3+ is bonded to two O2- and four F1- atoms to form VO2F4 octahedra that share corners with eight VO4F2 octahedra and edges with two equivalent VO2F4 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 49–50°. Both V–O bond lengths are 1.93 Å. All V–F bond lengths are 2.06 Å. In the fourth V3+ site, V3+ is bonded to two O2- and four F1- atoms to form VO2F4 octahedra that share corners with eight VO3F3 octahedra and edges with two equivalent VO2F4 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 49–52°. Both V–O bond lengths are 1.93 Å. There are two shorter (2.06 Å) and two longer (2.07 Å) V–F bond lengths. In the fifth V3+ site, V3+ is bonded to two O2- and four F1- atoms to form VO2F4 octahedra that share corners with eight VO3F3 octahedra and edges with two equivalent VO2F4 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 49–52°. There is one shorter (1.93 Å) and one longer (1.94 Å) V–O bond length. There are two shorter (2.06 Å) and two longer (2.07 Å) V–F bond lengths. In the sixth V3+ site, V3+ is bonded to three O2- and three F1- atoms to form VO3F3 octahedra that share corners with eight VO4F2 octahedra and edges with two equivalent VO3F3 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 47–52°. There is one shorter (1.89 Å) and two longer (1.97 Å) V–O bond length. There are two shorter (2.13 Å) and one longer (2.18 Å) V–F bond lengths. In the seventh V3+ site, V3+ is bonded to four O2- and two F1- atoms to form VO4F2 octahedra that share corners with eight VO3F3 octahedra and edges with two equivalent VO4F2 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 47–51°. There are two shorter (2.01 Å) and two longer (2.02 Å) V–O bond lengths. There are one shorter (2.10 Å) and one longer (2.14 Å) V–F bond lengths. In the eighth V3+ site, V3+ is bonded to four O2- and two F1- atoms to form VO4F2 octahedra that share corners with eight VO2F4 octahedra and edges with two equivalent VO4F2 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 49–50°. All V–O bond lengths are 2.02 Å. Both V–F bond lengths are 2.12 Å. There are eight inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to three V3+ atoms. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to three V3+ atoms. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to three V3+ atoms. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to three V3+ atoms. In the fifth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to three V3+ atoms. In the sixth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to three V3+ atoms. In the seventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to three V3+ atoms. In the eighth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to three V3+ atoms. There are eight inequivalent F1- sites. In the first F1- site, F1- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to three V3+ atoms. In the second F1- site, F1- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to three V3+ atoms. In the third F1- site, F1- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to three V3+ atoms. In the fourth F1- site, F1- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to three V3+ atoms. In the fifth F1- site, F1- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to three V3+ atoms. In the sixth F1- site, F1- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to three V3+ atoms. In the seventh F1- site, F1- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to three V3+ atoms. In the eighth F1- site, F1- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to three V3+ atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on VOF by Materials Project

VOF is beta Vanadium nitride-derived structured and crystallizes in the monoclinic P2_1 space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are four inequivalent V3+ sites. In the first V3+ site, V3+ is bonded to three O2- and three F1- atoms to form a mixture of edge and corner-sharing VO3F3 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 47–55°. There are a spread of V–O bond distances ranging from 1.93–2.00 Å. There are two shorter (2.09 Å) and one longer (2.16 Å) V–F bond lengths. In the second V3+ site, V3+ is bonded to four O2- and two F1- atoms to form VO4F2 octahedra that share corners with eight VO3F3 octahedra and edges with two equivalent VO2F4 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 49–55°. There are a spread of V–O bond distances ranging from 2.00–2.09 Å. Both V–F bond lengths are 2.09 Å. In the third V3+ site, V3+ is bonded to three O2- and three F1- atoms to form a mixture of edge and corner-sharing VO3F3 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 45–54°. There are a spread of V–O bond distances ranging from 1.92–2.01 Å. There are two shorter (2.09 Å) and one longer (2.18 Å) V–F bond lengths. In the fourth V3+ site, V3+ is bonded to two O2- and four F1- atoms to form VO2F4 octahedra that share corners with eight VO3F3 octahedra and edges with two equivalent VO4F2 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 45–51°. There is one shorter (1.95 Å) and one longer (1.98 Å) V–O bond length. There are a spread of V–F bond distances ranging from 1.98–2.08 Å. There are four inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to three V3+ atoms. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to three V3+ atoms. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to three V3+ atoms. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to three V3+ atoms. There are four inequivalent F1- sites. In the first F1- site, F1- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to three V3+ atoms. In the second F1- site, F1- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to three V3+ atoms. In the third F1- site, F1- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to three V3+ atoms. In the fourth F1- site, F1- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to three V3+ atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on VOF by Materials Project

VOF is zeta iron carbide-derived structured and crystallizes in the triclinic P-1 space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are six inequivalent V3+ sites. In the first V3+ site, V3+ is bonded to three O2- and three F1- atoms to form VO3F3 octahedra that share corners with eight VO3F3 octahedra and edges with two VO4F2 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 45–53°. There are a spread of V–O bond distances ranging from 1.98–2.01 Å. There are a spread of V–F bond distances ranging from 2.03–2.12 Å. In the second V3+ site, V3+ is bonded to four O2- and two equivalent F1- atoms to form a mixture of edge and corner-sharing VO4F2 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 46–55°. There are two shorter (2.04 Å) and two longer (2.07 Å) V–O bond lengths. Both V–F bond lengths are 2.07 Å. In the third V3+ site, V3+ is bonded to four O2- and two equivalent F1- atoms to form a mixture of edge and corner-sharing VO4F2 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 46–54°. There are two shorter (1.99 Å) and two longer (2.03 Å) V–O bond lengths. Both V–F bond lengths are 2.11 Å. In the fourth V3+ site, V3+ is bonded to three O2- and three F1- atoms to form VO3F3 octahedra that share corners with eight VO3F3 octahedra and edges with two VO2F4 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 47–55°. There are a spread of V–O bond distances ranging from 1.96–2.00 Å. There are two shorter (2.08 Å) and one longer (2.13 Å) V–F bond lengths. In the fifth V3+ site, V3+ is bonded to two equivalent O2- and four F1- atoms to form a mixture of edge and corner-sharing VO2F4 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 46–54°. Both V–O bond lengths are 1.92 Å. All V–F bond lengths are 2.07 Å. In the sixth V3+ site, V3+ is bonded to two equivalent O2- and four F1- atoms to form a mixture of edge and corner-sharing VO2F4 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 45–54°. Both V–O bond lengths are 1.98 Å. There are two shorter (1.97 Å) and two longer (2.06 Å) V–F bond lengths. There are four inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to three V3+ atoms. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to three V3+ atoms. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to three V3+ atoms. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to three V3+ atoms. There are four inequivalent F1- sites. In the first F1- site, F1- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to three V3+ atoms. In the second F1- site, F1- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to three V3+ atoms. In the third F1- site, F1- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to three V3+ atoms. In the fourth F1- site, F1- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to three V3+ atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on VOF by Materials Project

Computed materials data using density functional theory calculations. These calculations determine the electronic structure of bulk materials by solving approximations to the Schrodinger equation. For more information, see https://materialsproject.org/docs/calculations

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2020