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At least 19 records
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1979

LACIE area, yield, and production estimate characteristics: U.S.S.R.

No estimates were generated for the U.S.S.R. during LACIE phase 1. Phase 2 effort was limited to two indicator regions: winter wheat areas where 385 segments were allocated, and spring wheat areas with 362 allocated segments. The level of activity for phase 3 was extended to the entire country which automatically increased the segment workload from 747 to 1947 segments. Production, area, and yield estimates, and their accuracy are discussed for phases 2 and 3 with emphasis on scope, sampling strategy, data base, LANDSAT data, yield analysis for winter and spring wheat, area and production analysis for winter and spring wheat, and technical issues and problems.

Hickman, J. R.↗
NASA NTRS1986

Reform of general education and vocational training in the U.S.S.R.

Extensive school reform measures were initiated in the U.S.S.R. in 1984. The essence of the reform is to improve the quality of instruction, improve the content of education, strengthen the Marxist-Leninist world view, and ensure that all secondary school graduates master an occupation.

Spearman, M. L.↗
NASA NTRS1985

Reform of general education and vocational training in the U.S.S.R

School reform in the Soviet Union is now being carried out in accordance with programmatic directives of the June 1983 plenary session of the CPSU Central Committee. The draft reform was under study and discussion for several months by various groups within the Soviet Union with the participation of about 120 million people. Following the discussion of the draft reform, the basic guidelines for reform were approved by the plenary session of the CPSU Central Committee on April 10, 1984, and by the U.S.S.R. Supreme Soviet on April 12, 1984. The essence of the reform is to improve the quality of instruction (including an added year of compulsory education-from 10 to 11) and to teach young people a profession in addition to the required volume of knowledge and work skills.

Spearman, M. L.↗
NASA NTRS1992

Nutrition in space - Evidence from the U.S. and the U.S.S.R

Space flight exposes humans to a hostile, stressful environment as well as to the weightlessness associated with microgravity. The stresses of space travel affect nutritional balance, as evidenced by interrelated changes in body composition, energy utilization, and endocrine function. The limited data gathered thus far suggest that space flight incurs acute decreases in fluid mass and chronic, ongoing changes in muscle and bone mass. Concurrent with these changes is an increase in energy used per unit body mass. Other preliminary data suggest that bed rest and space flight may incur increased sensitivity to insulin. Further research is needed to determine the human energy and protein requirements for space, as well as a means of quantifying changes in body composition during extended-duration space flight.

Lane, Helen W.↗
NASA NTRS1992

Flying U.S. science on the U.S.S.R. Cosmos biosatellites

The USSR Cosmos Biosatellites are unmanned missions with durations of approximately 14 days. They are capable of carrying a wide variety of biological specimens such as cells, tissues, plants, and animals, including rodents and rhesus monkeys. The absence of a crew is an advantage with respect to the use of radioisotopes or other toxic materials and contaminants, but a disadvantage with respect to the performance of inflight procedures or repair of hardware failures. Thus, experiments hardware and procedures must be either completely automated or remotely controlled from the ground. A serious limiting factor for experiments is the amount of electrical powers available, so when possible experiments should be self-contained with their own batteries and data recording devices. Late loading is restricted to approximately 48 hours before launch and access time upon recovery is not precise since there is a ballistic reentry and the capsule must first be located and recovery vehicles dispatched to the site. Launches are quite reliable and there is a proven track record of nine previous Biosatellite flights. This paper will present data and experience from the seven previous Cosmos flights in which the US has participated as well as the key areas of consideration in planning a flight investigation aboard this Biosatellite platform.

Flight Experiment↗
NASA NTRS2005

Mutual Influences: U.S.S.R. - U.S. Interactions During the Space Race

This paper presents a broad historical view of the space race and its relationship between the Soviet Union and the United States in the early years of the space race. The author also adds some thoughts on the writing of history and how we evaluate space history.

Siddiqi, Asif↗
NASA NTRS1980

Results of the August 1977 Soviet and American meterological rocketsonde intercomparison held at Wallops Island, Virginia

A coordinated program of rocketsonde investigations along about 60 deg E and 70 deg W between the United States and U.S.S.R. is discussed. The rocketsonde instruments used by the U.S. and U.S.S.R. were compared and the results are presented. The U.S. Super Loki Datasonde and the U.S.S.R. M100B rocketsonde are discussed. Results indicate that the U.S/U.S.S.R. rocketsonde measurement agreement improved since the 1973 intercomparisons. It was learned that the mean of the differences of the temperatures compare to within 6 C at about 60 km and to within 2 C near 50 km. Wind measurements were also found to agree.

Schmidlin, F. J.↗
NASA NTRS1980

Crop calendars for the US, USSR, and Canada in support of the early warning project

New crop calendars are produced for U.S. regions where several years of periodic growth stage observations are available on a CRD basis. Preexisting crop calendars from the LACIE are also collected as are U.S. crop calendars currently being created for the Foreign Commodities Production Forecast project. For the U.S.S.R. and Canada, no new crop calendars are created because no new data are available. Instead, LACIE crop calendars are compared against simulated normal daily temperatures and against the Robertson wheat and Williams barley phenology models run on the simulated normal temperatures. Severe inconsistencies are noted and discussed. For the U.S.S.R., spring and fall planting dates can probably be estimated accurately from satellite or meteorological data. For the starter model problem, the Feyerherm spring wheat model is recommended for spring planted small grains, and the results of an analysis are presented. For fall planted small grains, use of normal planting dates supplemented by spectral observation of an early stage is recommended. The importance of nonmeteorological factors as they pertain to meteorological factors in determining fall planting is discussed. Crop calendar data available at the Johnson Space Center for the U.S., U.S.S.R., Canada, and other countries are inventoried.

Hodges, T.↗
NASA NTRS1982

Selection of USSR foreign similarity regions

The similarity regions in the United States and Canada were selected to parallel the conditions that affect labeling and classification accuracies in the U.S.S.R. indicator regions. In addition to climate, a significant condition that affects labeling and classification accuracies in the U.S.S.R. is the proportion of barley and wheat grown in a given region (based on sown areas). The following regions in the United States and Canada were determined to be similar to the U.S.S.R. indicator regions: (1) Montana agrophysical unit (APU) 104 corresponds to the Belorussia high barley region; (2) North Dakota and Minnesota APU 20 and secondary region southern Manitoba and Saskatchewan correspond to the Ural RSFSR barley and spring wheat region; (3) Montana APU 23 corresponds to he North Caucasus barley and winter wheat region. Selection criteria included climates, crop type, crop distribution, growth cycles, field sizes, and field shapes.

Disler, J. M.↗
NASA NTRS1990

USSR national time unit keeping over long interval using an ensemble of H-masers

The U.S.S.R. State Time and Frequency Service (STFS) is discussed. The STFS is responsible for time and frequency measurement unification both in the field of atomic, TA(SU) and UTC(SU) and universal time UT1(SU) over the whole territory of the U.S.S.R. The U.S.S.R. national time unit keeping over long interval using an ensemble of H-masers is also discussed.

Koshelyaevsky, N. B.↗
NASA NTRS1991

US-USSR telemedicine consultation spacebridge to Armenia and Ufa

The Final Report on the U.S.-U.S.S.R. Telemedicine Consultation Spacebride to Armenia and Ufa is presented. The goal of this activity was to provide expert medical consultation to the Armenian medical personnel in the areas of plastic and reconstructive surgery, physical and psychological rehabilitation, public health, and epidemiology following the devastating earthquake in Dec. 1988. The U.S. and U.S.S.R. implementation teams developed new standards for medical information transmittal as well as protocols and schedules on how to conduct medical consultations. The consultations were provided to the Republic Diagnostic Center in Yerevan, U.S.S.R. by four U.S. medical centers: University of Utah/LDS Hospital, University of Texas, Maryland Institute for Emergency Medical Service Systems, and Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences.

Source record↗
NASA NTRS1972

US-USSR space biology report

The recommendations of the Joint Working Group on Space Biology and Medicine are reported. The exchange of information for the U.S. included the pre- and postflight medical requirements and flight crew health stabilization program for Apollo 16. The U.S.S.R. presentations detailed the medical findings of the Soyuz/Salyut mission, including the postflight autopsy results. The causes of death of the cosmonauts were the occurrence of hypoxia and gaseous embolism. A significant development resulting from the meeting was the agreement that the Joint Working Group strive toward the development of common pre- and postflight medical examination procedures for flight crews for direct comparison of U.S. and U.S.S.R. data.

Friedman, R.↗
NASA NTRS1972

World Air Travel Demand, 1950-1980

Total world scheduled air passenger traffic carried by the airlines of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), excluding the U.S.S.R., increased from 17.4 billion passenger miles in 1950 to 237.4 billion in 1970. This represents an average annual growth rate of 14% during the past two decades. The U.S.S.R. became a member of ICAO in 1970, and Aeroflot - the only Russian airline - reported 49 billion passenger miles for 1970. This traffic, which encompasses both domestic and international travel as well as some nonscheduled flights, is not included in the ICAO world totals shown in this report.

Sarames, G. N.↗
NASA NTRS1974

Mission requirements CSM-111/DM-2 Apollo/Soyuz test project

Test systems are developed for rendezvous and docking of manned spacecraft and stations that are suitable for use as a standard international system. This includes the rendezvous and docking of Apollo and Soyuz spacecraft, and crew transfer. The conduct of the mission will include: (1) testing of compatible rendezvous systems in orbit; (2) testing of universal docking assemblies; (3) verifying the techniques for transfer of cosmonauts and astronauts; (4) performing certain activities by U.S.A. and U.S.S.R. crews in joint flight; and (5) gaining of experience in conducting joint flights by U.S.A. and U.S.S.R. spacecraft, including, in case of necessity, rendering aid in emergency situations.

Blackmer, S. M.↗
NASA NTRS1976

Possible methods for USSR-VLF navigation receivers

The U.S.S.R. has a VLF navigation system similar to OMEGA. Beukers has reported some information on the signal format, frequencies used, and the probable radiated power levels. From this data it appears possible to derive receiver operation modes and some implied reasons for the unique choice of the time-multiplexed frequency time base used. Of interest are receiver methods requiring processor gate complexity similar to a digital wristwatch including the use of mass-produced low frequency quartz crystal reference oscillators. The stability required of the local reference oscillator is probably much less critical than for other VLF receivers because of the signal format. One conclusion is that U.S.S.R.-VLF receivers might be fabricated at quite low cost making it possible for all persons in remote areas each to have his own private positioning aid. Further study of the actual transmitted signal format is warranted. While the nature of this memorandum is speculative because of the lack of confirming data, the receiver method proposed has evolved from related principles which have been applied to the operating OMEGA-VLF navigation system.

Burhans, R. W.↗
NASA NTRS1976

Mission description

The Apollo Soyuz mission was the first manned space flight conducted jointly by two nations. The United States and the U.S.S.R. achieved a substantial degree of success in: (1) obtaining flight experience for rendezvous and docking of manned spacecraft and developing a docking system that would be suitable for use as a standard international system, (2) demonstrating in-flight intervehicular crew transfer, and (3) conducting a series of science and applications experiments. The Apollo and Soyuz spacecraft, with minor exceptions, were similar to those flown on previous missions, but a new Apollo module, the docking module, was built specifically for this mission. The mission started with the Soyuz launch on July 15, 1975, followed by the Apollo launch on the same day. Docking of the two spacecraft occurred on July 17, and joint operations were conducted for 2 days. Both spacecraft landed safely and on schedule; the Soyuz landing in the U.S.S.R. occurred on July 21, and the Apollo landing near Hawaii occurred on July 24. Twenty-eight science experiments were performed during the mission.

Hardee, S. N.↗