Luminescent decay of ki- tl, kbr- tl, and kcl- tl.
Emission spectra and luminescent decay of thallium excited potassium iodide investigated over temperature range of 10 to 300 degrees k
POTASSIUM IODIDE↗
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Magnetism and superconductivity of some Tl-Cu oxides
Many copper oxide based Thallium compounds are now known. In comparison to the Bi-compounds, the Tl-system shows a richer diversity; i.e., High Temperature Superconductors (HTSC) can be obtained with either one or two Tl-0 layers (m = 1,2); also, the triple-digit phases are easier to synthesize. The value of d, oxygen stoichiometry, is critical to achieving superconductivity. The Tl system is robust to oxygen loss; Tl may be lost or incorporated by diffusion. A diffusion coefficient equal to 10 ms at 900 C was determined. Both ortho-rhombic and tetragonal structures are found, but HTSC behavior is indifferent to the crystal symmetry. This system has the highest T(sub c) confirmed. T(sub c) generally increases with p, the number of CuO layers, but tends to saturate at p = 3. Zero resistance was observed at temperatures as great as 125 K. Most of these HTSC's are hole type, but the Ce-doped specimens may be electronic. The magnetic aspects were studied; because in addition to defining the perfectly diamagnetic ground state as in conventional superconductors, magnetism of the copper oxides show a surprising variety. This is true of both the normal and the superconducting states. Also, due to the large phonon contribution to the specific heat at the high T(sub c) jump, electronic density of states, D(Ef), and coherence length are uncertain, and thus, are estimated from the magnetic results. Results from the Tl-system CuO, LaBaCuO,120 and the Bi-CuO compounds are discussed. The emphasis is on the role of magnetism in the Tl-CuO HTSC, but technological aspects are also pointed out.
Datta, Timir↗
Magnetism and superconductivity of some Tl-Cu oxides
Many copper oxide based Thallium compounds have now been discovered. In comparison to the Bi-compounds, the Tl-system shows a richer diversity; viz., High Temperature Superconductors (HTSC) can be obtained with either one or two Tl-0 layers (m = 1,2); also, the triple-digit phases are easier to synthesize. The value of d, oxygen stoichiometry, is critical to achieving superconductivity. The Tl system is robust to oxygen loss; Tl may be lost or incorporated by diffusion. A diffusion coefficient equal to 10 ms at 900 C was determined. Both ortho-rhombic and tetragonal structures are evidenced, but HTSC behavior is indifferent to the crystal symmetry. This system has the highest T(sub c) confirmed. T(sub c) generally increases with p, the number of CuO layers, but tends to saturate at p = 3. Zero resistance as high as 125K has been observed. Most of these HTSC's are hole type, but the Ce-doped specimens may be electronic. The magnetic aspects were studied; because in addition to defining the perfectly diamagnetic ground state as in the conventional superconductors, magnetism of the copper oxides show a surprising variety. This is true of both the normal and the superconducting states. Also, due to the large phonon contribution to the specific heat at the high T(sub c) accurate thermal measurement of important parameters such as the sp. heat jump, electronic density of states, D(Ef) and coherence length are uncertain, and thus, are estimated from the magnetic results. Results from the Tl-system CuO, LaBaCuO, 120 and the Bi-CuO compounds are discussed. The emphasis is on the role of magnetism in the TlCuO HTSC, but technological aspects are also pointed out.
Datta, Timir↗
Fabrication and chemical composition of RF magnetron sputtered Tl-Ca-Ba-Cu-O high Tc superconducting thin films
The preparation of TlCaBaCuO superconducting thin films on (100) SrTiO3 substrates is described, and the results of their characterization are presented. Sintering and annealing the thin films in a Tl-rich ambient yielded superconductivity with a Tc of 107 K. The results of an XPS study support two possible mechanisms for the creation of holes in the TlCaBaCuO compound: (1) partial substitution of Ca(2+) for Tl(3+), resulting in hole creation, and (2) charge transfer from Tl(3+) to the CuO layers, resulting in a Tl valence between +3 and +1.
Subramanyam, G.↗
Development of high T(sub c) (greater than 110 K) Bi, Tl, and Y-based materials as superconducting circuit elements
Experimental work has continued on the development and characterization of bulk and hot pressed powders and tapecast materials in the Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-O and Tl-Ba-Ca-Cu-O systems. A process for producing warp-free, sintered, superconducting tapes of Bi composition Bi2Sr2Ca2Cu3O(x) with a mixed oxide process was established. This procedure required a triple calcination at 830 C for 24 hours and sintering at 845 C from 20 to 200 hours. Hot pressing the triple calcined powder at 845 C for 6 hours at 5000 psi yielded a dense material which on further heat treatment at 845 C for 24 hours exhibited a Tc of 108.2 K. A further improvement in the processing of the bismuth materials was achieved via a chemical coprecipitation process wherein the starting nitrate materials were coprecipitated with oxalic acid, thus yielding a more chemically homogeneous, more reactive powder. With the coprecipitated powders, only one calcine at 830 C for 12 hours and a final sinter at 845 C for 30 hours was sufficient to produce a bulk superconducting material with a Tc of 108.4 K. SAFIRE-type grounding links were successfully fabricated from sintered, tapecast, coprecipitated BSCCO 2223 powders. Compositional and processing investigations were continued on the Tl-based superconductors. Manganese and lithium additions and sintering temperature and time were examined to determine their influence on superconducting properties. It was found that lithium substitutions for copper enhance the transition temperatures while manganese additions produced deleterious effects on the superconducting properties. A suitable procedure for producing reproducible bulk and tapecast material of Tl composition Tl2Ba2Ca2Cu3O(x) was developed and used in fabricating uniform superconducting tapes. The highest transition temperature for Tl-based tapes was measured at 110.2 K. Thallium superconducting SAFIRE-type grounding links were fabricated from the tapes.
Haertling, Gene H.↗
Thermoluminescence and the shock and reheating history of meteorites. IV - The induced TL properties of type 4-6 ordinary chondrites
The thermoluminescence (TL) properties were measured in 121 equilibrated H and L ordinary chondrites of which 33 H and 32 L were from Antarctica. It was found that the distribution of TL sensitivities for non-Antarctic L chondrites differs from that of non-Antarctic H chondrites, reflecting the well-known differences in shock history between L and H classes, the greater proportion of the former having suffered postmetamorphic shock. The data also show differences in TL sensitivity between Antarctic and non-Antarctic H chondrites, suggesting nontrivial differences in thermal history of these chondrites.
Haq, Munir↗
Chemical spray pyrolysis of Tl-Ba-Ca-Cu-O high-T(sub c) superconductors for high-field bitter magnets
The deposition of Tl-Ba-Ca-Cu-O thick films by spray pyrolyzing a Ba-Ca-Cu-O precursor film and diffusing thallium into the film to form the superconducting phase is examined. This approach was taken to reduce exposure to thallium and its health and safety hazards. The Tl-Ba-Ca-Cu-O system was selected because it has very attractive features which make it appealing to device and manufacturing engineering. Tl-Ba-Ca-Cu-O will accommodate a number of superconducting phases. This attribute makes it very forgiving to stoichiometric fluctuations in the bulk and film. It has excellent thermal and chemical stability, and appears to be relatively insensitive to chemical impurities. Oxygen is tightly bound into the systems, consequently there is no orthorhombic (conductor) to tetragonal (insulator) transition which would affect a component's lifetime. More significantly, the thallium based superconductors appear to have harder magnetic properties than the other high-Tc oxide ceramics. Estimates using magnetoresistance measurements indicate that at 77 K Tl2Ba2CaCu2O10 will have an upper critical field, H(sub c2) fo 26 Tesla for applied fields parallel to the c-axis and approximately 1000 Tesla for fields oriented in the a-b plane. Results to date have shown that superconducting films can be reproducibly deposited on 100 oriented MgO substrates. One film had a zero resistance temperature of 111.5 K. Furthermore, x ray diffraction analysis of the films showed preferential c-axis orientation parallel to the plane of the substrate. These results have now made it possible to consider the manufacture of a superconducting tape wire which can be configured into a topology useful for high-field magnet designs. The research which leads to the preparation of these films and plans for further development are reviewed.
Derochemont, L. Pierre↗
Designing the Imaging and Breadboard System for FBCE-TL Project
This presentation outlines the support work done on designing the imaging and breadboard system of the Transfer Line (TL) project, which is the third module for the Flow Boiling and Condensation Experiment (FBCE) operating in the Fluids Integrated Rack on-board the International Space Station (ISS). The goal of the FBCE is to serve as a facility for flow boiling and condensation investigating two-phase flow and heat transfer data in microgravity. The TL module aims use existing FBCE hardware to study cryogenic chilldown, a large component of cryogenic propellant tank transfer research. The TL test module will perform chilldown studies with normal-perfluorohexane (nPFH), a cryogenic simulant, flowing through a super-heated line, which is heated through the process of Joule-heating. SolidWorks and Creo were used to create electrically conductive pipe junctions that connect and seal several Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) coated sapphire tube sections together to allow for low leak probability fluid flow and circumferentially uniform electrical current density. It is necessary to understand and calculate the thermal expansion of the tubing sections such that the junctions would not leak at anticipated operating temperatures and pressures, would maintain electrical contact, and not crack the crystalline tubes. Optical imaging techniques were used to build an experimentally validated image remapping process for flight-like setups of cylindrical tubes. Then MATLAB was used to create an algorithm that distorts an image based on the refraction of light passing through the mediums we were imaging through to accurately visualize the cryogenic chilldown that is of scientific interest. This research will assist NASA to move forward with long-duration spaceflight missions where knowledge of efficient heat transfer processes becomes more critical.
imaging system↗
Preparation of high T(c) Tl-Ba-Ca-Cu-O thin films by pulsed laser evaporation and Tl2O3 vapor processing
Tl-Ba-Ca-Cu-O superconducting thin films with zero-resistance temperatures up to 115 K have been prepared using a Tl2O3 vapor process on Ba-Ca-Cu-O precursor thin films. The Ba-Ca-Cu-O thin films were made by laser deposition on Y-stabilized ZrO2 substrates. This technique minimizes problems caused by the toxicity of Tl2O3, and its subsequent decomposition to the volatile and toxic Tl2O upon heating. Therefore, it may have practical application in the fabrication of high T(c) Tl-Ba-Ca-Cu-O superconducting thin-film devices.
Johs, B.↗
Experimental partitioning studies near the Fe-FeS eutectic, with an emphasis on elements important to iron meteorite chronologies (Pb, Ag, Pd, and Tl)
Partitioning coefficients for metal/sulfide liquid, troilite/sulfide liquid, and schreibersite/sulfide liquid were determined for Ag, Au, Mo, Ni, Pd, and Tl (using EMPA and proton-induced X-ray microprobe and ion microprobe analyses) in order to understand the chronometer systems of iron meteorites. In general, the obtained schreibersite/metal and troilite/metal partition coefficients for 'compatible' elements were quite similar to those inferred from natural assemblages, reinforcing an earlier made conclusion that there is a class of elements for which experimental troilite/metal and schreibersite/metal partition coefficients approximate those inferred from natural samples. The consistency between experimental and natural assemblages, however, was not observed for Ag, Pb, and Tl, indicating that the abundances of these elements determined in 'metal' and 'troilite' separates from iron meteorites are influenced by trace minerals that concentrate incompatible elements.
Jones, J. H.↗
Development of high Tc (greater than 100 K) Bi, Tl and Y-based materials as superconducting circuit elements
Experimental work on this project over the last four years has resulted in establishing processing and characterization techniques for producing both the Bi-based and Tl-based superconductors in their high temperature (2223) forms. In the bulk, dry pressed form, maximum critical temperatures (Tc) of 108.2 K and 117.8 K, respectively, were measured. Results have further shown that the Bi and Tl-based superconducting materials in bulk form are noticeably different from the Y-based 123 material in that superconductivity is considerably harder to achieve, maintain, and reproduce. This is due primarily to the difficulty in obtaining the higher Tc phase in pure form since it commonly co-exists with other undesirable, lower Tc phases. In particular, it has been found that long processing times for calcining and firing (20 - 200 hrs.) and close control of temperatures which are very near the melting point are required in order to obtain higher proportions of the desirable, high Tc (2223) phase. Thus far, the BSCCO bulk materials has been prepared in uniaxially pressed, hot pressed, and tapecast form. The uniaxially pressed material has been synthesized by the mixed oxide, coprecipitation, and melt quenching processes. The tapecast and hot pressed materials have been prepared via the mixed oxide process. In addition, thick films of BSCCO (2223 phase) have been prepared by screen printing on to yttria and magnesia stabilized zirconia with only moderate success; i.e., superconductivity was achieved in these thick films, but the highest Tc obtained in these films was 89.0 K. The Tc's of the bulk hot pressed, tapecast, and screen printed thick film materials were found to be 108.2, 102.4, and 89.0 K, respectively.
Haertling, Gene↗
A survey of the core-congruential formulation for geometrically nonlinear TL finite elements
This article presents a survey of the core-congruential formulation (CCF) for geometrically nonlinear mechanical finite elements based on the total Lagrangian (TL) kinematic description. Although the key ideas behind the CCF can be traced back to Rajasekaran and Murray in 1973, it has not subsequently received serious attention. The CCF is distinguished by a two-phase development of the finite element stiffness equations. The initial phase developed equations for individual particles. These equations are expressed in terms of displacement gradients as degrees of freedom. The second phase involves congruential-type transformations that eventually binds the element particles of an individual element in terms of its node-displacement degrees of freedom. Two versions of the CCF, labeled direct and generalized, are distinguished. The direct CCF (DCCF) is first described in general form and then applied to the derivation of geometrically nonlinear bar, and plane stress elements using the Green-Lagrange strain measure. The more complex generalized CCF (GCCF) is described and applied to the derivation of 2D and 3D Timoshenko beam elements. Several advantages of the CCF, notably the physically clean separation of material and geometric stiffnesses, and its independence with respect to the ultimate choice of shape functions and element degrees of freedom, are noted. Application examples involving very large motions solved with the 3D beam element display the range of applicability of this formulation, which transcends the kinematic limitations commonly attributed to the TL description.
Felippa, Carlos A.↗
Performance of two-pole bandpass filters photodefined on double-sided Y-Ba-Cu-O and Tl-Ba-Ca-Cu-O thin films
The performance of 7.3-GHz two-pole bandpass filters (5% bandwidth) fabricated on double-sided Y-Ba-Cu-O and Tl-Ba-Ca-Cu-O thin films deposited on LaAlO3 is discussed. At 77 K, the Tl-Ba-Ca-Cu-O and Y-Ba-Cu-O superconducting filters exhibited minimum passband insertion losses of 0.3 and 1.2 dB, respectively. An insertion loss of 3.4 dB was measured for an all-gold filter at 77 K.
TWO POLE BANDPASS FILTERS↗
Improvement of critical current density in thallium-based (Tl,Bi)Sr(1.6)Ba(0.4)Ca2Cu3O(x) superconductors
Epitaxial (Tl,Bi)Sr(1.6)Ba(0.4)Ca2Cu3O(x) ((Tl,Bi)-1223) thin films on (100) single crystal LaAlO3 substrates were synthesized by a two-step procedure. Phase development, microstructure, and relationships between film and substrate were studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Resistance versus temperature, zero-field-cooled and field cooled magnetization, and transport critical current density (J(sub c)) were measured. The zero-resistance temperature was 105-111 K. J(sub c) at 77 K and zero field was greater than 2 x 10(exp 6) A/sq cm. The films exhibited good flux pinning properties.
Ren, Z. F.↗
Properties of a large NaI(Tl) spectrometer for the energy measurement of high-energy gamma rays on the Gamma Ray Observatory
A large NaI(Tl) spectrometer is expected to play a crucial role in the measurement of the energy spectra from an all-sky survey of high-energy celestial gamma rays on the Gamma Ray Observatory. The crystal size and requirements of space flight have resulted in a novel crystal-packaging and optics combination. The structure of this spectrometer and the operating characteristics determined in a test program using high energy positrons are described.
Hughes, E. B.↗
An explanation for the rise in T(sub c) in the Tl- and Bi-based high temperature superconductors
Using the plasmon exchange model for the high T(sub c) superconductor, it is shown that the T(sub c) rises with an increase in the number of CuO layers per unit cell, which is in agreement with recent observations in the Tl- and Bi-based compounds. The calculation also suggests that the sample will become superconducting in successive stages and that there is a saturation effect, i.e., that T(sub c) cannot be raised indefinitely by increasing the number of CuO layers.
Bose, S. M.↗
Novel superconducting phases of Tl-based compounds
Several new superconducting phases of the Tl-based compounds were prepared. Structural studies revealed cell lengths of 31.9 A and longer. Properties of Ce-containing compounds are also discussed.
Kostadinov, I. Z.↗
On the determination of iridium in diverse geological samples employing HPGe-coincidence/NaI(Tl)-anticoincidence spectrometry
This paper reports the Ir content of a variety of geological samples determined by the high-purity Ge-coincidence/NaI(Tl)-anticoincidence gamma-ray spectrometry (henceforth referred to as coincidence/anticoincidence technique) and by the conventional INAA. The advantages of this technique are: (1) the Ir content of the samples is obtained (ppm to a fraction of ppb ranges) not only by the 468.1 keV peak as in the conventional INAA but also by the 784.6 keV and 920.9 keV sum peaks, which gives more confidence in the values obtained; and (2) it is well suited for the samples with high Compton background for which it is difficult to measure the Ir content by the conventional INAA technique. The practical sensitivity of this technique depends on the sample matrix. Under present experimental conditions, it varied from 0.1 ng for Mn nodules and 0.004 ng for Libyan Desert Glass. Iridium values obtained on small (about 1 microg) olivine grains demonstrate the potential application of this new technique to microsamples. The principle and methodology of this new technique as well as its advantages and disadvantages over the conventional INAA are discussed.
Murali, A. V.↗