Nuclear rocket simulator tests flow initiation with turbine accelerated tank pressure 50 PSIA, Run 11
Liquid hydrogen nuclear reactor simulator tests - determination of flow iniation with turbine accelerated tank pressure 50 psia
SIMULATOR↗
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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.
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CFD Modeling of the Multipurpose Hydrogen Test Bed (MHTB) Self-Pressurization and Spray Bar Mixing Experiments in Normal Gravity: Effect of Accommodation Coefficient on the Tank Pressure
In this paper, a computational model that describes pressure control phase of a typical MHTB experiment will be presented. The fidelity of the model will be assessed by comparing the models predictions with MHTB experimental data. In this paper CFD results for MHTB spray bar cooling case with 50 tank fill ratio will be presented and analyzed. Effect of accommodation coefficient for calculating droplet-ullage mass transfer will be evaluated.
cryogenic fluid storage↗
Description of Liquid Nitrogen Experimental Test Facility
The Liquid Nitrogen Test Facility is a unique test facility for ground-based liquid nitrogen experimentation. The test rig consists of an insulated tank of approximately 12.5 cubic ft in volume, which is supplied with liquid nitrogen from a 300 gal dewar via a vacuum jacketed piping system. The test tank is fitted with pressure and temperature measuring instrumentation, and with two view ports which allow visual observation of test conditions. To demonstrate the capabilities of the facility, the initial test program is briefly described. The objective of the test program is to measure the condensation rate by injecting liquid nitrogen as a subcooled spray into the ullage of a tank 50 percent full of liquid nitrogen at saturated conditions. The condensation rate of the nitrogen vapor on the subcooled spray can be analytically modeled, and results validated and corrected by experimentally measuring the vapor condensation on liquid sprays.
Jurns, John M.↗
Description of liquid nitrogen experimental test facility
The Liquid Nitrogen Test Facility is a unique test facility for ground-based liquid nitrogen experimentation. The test rig consists of an insulated tank of approximately 12.5 cubic ft in volume, which is supplied with liquid nitrogen from a 300 gal dewar via a vacuum jacketed piping system. The test tank is fitted with pressure and temperature measuring instrumentation, and with two view ports which allow visual observation of test conditions. To demonstrate the capabilities of the facility, the initial test program is briefly described. The objective of the test program is to measure the condensation rate by injecting liquid nitrogen as a subcooled spray into the ullage of a tank 50 percent full of liquid nitrogen at saturated conditions. The condensation rate of the nitrogen vapor on the subcooled spray can be analytically modeled, and results validated and corrected by experimentally measuring the vapor condensation on liquid sprays.
Jurns, J. M.↗
Test Data Analysis of a Spray Bar Zero-Gravity Liquid Hydrogen Vent System for Upper Stages
To support development of a zero-gravity pressure control capability for liquid hydrogen (LH2), a series of thermodynamic venting system (TVS) tests was conducted in 1996 and 1998 using the Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) multipurpose hydrogen test bed (MHTB). These tests were performed with ambient heat leaks =20 and 50 W for tank fill levels of 90%, 50%, and 25%. TVS performance testing revealed that the spray bar was highly effective in providing tank pressure control within a 7-kPa band (131-138 Wa), and complete destratification of the liquid and the ullage was achieved with all test conditions. Seven of the MHTB tests were correlated with the TVS performance analytical model. The tests were selected to encompass the range of tank fill levels, ambient heat leaks, operational modes, and ullage pressurants. The TVS model predicted ullage pressure and temperature and bulk liquid saturation pressure and temperature obtained from the TVS model were compared with the test data. During extended self-pressurization periods, following tank lockup, the model predicted faster pressure rise rates than were measured. However, once the system entered the cyclic mixing/venting operational mode, the modeled and measured data were quite similar.
Hedayat, A.↗
Microgravity Propellant Tank Geyser Analysis and Prediction
An established correlation for geyser height prediction of an axial jet inflow into a microgravity propellant tank was analyzed and an effort to develop an improved correlation was made. The original correlation, developed using data from ethanol flow in small-scale drop tower tests, uses the jet-Weber number and the jet-Bond number to predict geyser height. A new correlation was developed from the same set of experimental data using the jet-Weber number and both the jet-Bond number and tank-Bond number to describe the geyser formation. The resulting correlation produced nearly a 40% reduction in geyser height predictive error compared to the original correlation with experimental data. Two additional tanks were computationally modeled in addition to the small-scale tank used in the drop tower testing. One of these tanks was a 50% enlarged small-scale tank and the other a full-scale 2 m radius tank. Simulations were also run for liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen. Results indicated that the new correlation outperformed the original correlation in geyser height prediction under most circumstances. The new correlation has also shown a superior ability to recognize the difference between flow patterns II (geyser formation only) and III (pooling at opposite end of tank from the bulk fluid region).
Thornton, Randall J.↗
Liquid Nitrogen (Oxygen Simulant) Thermodynamic Vent System Test Data Analysis
In designing systems for the long-term storage of cryogens in low-gravity (space) environments, one must consider the effects of thermal stratification on tank pressure that will occur due to environmental heat leaks. During low-gravity operations, a Thermodynamic Vent System (TVS) concept is expected to maintain tank pressure without propellant resettling. A series of TVS tests was conducted at NASA Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) using liquid nitrogen (LN2) as a liquid oxygen (LO2) simulant. The tests were performed at tank til1 levels of 90%, 50%, and 25%, and with a specified tank pressure control band. A transient one-dimensional TVS performance program is used to analyze and correlate the test data for all three fill levels. Predictions and comparisons of ullage pressure and temperature and bulk liquid saturation pressure and temperature with test data are presented.
Hedayat, A.↗
Modeling Droplet Heat and Mass Transfer during Spray Bar Pressure Control of the Multipurpose Hydrogen Test Bed (MHTB) Tank in Normal Gravity
A CFD model for simulating pressure control in cryogenic storage tanks through the injection of a subcooled liquid into the ullage is presented and applied to the 1g MHTB spray bar cooling experiments. An Eulerian-Lagrangian approach is utilized to track the spray droplets and capture the interaction between the discrete droplets and the continuous ullage phase. The spray model is coupled with the VOF model by performing particle tracking in the ullage, removing particles from the ullage when they reach the interface, and then adding their contributions to the liquid. A new model for calculating the droplet-ullage heat and mass transfer is developed. In this model, a droplet is allowed to warm up to the saturation temperature corresponding to the ullage vapor pressure, after which it evaporates while remaining at the saturation temperature. The droplet model is validated against the results of the MHTB spray-bar cooling experiments with 50% and 90% tank fill ratios. The predictions of the present T-sat based model are compared with those of a previously developed kinetic-based droplet mass transfer model. The predictions of the two models regarding the evolving tank pressure and temperature distributions, as well as the droplets' trajectories and temperatures, are examined and compared in detail. Finally, the ullage pressure and local vapor and liquid temperature evolutions are validated against the corresponding data provided by the MHTB spray bar mixing experiment.
mass transfer↗
Error Analysis of the Shuttle Reaction Control System Propellant Gaging Module
An investigation of the Shuttle Reaction Control System (RCS) propellant gaging module has revealed that the gaging errors due to the combined effects of random instrumentation measurement errors and propellant loading uncertainties are non-linear over the range of the propellant quantity gage (0-100%), with the largest error occurring at the zero point. When the RCS propellant tanks are filled to contain 100% of the maximum usable propellant, the largest gaging error was determined to be 3.9% for the fuel and 5.4% for the oxidizer. When the RCS propellant tanks initially contain 50% of the maximum usable propellant, the largest gaging error increases to 4.0% for the fuel and 5.6% for the oxidizer.
Duhon, D. D.↗
Error Analysis of the Shuttle Orbital Maneuvering System P-V-T Propellant Gaging Module. Mission Planning, Mission Analysis and Software Formulation
An investigation of the shuttle orbital maneuvering system (OMS) pressure-volume-temperature (P-V-T) propellant gaging module has revealed that the gaging errors due to the combined effects of random instrumentation measurement errors, propellant loading uncertainties, and simplifying assumptions in the software are non-linear over the range of the usable propellant quantity gage (0-100%), with the largest error being at the zero point. When the OMS propellant tanks in the orbiter vehicle pods are filled to contain 100% of the maximum usable propellant, the gaging error at the zero point was determined to be 9.5% for the fuel and 9.5% for the oxidizer. When the OMS propellant tanks initially contain 50% of the maximum usable propellant, the largest gaging error is still 9.5% for the fuel and 9.5% for the oxidizer.
Duhon, D. D.↗
Testing the Effects of Helium Pressurant on Thermodynamic Vent System Performance with Liquid Hydrogen
In support of the development of a zero gravity pressure control capability for liquid hydrogen, testing was conducted at the Marshall Space Flight Center using the Multipurpose Hydrogen Test Bed (MHTB) to evaluate the effects of helium pressurant on the performance of a spray bar thermodynamic vent system (TVS). Fourteen days of testing was performed in August - September 2005, with an ambient heat leak of about 70-80 watts and tank fill levels of 90%, 50%, and 25%. The TVS successfully controlled the tank pressure within a +/- 3.45 kPa (+/- 0.5 psi) band with various helium concentration levels in the ullage. Relative to pressure control with an "all hydrogen" ullage, the helium presence resulted in 10 to 30 per cent longer pressure reduction durations, depending on the fill level, during the mixing/venting phase of the control cycle. Additionally, the automated control cycle was based on mixing alone for pressure reduction until the pressure versus time slope became positive, at which time the Joule-Thomson vent was opened. Testing was also conducted to evaluate thermodynamic venting without the mixer operating, first with liquid then with vapor at the recirculation line inlet. Although ullage stratification was present, the ullage pressure was successfully controlled without the mixer operating. Thus, if vapor surrounded the pump inlet in a reduced gravity situation, the ullage pressure can still be controlled by venting through the TVS Joule Thomson valve and heat exchanger. It was evident that the spray bar configuration, which extends almost the entire length of the tank, enabled significant thermal energy removal from the ullage even without the mixer operating. Details regarding the test setup and procedures are presented in the paper. 1
Flachbart, R. H.↗
The wave suppressor used in the N.A.C.A. tank
So long a time was required for the disturbed water to become quiet after a model had been towed down the N.A.C.A. tank, that only 12 to 18 runs a day could be made. In order to shorten the time lost in waiting between runs, several different methods of suppressing the waves were tried. The most effective form of wave suppressor developed consists of wooden frames covered with fine copper screening and secured horizontally just beneath the surface of the water at the sides of the tank. With these suppressor placed every 50 feet along the length of the tank, 40 to 60 test runs a day can be made.
Truscott, Starr↗
Thermal Performance of Common Bulk-Fill Cryogenic Insulation Materials in Helium and Hydrogen Background Gases
Maritime shipping of vast quantities of liquid hydrogen (LH 2 ) will be necessary to facilitate a global hydrogen ecosystem; with some studies estimating volumes up to 172,000 m 3 for individual tanker ships, and requiring stationary storage tanks at terminals of 50,000 m 3 to 100,000 m 3 —ten to fifteen times larger than the current largest tank, located at launch pad B at NASA Kennedy Space Center (KSC). Such a radical scale-up will push the boundary of traditional, vacuum-insulated tank designs. Hence, a potential need exists for non-vacuum solutions, which necessitates exploring the thermal performance of insulation materials in non-condensable background gasses at LH 2 temperatures, namely helium and hydrogen. Testing of two bulk-fill insulation materials common to large LH 2 storage tanks, perlite and glass bubbles, in helium and hydrogen was recently conducted by the Cryogenics Test Laboratory at KSC using the Cryostat-100 liquid nitrogen boiloff calorimeter per the ASTM C1774 standard methodology. Effective thermal conductivity (k e ) and heat flux (q) results for each insulation/gas combination are presented across the full vacuum range, as well as thermal profiles through the insulation thickness between 78 K and 293 K.
A M Swanger↗
Spray Bar Zero-Gravity Vent System for On-Orbit Liquid Hydrogen Storage
During zero-gravity orbital cryogenic propulsion operations, a thermodynamic vent system (TVS) concept is expected to maintain tank pressure control without propellant resettling. In this case, a longitudinal spray bar mixer system, coupled with a Joule-Thompson (J-T) valve and heat exchanger, was evaluated in a series of TVS tests using the 18 cu m multipurpose hydrogen test bed. Tests performed at fill levels of 90, 50, and 25 percent, coupled with heat tank leaks of about 20 and 50 W, successfully demonstrated tank pressure control within a 7-kPa band. Based on limited testing, the presence of helium constrained the energy exchange between the gaseous and liquid hydrogen (LH2) during the mixing cycles. A transient analytical model, formulated to characterize TVS performance, was used to correlate the test data. During self-pressurization cycles following tank lockup, the model predicted faster pressure rise rates than were measured; however, once the system entered the cyclic self-pressurization/mixing/venting operational mode, the modeled and measured data were quite similar. During a special test at the 25-percent fill level, the J-T valve was allowed to remain open and successfully reduced the bulk LH2 saturation pressure from 133 to 70 kPa in 188 min.
Hastings, L. J.↗
Sloshing in Liquid Hydrogen and LOX Propellant Tanks After Main Engine Cut-off
NASA Marshall Space Flight Center is designing and developing the Main Propulsion System (MPS) for Ares launch vehicles. The objective of this study is to calculate the sloshing forces and moments in the LH2 and LO2 propellant tanks using a CFD/VOF analysis under realistic flight conditions. Propellant sloshing in the liquid hydrogen (LH2) and the liquid oxygen (LO2) propellant tanks after Main Engine Cut Off (MECO) was modeled using the Volume of Fluid (VOF) module of the computational fluid dynamics code, CFD-ACE+. The present simulation shows that there are substantial sloshing side forces acting on the LH2 tank during the deceleration of the vehicle after MECO. The LH2 tank features a side wall drain pipe. The side loads result from the residual propellant mass motion in the LH2 tank which is initiated by the stop of flow into the drain pipe at MECO. The simulations show that radial force on the LH2 tank wall is less than 50 lbf and the radial moment calculated based up the center of gravity of the vehicle is predicted to be as high as 300 lbf-ft. The LO2 tank features a bottom dome drain system and is equipped with sloshing baffles. The remaining LO2 in the tank slowly forms a liquid column along the centerline of tank under the zero gravity environments. The radial force on the LO2 tank wall is predicted less than 100 lbf. The radial moment calculated based on the center of gravity of the vehicle is predicted as high as 4500 lbf-ft just before MECO and dropped down to near zero after propellant draining stopped completely.
Kim, Sura↗
Sloshing in the Liquid Hydrogen and Liquid Oxygen Propellant Tanks After Main Engine Cut Off
NASA Marshall Space Flight Center is designing and developing the Main Propulsion System (MPS) for Ares launch vehicles. Propellant sloshing in the liquid hydrogen (LH2) and liquid oxygen (LO2) propellant tanks after Main Engine Cut Off (MECO) was modeled using the Volume of Fluid (VOF) module of the computational fluid dynamics code, CFD-ACE+. The present simulation shows that there is substantial sloshing side forces acting on the LH2 tank during the deceleration of the vehicle after MECO. The LH2 tank features a side wall drain pipe. The side loads result from the residual propellant mass motion in the LH2 tank which is initiated by the stop of flow into the drain pipe at MECO. The simulations show that radial force on the LH2 tank wall is less than 50 lbf and the radial moment calculated based up through the center of gravity of the vehicle is predicted to be as high as 300 lbf-ft. The LO2 tank features a bottom dome drain system and is equipped with sloshing baffles. The remaining LO2 in the tank slowly forms a liquid column along the centerline of tank under the zero gravity environments. The radial force on the LO2 tank wall is predicted to be less than 100 lbf. The radial moment calculated based on the center of gravity of the vehicle is predicted as high as 4500 lbf-ft just before MECO and dropped down to near zero after propellant draining stopped completely.
Kim, Sura↗
World’s Largest Liquid Hydrogen Tank Nearing Completion
Construction of the world’s largest liquid hydrogen (LH 2 ) storage tank is almost complete at launch pad 39B at NASA Kennedy Space Center (KSC) in Florida. With a usable capacity of 4732 m 3 (1.25 Mgal), this new vessel is roughly 50% larger than its sister tank, which is located 170 m (550 ft) to the southeast. Once the new sphere is fully commissioned these two tanks will provide a combined LH 2 storage capacity of 7950 m 3 (2.1 Mgal) to fuel the new Space Launch System rocket in support of future Artemis exploration missions to the Moon and Mars.
Adam Swanger↗
Two fluid model for thermal stratification in the Apollo cryogenic oxygen tanks
It is observed on Apollo flights that for oxygen densities greater than 42 lb/cu ft the heater operation time to achieve a desired pressure rise is half that which would be required if the energy were uniformly dispersed. A two fluid model was developed to describe this effect of stratification on the tank's pressurization behavior. The increase in pressure rise rate is attributed to compression of the bulk fluid in response to expansion of the heated fluid adjacent to the heater. It is assumed that during the heating operation the adjacent fluid retains nearly all the heater energy and has no mass interaction with the bulk fluid. The hot fluid temperatures predicted by the model are in reasonable correspondence with the observed heater temperatures. The model indicates that the fraction of the fluid interacting with the heater increases with decreasing density, from less than 0.1% at full tank to roughly 1% at 50% quantity, the lowest quantity at which stratification effects on pressure are observed.
Saxton, J. A.↗