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DOE OSTI2012

Duration Test Report for the SWIFT Wind Turbine

This test was conducted as part of the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) Independent Testing project. This project was established to help reduce the barriers of wind energy expansion by providing independent testing results for small turbines. Three turbines where selected for testing at the National Wind Technology Center (NWTC) as a part of round two of the Small Wind Turbine Independent Testing project. Duration testing is one of up to 5 tests that may be performed on the turbines. Other tests include power performance, safety and function, noise, and power quality. The results of the testing will provide the manufacturers with reports that may be used for small wind turbine certification.

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DOE OSTI2013

Safety and Function Test Report for the SWIFT Wind Turbine

This test was conducted as part of the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) Independent Testing project. This project was established to help reduce the barriers of wind energy expansion by providing independent testing results for small turbines. Three turbines where selected for testing at the National Wind Technology Center (NWTC) as a part of round two of the Small Wind Turbine Independent Testing project. Safety and Function testing is one of up to 5 tests that may be performed on the turbines. Other tests include power performance, duration, noise, and power quality. The results of the testing will provide the manufacturers with reports that may be used for small wind turbine certification.

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DOE OSTI2012

Power Performance Test Report for the SWIFT Wind Turbine

This report summarizes the results of a power performance test that NREL conducted on the SWIFT wind turbine. This test was conducted in accordance with the International Electrotechnical Commission's (IEC) standard, Wind Turbine Generator Systems Part 12: Power Performance Measurements of Electricity Producing Wind Turbines, IEC 61400-12-1 Ed.1.0, 2005-12. However, because the SWIFT is a small turbine as defined by IEC, NREL also followed Annex H that applies to small wind turbines. In these summary results, wind speed is normalized to sea-level air density.

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DOE OSTI2013

Acoustic Noise Test Report for the SWIFT Wind Turbine in Boulder, CO

This report summarizes the results of an acoustic noise test that the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) conducted on the SWIFT wind turbine. This test was conducted in accordance with the International Electrotechnical Commission's (IEC) standard, Wind Turbine Generator Systems Part 11: Acoustic Noise Measurement Techniques, IEC 61400-11 Ed.2.1, 2006-11. However, because the SWIFT is a small turbine, as defined by IEC, NREL used 10-second averages instead of 60-second averages and utilized binning by wind speed instead of regression analysis.

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DOE OSTI2013

Swift Wind Turbine Testing

The purpose of this project was to independently test the Swift wind turbine according to the AWEA Small Wind Turbine Performance and Safety Standard. This project was part of the U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE’s) Independent Testing project. The project was established to help providers of small wind turbines the opportunity to validate the product to AWEA standards. The National Wind Technology Center (NWTC) conducted testing that included duration, safety and function, power performance, and acoustic. Successful operation of the turbine was confirmed in the results of the testing. Duration requirements were met, there were no safety issues, power performance was established, and the acoustic level was verified to be low compared to other similar turbines. Data results can be assembled and submitted to the Small Wind Certification Council (SWCC) for certification of the turbine to AWEA standards.

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DOE OSTI2016

Sandia SWiFT Wind Turbine Manual

The Scaled Wind Farm Technology (SWiFT) facility, operated by Sandia National Laboratories for the U.S. Department of Energy's Wind and Water Power Program, is a wind energy research site with multiple wind turbines scaled for the experimental study of wake dynamics, advanced rotor development, turbine control, and advanced sensing for production-scale wind farms. The SWiFT site currently includes three variable-speed, pitch-regulated, three-bladed wind turbines. The six volumes of this manual provide a detailed description of the SWiFT wind turbines, including their operation and user interfaces, electrical and mechanical systems, assembly and commissioning procedures, and safety systems.

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DOE OSTI2021

Wind Turbine - SWiFT southeast - WTGa1 - Reviewed Data

Scaled Wind Farm Technology (SWiFT) Facility meteorological tower (MET), turbine, and Technical University of Denmark (DTU) SpinnerLidar data acquired on 20161216 UTC during a neutral atmospheric boundary layer inflow at a single focus distance of 2.5 D (D=27 m).

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DOE OSTI2016

Description and Analysis of the Hardware Safety Systems for the DOE/SNL SWiFT Wind Turbines

This report covers the design and analysis of the hardware safety systems of the DOE/SNL Scaled Wind Farm Technology facility wind turbines. An analysis of the stopping capability of the turbines in multiple scenarios is presented. Included are calculations of braking torque, simulations of high wind speed emergency stops including multiple fault scenarios, and comparisons of predicted turbine performance to the relevant design standards.

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DOE OSTI2013

Executive Summary for the SNL SWIFT V27 Wind Turbine Dynamic Characterization

This final report summarizes ATA Engineering Inc.'s experimental dynamic characterization of the Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) Scaled Wind Farm Technology (SWIFT) Vestas 27 (V27) wind turbine components and fully assembled turbines. Testing was performed at SNL's SWIFT facility in Lubbock, Texas, from October 2012 through June 2013.Dynamic testing consisted of modal testing of the individual blades, the towers in a free-free boundary condition, the towers bolted to the foundations, and the fully assembled wind turbines. Additionally, modal testing was performed on a hub and two nacelles to determine the mass and inertia properties of these components. Details on these tests can be found in their respective reports.

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DOE OSTI2016

Coherent dynamics in the rotor tip shear layer of utility-scale wind turbines

Here, recent field experiments conducted in the near wake (up to 0.5 rotor diameters downwind of the rotor) of a Clipper Liberty C96 2.5 MW wind turbine using snow-based super-large-scale particle image velocimetry (SLPIV) were successful in visualizing tip vortex cores as areas devoid of snowflakes. The so-visualized snow voids, however, suggested tip vortex cores of complex shape consisting of circular cores with distinct elongated comet-like tails. We employ large-eddy simulation (LES) to elucidate the structure and dynamics of the complex tip vortices identified experimentally. We show that the LES, with inflow conditions representing as closely as possible the state of the flow approaching the turbine when the SLPIV experiments were carried out, reproduce vortex cores in good qualitative agreement with the SLPIV results, essentially capturing all vortex core patterns observed in the field in the tip shear layer. The computed results show that the visualized vortex patterns are formed by the tip vortices and a second set of counter-rotating spiral vortices intertwined with the tip vortices. To probe the dependence of these newly uncovered coherent flow structures on turbine design, size and approach flow conditions, we carry out LES for three additional turbines: (i) the Scaled Wind Farm Technology (SWiFT) turbine developed by Sandia National Laboratories in Lubbock, TX, USA; (ii) the wind turbine developed for the European collaborative MEXICO (Model Experiments in Controlled Conditions) project; and (iii) the model turbine, and the Clipper turbine under varying inflow turbulence conditions. We show that similar counter-rotating vortex structures as those observed for the Clipper turbine are also observed for the SWiFT, MEXICO and model wind turbines. However, the strength of the counter-rotating vortices relative to that of the tip vortices from the model turbine is significantly weaker. We also show that incoming flows with low level turbulence attenuate the elongation of the tip and counter-rotating vortices. Sufficiently high turbulence levels in the incoming flow, on the other hand, tend to break up the coherence of spiral vortices in the near wake. To elucidate the physical mechanism that gives rise to such rich coherent dynamics we examine the stability of the turbine tip shear layer using the theory. We show that for all simulated cases the theory consistently indicates the flow to be unstable exactly in the region where counter-rotating spirals emerge. We thus postulate that centrifugal instability of the rotating turbine tip shear layer is a possible mechanism for explaining the phenomena we have uncovered herein.

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DOE OSTI2018

Causal Analysis Report for NA-SS-SNL-8000-2018-0002 Electrical shock: Wind Turbine Nacelle Lubbock TX

A Sandia National Laboratories Member of the Workforce (MOW) experienced contact with electrical energy while performing work on an oil filter pump electrical system in the al wind turbine nacelle at Sandia National Laboratories Scaled Wind Turbine Facility (SWiFT). The Department of Energy (DOE) Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) Scaled Wind Farm Technology (SWiFT) facility does research and development (R&D) work in collaboration with Texas Tech University. The SWiFT facility includes three turbines for performing wind plant and turbine technology research in support of DOE's Wind Energy Technology Office. The current work ongoing at the site is primarily related to commissioning the three turbines to support ongoing DOE customer needs and requests. It was during the performance of commissioning tests of the hydraulic systems in the a1 turbine that a Sandia MOW experienced contact with electrical energy. There were multiple root and contributing causes that ultimately resulted in the electrical energy contact. These causes are summarized and aligned to their corrective actions in the corrective action plan table provided in Section 7(c). The purpose of this narrative section is to provide additional information and context

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DOE OSTI2017

FY17 Accomplishments - Testing Facilities and Capabilities at SWiFT, SNL

The Scaled Wind Farm Technologies (SWiFT) facility operated by Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) has, in support of the Atmosphere to electrons (A2e) research program, acquired measurements of wind turbine wake dynamics under various atmospheric conditions and while interacting with a downstream wind turbine. SNL researchers, in collaboration with National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) researchers, installed a customized LIDAR system created by the Technical University of Denmark (DTU) in one of the SWiFT wind turbines (Figure 1) and operated that turbine with intentional yaw-versus-winddirection misalignment to study the behavior of the turbine wake under numerous combinations of atmospheric conditions and turbine yaw offsets. The DTU-customized LIDAR provided detailed measurements of the wake’s shape and location at many distances downwind of the turbine (Figure 2). These measurements will benefit wind energy researchers looking to understand wind turbine wake behavior and improve modeling and simulation of wake dynamics, including the “wake steering” affect that is observed when turbine yaw offset is controlled. During the test campaign, two SWiFT wind turbines were operated at the same time to observe the influence of the turbines on each other as the wake of the upwind turbine was observed sweeping over and interacting with the downwind turbine.

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DOE OSTI2016

Analysis of Debris Trajectories at the Scaled Wind Farm Technology (SWiFT) Facility

Sandia National Laboratories operates the Scaled Wind Farm Technology Facility (SWiFT) on behalf of the Department of Energy Wind and Water Power Technologies Office. An analysis was performed to evaluate the hazards associated with debris thrown from one of SWiFT’s operating wind turbines, assuming a catastrophic failure. A Monte Carlo analysis was conducted to assess the complex variable space associated with debris throw hazards that included wind speed, wind direction, azimuth and pitch angles of the blade, and percentage of the blade that was separated. In addition, a set of high fidelity explicit dynamic finite element simulations were performed to determine the threshold impact energy envelope for the turbine control building located on-site. Assuming that all of the layered, independent, passive and active engineered safety systems and administrative procedures failed (a 100% failure rate of the safety systems), the likelihood of the control building being struck was calculated to be less than 5/10,000 and ballistic simulations showed that the control building would not provide passive protection for the majority of impact scenarios. Although options exist to improve the ballistic resistance of the control building, the recommendation is not to pursue them because there is a low probability of strike and there is an equal likelihood personnel could be located at similar distances in other areas of the SWiFT facility which are not passively protected, while the turbines are operating. A fenced exclusion area has been created around the turbines which restricts access to the boundary of the 1/100 strike probability. The overall recommendation is to neither relocate nor improve passive protection of the control building as the turbine safety systems have been improved to have no less than two independent, redundant, high quality engineered safety systems. Considering this, in combination with a control building strike probability of less than 5/10,000, the overall probability of turbine debris striking the control building is less than 1/1,000,000.

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