Substituent effects in unimolecular ion decompositions. IV.
Substituent effects on unimolecular ion decomposition reactions, noting role of Hammett equation and electron energies
AROMATIC COMPOUND↗
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On the correlation of geminal and vicinal nuclear magnetic resonance spin-spin coupling constants with substituent electronegativities
Geminal and vicinal proton-proton couplings - nuclear magnetic resonance spin-spin coupling
PROTON↗
Substituent Effects in Unimolecular Ion Decompositions. III - Elucidation of Competing Alternative Pathways for the Formation of a Particular Ion
Alternative means for formation of molecular ion in mass spectra
MASS SPECTRUM↗
Substituent effects in unimolecular ion decompositions. II - A linear free energy relationship between acyl ion intensities in the mass spectra of substituted acylbenzenes.
Linear free energy relationship between benzoyl and acetyl ion intensities in mass spectra of benzo- and acetophenones explained by kinetic argument
FREE ENERGY↗
Substituent effects in unimolecular ion decompositions. III - Elucidation of competing alternative pathways for the formation of a particular ion.
Competing alternative pathways for formation of particular ion in mass spectra of substituted benzophenones
IONIC REACTION↗
Alkyl substituent effects on gas-phase acidities - The influence of hybridization.
Exploration of the effect on acidity of alkyl groups bonded to trigonal and digonal carbon. Some results on the relative acidities of toluene and p-xylene, and acetylene and substitute acetylenes, as determined by ion cyclotron resonance (icr) spectroscopy, are described. Some limitations of the CNDO/2 calculation method are discussed.
Brauman, J. I.↗
Application of molecular orbital theory to the interpretation of mass spectra study of substituent effect on a series of acetophenones
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Loew, G. H.↗
Pyrolysis of amino acids - Mechanistic considerations
Pyrolysis of several structurally different amino acids in a column at 500 C showed differences in the mechanisms and final products. The aliphatic protein amino acids decompose mainly by simple decarboxylation and condensation reactions, while the beta amino acids undergo deamination to unsaturated acids. Alpha amino acids with alpha alkyl substituents undergo an unusual intramolecular SN1 reaction with the formation of an intermediate alpha lactone which decomposes to yield a ketone. The alpha alkyl substituents appear to stabilize the developing negative charge formed by partial heterolytic cleavage of the alpha carbon - NH3 bond. The gamma and delta amino acids give 2-pyrrolidinone and 2-piperidone respectively, while the epsilon acids yield mixed products.
Ratcliff, M. A., Jr.↗
Studies of hydride formation and superconductivity in hydrides of alloys Th-M /M = La, Y, Ce, Zr and Bi/
In order to gain a better insight into both the unusual composition of ThH15 and its superconductivity, an experimental study was conducted to assess the influence of partial replacement of Th in Th4H15 by elements which allow for a systematic alteration of spatial and electronic effects. For this purpose, substituent elements with the same number of valence electrons (4) but of smaller size (Zr) as well as elements with a smaller number of valence electrons (3) and either larger (La) or smaller size (Y) were selected. A few data with Ce and Bi as substituent atoms are also included. The matrix alloys for hydriding were obtained by induction melting under Ar in water-cooled Cu boats. Superconducting transition temperatures are found to decrease on substitution for Th in Th4H15. Hydrides derived from LaH3 by substitution for La by Th do not become superconducting. It is suggested that superconductivity in Th4H15 is connected with a deviation from the exact stoichiometry of Th4H15. A model of unsatisfied valencies may be of more general validity in predicting superconductivity.
Oesterreicher, H.↗
Kinetics of the Reaction Between Alcohols and Isocyanates Catalyzed by Ferric Acetylacetonate
The rate and temperature dependence of reaction for the ferric acetylacetonate catalyzed reaction between a-naphthyl, ortho-tolyl, and para-tolyl isocyanates and n-butyl alcohol are investigated. The effect of substituents on the reactivity of isocyanate and hydroxyl group are reported and for substituted isocyanates are correlated by means of the Hammett equation. Several metal chelates were studied and their catalytic activity was compared to that of ferric acetylacetonate. All rate data are interpreted in terms of a mechanism involving simultaneous second-order uncatalyzed and catalyzed reactions between alcohol and isocyanate.
ACETONE↗
Polymeric Schiff bases. XI - Prototype reactions of some monomeric diarylidene azines.
Decomposition temperature of monomeric azines relation to electronic nature of R substituent, contributing resonance structures and hydrogen bonding
Dalelio, G. F.↗
Gas-phase basicities of amines.
Relative gas-phase basicities of some aliphatic amines have been determined by ion cyclotron resonance spectroscopy. It is found that increasing alkyl substitution increases basicity if similar substituents are compared, that increases in alkyl group size also increase basicity, and that increasing degree of substitution lowers the N-H bond dissociation energy in ammonium ions. Possible origins of these defects are discussed.
Brauman, J. I.↗
Development and characterization of lubricants for use near nuclear reactors in space vehicles
The synthesis and evaluation program was conducted to develop wide-temperature range lubricants suitable for use in space vehicles particularly in the vicinity of nuclear reactors. Synthetic approaches resulted in nonpolymeric, large molecular weight materials, all based on some combination of siloxane and aromatic groups. Evaluation of these materials indicated that certain tetramethyl and hexamethyl disiloxanes containing phenyl thiophenyl substituents are extremely promising with respect to radiation stability, wide temperature range, good lubricity, oxidation resistance and additive acceptance. The synthesis of fluids is discussed, and the equipment and methods used in evaluation are described, some of which were designed to evaluate micro-quantities of the synthesized lubricants.
Robinson, G. L.↗
Photochromism of heterocyclic systems
The preparations of photochromic dimers of a 2-aryl-4,5-di-phenylimidazyl radical and of a 2,5-diphenyl-3,4-isobenzopyrrole with different substituents in the homocyclic ring are reported. Of the dienes investigated, only 1-4-diphenyl-1,3-butadiene and 2,3-dimethyl-1,3-butadiene gave isolable amounts of the Diels-Adler adducts.
Silversmith, E. F.↗
Isomer effects on polyimide properties
The effect of structure variation on the solubility and glass-transition temperature of polyimide polymers is investigated. The addition of alkyl substituents to an aromatic ring in the polymer molecule, the reduction in the number of imide rings per average polymer chain-length, and a variation in the symmetry of the polymer molecule are studied. The synthesis of key intermediates for the preparation of the monomers required in this investigation is reported along with progress made in the synthesis of polyimide-precursor amines that contain functional groups to allow for post-cure cross-linking.
Stump, B. L.↗
Isomer effects on polyimide properties
Polyimide polymers which are thermally stable and processable are developed. The addition of alkyl substituents to an aromatic ring in the polymer backbone is examined along with polyimide precursor amines containing functional groups that allow for post-cure crosslinking. The synthesis of key monomers is reported, including 2,4,6-tris (m-aminobenzyl) 1,3,5-trimethyl benzene and 2,4,6-tris (p-aminobenzyl) 1,3,5-trimethyl benzene. The preparation of a key monomer, 2,5,3-triamino benzophenone, is reported.
Stump, B. L.↗
Open cell fire-resistant foam
Candidate polyphosphazene polymers were investigated to develop a fire-resistant, thermally stable and flexible open cell foam. The copolymers were prepared in several mole ratios of the substituent side chains and a (nominal) 40:60 derivative was selected for formulation studies. Synthesis of the polymers involved solution by polymerization of hexachlorophosphazene to soluble high molecular weight poly(dichlorophosphazene), followed by derivatization of the resultant polymer in a normal fashion to give polymers in high yield and high molecular weight. Small amounts of a cure site were incorporated into the polymer for vulcanization purposes. The poly(aryloxyphosphazenes) exhibited good thermal stability and the first polymer mentioned above exhibited the best thermal behavior of all the candidate polymers studied.
Thompson, J. E.↗
New aromatic silicon-containing polyamides
The experiments described were aimed at studying systematically the effect of silyl linkages on the thermogravimetric and thermomechanical properties of aromatic polyamides. Specifically, 18 aromatic silicon-containing polyamides were synthesized via interfacial polymerization of six silicon-containing diacid chlorides with 3,3-prime-diaminodiphenylmethane, 3,3-prime-diaminobenzophenone, and 1-(3-prime-aminobenzyl)-4-(3-double prime-aminobenzoyl)benzene. All polyamides were soluble in m-cresol and N,N-dimethylacetamide, and had glass transition temperatures between 178 and 254 C. Thermogravimetric analysis conducted in static air on film specimens showed 5 and 10 percent weight losses between 331 and 400 C and 354 and 440 C, respectively. The potential gain in processability engendered by incorporation of silane substituents was offset in most cases by substantial losses in thermo-oxidative stability.
Pratt, J. R.↗