Structure, Function, and Dynamics of the Gα Binding Domain of Ric-8A
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99 GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS↗
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Pion structure function from leading neutron electroproduction and SU(2) flavor asymmetry
In this paper, we examine the efficacy of pion exchange models to simultaneously describe leading neutron electroproduction at HERA and the $\bar{d}-\bar{u}$ flavor asymmetry in the proton. A detailed $\chi^2$ analysis of the ZEUS and H1 cross sections, when combined with constraints on the pion flux from Drell-Yan data, allows regions of applicability of one-pion exchange to be delineated. The analysis disfavors several models of the pion flux used in the literature, and yields an improved extraction of the pion structure function and its uncertainties at parton momentum fractions in the pion of $4 \times 10^{-4} \lesssim x_\pi \lesssim 0.05$ at a scale of $Q^2$=10 GeV$^2$. Also, we provide estimates for leading proton structure functions in upcoming tagged deep-inelastic scattering experiments on the deuteron with forward protons, based on the fit results, at Jefferson Lab.
72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
Polarized Structure Function {sigma}LT from {pi}0 p Electroproduction Data in the Resonance Region at 0.4 GeV2 < Q2 < 1.0 GeV2
The first results on the sigma(LT') structure function in exclusive pi(0)p electroproduction at invariant masses of the final state of 1.5 GeV < W < 1.8 GeV and in the range of photon virtualities 0.4 GeV2 < Q(2) < 1.0 GeV2 were obtained from data on beam spin asymmetries and differential cross sections measured with the CLAS detector at Jefferson Lab. The Legendre moments determined from the sigma(LT') structure function have demonstrated sensitivity to the contributions from the nucleon resonances in the second and third resonance regions. These new data on the beam spin asymmetries in pi(0)p electroproduction extend the opportunities for the extraction of the nucleon resonance electro-excitation amplitudes in the mass range above 1.6 GeV.
Isupov, E. L.↗
Structure-function relationships in photosynthetic membranes: Challenges and emerging fields
Not provided.
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology↗
Ensemble averaged structure–function relationship for nanocrystals: effective superparamagnetic Fe clusters with catalytically active Pt skin [Ensemble averaged structure-function relationship for composite nanocrystals: magnetic bcc Fe clusters with catalytically active fcc Pt skin]
Practical applications require the production and usage of metallic nanocrystals (NCs) in large ensembles. Besides, due to their cluster-bulk solid duality, metallic NCs exhibit a large degree of structural diversity. This poses the question as to what atomic-scale basis is to be used when the structure–function relationship for metallic NCs is to be quantified precisely. In this paper, we address the question by studying bi-functional Fe core-Pt skin type NCs optimized for practical applications. In particular, the cluster-like Fe core and skin-like Pt surface of the NCs exhibit superparamagnetic properties and a superb catalytic activity for the oxygen reduction reaction, respectively. We determine the atomic-scale structure of the NCs by non-traditional resonant high-energy X-ray diffraction coupled to atomic pair distribution function analysis. Using the experimental structure data we explain the observed magnetic and catalytic behavior of the NCs in a quantitative manner. Lastly, we demonstrate that NC ensemble-averaged 3D positions of atoms obtained by advanced X-ray scattering techniques are a very proper basis for not only establishing but also quantifying the structure–function relationship for the increasingly complex metallic NCs explored for practical applications.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
An overview of structure, function, and regulation of pyruvate kinases
Abstract not provided
Schormann, Norbert↗
Click-chemistry compatible structures, click-chemistry functionalized structures, and materials and methods for making the same
According to various embodiments, systems, methods, and computer program products for click-chemistry compatible structures, additive manufacturing resins for forming the same, and method of formation of such structures and resins, as well as techniques for functionalizing click-chemistry compatible structures are disclosed. The inventive structures generally include a plurality of photo polymerized molecules structurally arranged according to a three-dimensional pattern, while surfaces of the structure are functionalized with one or more click-chemistry compatible molecules each having one or more click-chemistry compatible functional groups. The structures may be formed from single- or dual-component resins, each having unique synthetic pathways. The resulting structures may be functionalized for utility in a wide range of applications by leveraging click chemistry to further functionalize the structure with organic additives also compatible with click-chemistry reaction schemes.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
The Spin Structure of the Proton at Low $Q^2$: A Measurement of the Structure Function $g^2_p$
The spin structure of the nucleon has remained as one of the key points of interest in hadronic physics, which has attracted many efforts from both experimentalists and theorists. Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) is the fundamental theory that describes the strong interaction. It has been verified in the asymptotically free region. However, the non-perturbative confinement of quarks within the nucleon is still not well understood within QCD. In the non-perturbative regime, low-energy effective field theories such as chiral perturbation theory (XPT) provide predictions for the spin structure functions. The neutron spin structure functions, gp1 and gp2 , and the proton spin structure function, gp1, have been measured over a wide kinematic range and compared with the theoretical predictions. However, the proton spin structure function, gp2, remains largely unmeasured. The E08-027 collaboration successfully performed the first measurement of the inclusive electron-proton scattering in the kinematic range 0.02 < Q2 < 0.2 GeV2. The experiment took place in experimental Hall A at Jefferson Lab in 2012. A longitudinally polarized electron beam with incident energies between 1.1 GeV and 3.3 GeV was scattered from a longitudinally or transversely polarized NH3 target. Asymmetries and polarized cross-section differences were measured in the resonance region to extract the proton spin structure functions g2. The results allow us to obtain the generalized spin polarizabilities γ0 and δLT and test the Burkhardtt-Cottingham (BC) sum rule. Chiral perturbation theory is expected to work in this kinematic range and this measurement of δLT will give a benchmark test to XPT calculations. This thesis will discuss preliminary results from the E08-027 data analysis.
74 ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS↗
New Measurements of the Deuteron-to-Proton 𝐹 2 Structure-Function Ratio
Nucleon structure functions, as measured in lepton-nucleon scattering, have historically provided a critical observable in the study of partonic dynamics within the nucleon. However, at very large parton momenta, it is both experimentally and theoretically challenging to extract parton distributions due to the probable onset of nonperturbative contributions and the unavailability of high-precision data at critical kinematics. Extraction of the neutron structure and the d quark distribution have been further challenging because of the necessity of applying nuclear corrections when utilizing scattering data from a deuteron target to extract the free neutron structure. However, a program of experiments has been carried out recently at the energy-upgraded Jefferson Lab electron accelerator aimed at significantly reducing the nuclear correction uncertainties on the d quark distribution function at large partonic momentum. This allows leveraging the vast body of deuterium data covering a large kinematic range to be utilized for d quark parton distribution function extraction. In this Letter, we present new data from experiment E12-10-002, carried out in Jefferson Lab Experimental Hall C, on the deuteron to proton cross section ratio at large Bjorken 𝑥. These results significantly improve the precision of existing data and provide a first look at the expected impact on quark distributions extracted from parton distribution function fits.
73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
tSFM 1.0: tRNA Structure–Function Mapper
Structure-conditioned information statistics have proven useful to predict and visualize tRNA Class-Informative Features (CIFs) and their evolutionary divergences. Although permutation P-values can quantify the significance of CIF divergences between two taxa, their naive Monte Carlo approximation is slow and inaccurate. The Peaks-over-Threshold approach of Knijnenburg et al. (2009) promises improvements to both speed and accuracy of permutation P-values, but has no publicly available API. Here, we present tRNA Structure–Function Mapper (tSFM) v1.0, an open-source, multi-threaded application that efficiently computes, visualizes and assesses significance of single- and paired-site CIFs and their evolutionary divergences for any RNA, protein, gene or genomic element sequence family. Multiple estimators of permutation P-values for CIF evolutionary divergences are provided along with confidence intervals. tSFM is implemented in Python 3 with compiled C extensions and is freely available through GitHub (https://github.com/tlawrence3/tSFM) and PyPI.
59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
Click-chemistry compatible structures, click-chemistry functionalized structures, and materials and methods for making the same
According to several embodiments, a composition of matter includes: a three-dimensional structure comprising photo polymerized molecules. At least some of the photo polymerized molecules further comprise one or more protected click-chemistry compatible functional groups; and at least portions of one or more surfaces of the three-dimensional structure are functionalized with one or more of the protected click-chemistry compatible functional groups.
Campbell, Patrick↗
Click-chemistry compatible structures, click-chemistry functionalized structures, and materials and methods for making the same
According to several embodiments, a composition of matter includes: a three-dimensional structure comprising photo polymerized molecules. At least some of the photo polymerized molecules further comprise one or more protected click-chemistry compatible functional groups; and at least portions of one or more surfaces of the three-dimensional structure are functionalized with one or more of the protected click-chemistry compatible functional groups. An additive manufacturing resin suitable for fabricating a click-chemistry compatible composition of matter includes: a photo polymerizable compound; and a click-chemistry compatible compound. A method of forming an additive manufacturing resin suitable for fabricating a click-chemistry compatible composition of matter includes: reacting a compound comprising a terminal alkyne group or a terminal azide group with a protecting reagent to form a protected reactive diluent precursor, reacting the precursor with a compound to form a protected reactive diluent; and mixing the protected reactive diluent with a photo polymerizable compound.
Campbell, Patrick↗
Revisiting stochastic variability of AGNs with structure functions
Discrepancies between reported structure function (SF) slopes and their overall flatness as compared to the expectations from the damped random walk (DRW) model, which generally well describes the variability of active galactic nuclei (AGNs), have triggered us to study this problem in detail. We review common AGN variability observables and identify their most common problems. Equipped with this knowledge, we study ∼9000 r-band AGN light curves from Stripe 82 of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey, using SFs described by stochastic processes with the power exponential covariance matrix of the signal. We model the “subensemble” SFs in the redshift–absolute magnitude bins with the full SF equation (including the turnover and the noise part) and a single power law (SPL; in the “red noise regime” after subtracting the noise term). The distribution of full-equation SF (SPL) slopes peaks at γ=0.55±0.08 (0.52 ± 0.06) and is consistent with the DRW model. There is a hint of a weak correlation of γ with the luminosity and a lack of correlation with the black hole mass. The typical decorrelation timescale in the optical is τ=0.97±0.46 year. The SF amplitude at one year obtained from the SPL fitting is SF{sub 0}=0.22±0.06 mag and is overestimated because the SF is already at the turnover part, so the true value is SF{sub 0}=0.20±0.06 mag. The asymptotic variability is SF{sub ∞}=0.25±0.06 mag. It is strongly anticorrelated with both the luminosity and the Eddington ratio and is correlated with the black hole mass. The reliability of these results is fortified with Monte Carlo simulations.
79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
Measurements of the separated longitudinal structure function F L from hydrogen and deuterium targets at low Q 2
Structure functions, as measured in lepton-nucleon scattering, have proven to be very useful in studying the partonic dynamics within the nucleon. Furthermore, it is experimentally difficult to separately determine the longitudinal and transverse structure functions, and consequently there are substantially less data available in particular for the longitudinal structure function. Here, we present separated structure functions for hydrogen and deuterium at low four-momentum transfer squared, Q 2 < 1 GeV 2 , and compare them with parton distribution parametrization and k T factorization approaches. While differences are found, the parametrizations generally agree with the data, even at the very low-Q 2 scale of the data. The deuterium data show a smaller longitudinal structure function and a smaller ratio of longitudinal to transverse cross section, R, than the proton. This suggests either an unexpected difference in R for the proton and the neutron or a suppression of the gluonic distribution in nuclei.
73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
Small-scale variations in the galactic magnetic field - The rotation measure structure function and birefringence in interstellar scintillations
The structure function of rotation measures of extragalactic sources and birefringence in interstellar scintillations are used to investigate variations in the interstellar magnetic field on length scales of about 0.01-100 pc and 10 to the 11th cm, respectively. Model structure functions are derived for the case of a power-law power spectrum of irregularities in the quantity (n(e)B), and an estimate for the structure function is computed for several regions of the sky using data on extragalactic sources. The results indicate an outer angular scale for rotation measure (RM) variations of not less than about 5 deg (a linear scale of about 9-90 pc at a distance of 0.1-1 kpc). There is also evidence for RM variations on angular scales as small as 1 arcmin, but it cannot be determined whether these are intrinsic to the source or caused by the interstellar medium. The effect of a random, Faraday-active medium on the diffraction of radio waves is derived, and an upper limit to the variations in n(e)B on a length scale of 10 to the 11th cm is obtained from available observations.
Simonetti, J. H.↗
First Measurement of the Isospin-Dependence of Nuclear Structure Functions at 12 GeV Jefferson Lab
The structure functions of protons and neutrons provide crucial insight into how the strong nuclear force, as described by Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD), manifests at everyday energies, allowing us to better understand precisely how quarks and gluons interact to form the basic building blocks of almost all visible mass in our universe. Despite more than 40 years of experimental and theoretical effort, the EMC effect – the observation that nuclear structure functions appear to be modified from those of free nucleons – is still not fully understood. One open question that remains is whether or not the modification of quark distributions is the same for all quark flavors. Determining the flavor (isospin) dependence of the EMC effect, which is predicted by several models, is essential for coming to a complete understanding of how QCD manifests in nuclei. To this end, inclusive electron Deep Inelastic Scattering (DIS) from nuclei with approximately constant atomic mass number A and variable proton-to-neutron ratio N/Z was measured in Jefferson Lab experiment E12-10-008 to look for isospin-dependent modification of nuclear structure functions. The preliminary EMC ratios presented here cover a kinematic range of 2.8 < Q2 < 8.1 GeV2 and 0.18 < xBj < 1.0. The size of the EMC effect in these nuclei is extracted by calculating the slope of the EMC ratio as a function of Bjorken x (xBj ) over the ranges 0.3 < xBj < 0.6 and 0.3 < xBj < 0.7; these slopes then are compared with existing world data. Our preliminary results do not appear to indicate significant isospin-dependence of the EMC effect, though a more careful study is needed once all results are confirmed.
Cotton, Cameron William [Univ. of Virginia, Charlo↗