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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 19 records
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1986

Global diabatic heating during FGGE SOP-1 and SOP-2

With the increase in the observational data provided by FGGE and the use of global circulation models with full physics for the data assimilation, it is now becoming feasible to attempt to estimate globally the atmospheric diabatic heating. The thermodynamic equation in isobaric coordinates and the data generated by the FGGE III-b analysis of the Goddard Laboratory for Atmospheres (GLA) are employed to serve this purpose. The results of the present study generally agree with other previous investigations. However, some important differences are also revealed. (1) The diabatic heating obtained in the tropics in the present study is larger than that obtained elsewhere; (2) the relatively large heating over the mountainous areas shown in other studies does not appear; (3) no significant negative values of diabatic heating are found in the polar regions; and (4) unlike other studies, cooling is noted over parts of Eurasia in the summer.

Chen, Tsing-Chang↗
DOE OSTI2023

Standard Operating Procedure for Optimal Deployment of Meteorological Instrumentation Within the Solar Radiation Research Laboratory (BMS and RMS SOP)

The objective of the National Renewable Energy Laboratory's (NREL's) Solar Radiation Research Laboratory (SRRL) is to collect and use high-quality solar radiation data sets for research leading to the widespread adoption of solar technologies. To appropriately populate and track the diverse array of instruments at the NREL-SRRL, NREL has established a Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) for optimal instrument deployment within the SRRL for both the Baseline Measurement System (BMS) and the Research Measurement System (RMS). Using best practices methodologies, the NREL-SRRL maintains a varied and extensive array of solar monitoring equipment to test, evaluate, and characterize the solar sensors used by federal and international agencies as well as the solar industry to determine the solar resource. The SOP provides the industry with guidance for solar resource assessment and is used for procedures in the long-term continuous monitoring of legacy instruments alongside state-of-the-art instruments. Based on the SOP, instruments are annually evaluated for continued deployment. Instruments that do not meet the SOP criteria are decommissioned, and new instruments that meet the criteria are deployed. Streamlining and optimizing the use of this facility ensures that the lab continues to be a world-leading solar calibration and measurement facility.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
NASA NTRS2010

Reply [to: Atlantic Tropical Cyclogenetic Processes during SOP-3 NAMMA in the GEOS-5 Global Data Assimilation and Forecast System]

This article is a Reply to a Comment by Scott Braun on a previously published article by O. Reale, K.-M. Lau, and E. Brin: "Atlantic tropical cyclogenetic processes during SOP-3 NAMMA in the GEOS-5 global data assimilation and forecast system", by Reale, Lau and Brin, hereafter referred to as RA09. RA09 investigated the role of the Saharan Air Layer (SAL) in tropical cyclogenetic processes associated with a non-developing easterly wave observed during the Special Observation Period (SOP-3) phase of the 2006 NASA African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analyses (MAMMA). The wave was chosen because both interact heavily with Saharan air. Results showed: a) very steep moisture gradients are associated with the SAL in forecasts and analyses even at great distance from the Sahara; b) a thermal dipole (warm above, cool below) in the non-developing case. RA09A suggested that radiative effect of dust may play some role in producing a thermal structure less favorable to cyclogenesis, and also indicated that only global horizontal resolutions on the order of 20-30 kilometers can capture the large-scale transport and the fine thermal structure of the SAL Braun (2010) questions those results attributing the wave dissipation to midlatitude air. The core discussion is on a dry filament preceding the wave, on the presence of dust, and on the origin of the air contained in this dry filament. In the 'Reply', higher resolution analyses than the ones used by Braun, taken at almost coincident times with Aqua and Terra passes, are shown, to emphasize how the channel of dry air associated with W1 is indeed rich in dust. Backtrajectories on a higher resolution grid are also performed, leading to results drastically different from Braun (2010), and in particularly showing that there is a clear contribution of Saharan air. Finally, the 'Reply' presents evidence on that analyses at a horizontal resolution of one degree are inadequate to investigate such feature.

Reale, Oreste↗
DOE OSTI2023

Nuctech-SOP-Image_Reconstruction (includes signatures)

This Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) describes the steps to reconstruct x-ray projection images from Nuctech LS1516BS data captured at facilities operating in cooperation with the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) Explosives Threat Assessment Program (ETA). This document also provides the steps for evaluating and approving the quality of the reconstructed images.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2024

Explosive Formulation Code Naming SOP

The purpose of this SOP is to provide a procedure for giving individual HME formulations code names. A code name for an individual HME formulation consists of an explosive family code, given by the classified code dictionary, followed by a dash, -, and a number.

42 ENGINEERING↗
NASA NTRS1981

The role of zonally asymmetric heating in the vertical and temporal structure of the global scale flow fields during FGGE SOP-1

The global scale structure of atmospheric flow is best documented on time scales longer than a few days. Theoretical and observational studies of ultralong waves have emphasized forcing due to global scale variations of topography and surface heat flux, possibly interacting with baroclinically unstable or vertically refracting basic flows. Analyses of SOP-1 data in terms of global scale spherical harmonics is documented with emphasis upon weekly transitions.

Paegle, J.↗
NASA NTRS1982

An assessment of the FGGE satellite observing system during SOP-1

The sensitivity of a Goddard Laboratory for Atmospheric Sciences global objective analysis cycle to the addition of FGGE level II-b data is assessed. The GOAS system comprises a predictive continuity provided by a model first-guess forecast integrated from a previous forecast and updated by data gathered in the interim. FGGE data originated in the Jan.-Mar. 1979 period and were acquired by rawinsondes, pilot balloons, surface stations, satellites, ships, and drifting buoys deployed during SOP-1. Focussing on 2-5 and 8-day forecasts, comparisons were made of the 6 hr forecast error at the 300 mb height in three experiments using all, no-satellite (NOSAT), and without rawinsondes or pilot balloons modes. Larger errors occurred in the case of NOSAT, while significant corrections to the GOAS predictions were noted using all the FGGE data. It was concluded that all forecasts were improved by inclusion of full FGGE data sets, including forecasting beyond one week.

Halem, M.↗
NASA NTRS1984

Evaluation of glass model precipitation forecasts for North America during SOP-1

A study has been made of the accuracy of the GLAS fourth order forecast model's precipitation forecasts over North America during the first Special Observing Period (SOP-1) of FGGE and of the impact of the FGGE special observing systems on these forecasts. Fourteen 120 h predictions were generated using the coarse 4 deg latitude by 5 deg longitude version of the GLAS model from both the FGGE and NOSAT assimilation cycles. These forecasts were then verified against a detailed set of precipitation observations. Separate verifications were performed for precipitation accumulations or = .01 in., or = .1 in., and or = 1 in. occuring in 6, 12 and 24 time periods. In addition, three different methods of verification were applied. In the first method, model precipitation forecasts are verified against the greatest precipitation amount observed within a 4 deg latitude by 5 deg longitude gridbox centered on each gridpoint. For the prediction at a gridpoint to be verified only one observation within the gridbox is required. In the second method, a weighted mean of the closest observations to the gridpoint is used, provided that at least two observations on opposite sides of a gridpoint are available. For the third method, the model precipitation forecasts were interpolated to the observation locations.

Atlas, R.↗
NASA NTRS1985

A diagnostic study of eddy-mean flow interactions during FGGE SOP-1

Eliassen-Palm (EP) diagrams have been shown to be very useful diagnostics in both the troposphere and the stratosphere. However, the idea that the EP flux divergence is the sole forcing of the mean wind by the eddies can be misleading. A time series of the time rate of change of the zonal mean wind and the EP flux divergence shows that the two quantities were not well correlated during the FGGE special observing period (SOP-1, winter 1979). Calculation of the residual in the zonal momentum equation reveals that considerable negative acceleration (drag) is required to complete the momentum balance in some regions. This residual indicates that not all terms are well represented in atmospheric data sets, and may be largely due to the breaking of vertically propagating gravity waves near the tropopause. Eliassen-Palm diagrams are presented for the FGGE data, as well as Oort's 11-year climatology. The Oort EP diagrams serve as a standard with which to compare other EP diagrams. The FGGE year is shown to be very similar to climatology. A consistent method of displaying the EP flux vectors and divergence is suggested, which has advantages over previous methods.

Baldwin, M. P.↗
NASA NTRS1986

Dropwindsonde observations of the mean boundary layer structure in the low-latitude Pacific during SOP-1

The low-level mean thermodynamic and wind profiles in the transition between the trade winds and the ICZ are described using the FGGE level II-b dropwindsonde data set collected during the period of SOP-1 (January 15-February 20, 1979). The results illustrate the influence of decaying midlatitude frontal systems in the northwesternmost region, the general tradelike nature of the eastern regions, and the highly convective nature of a region near the equator. Contrary to the results obtained with the traditional approach to the tropical boundary layer, the FGGE data indicate a trade inversion that remains quasi-horizontal in the north-south direction despite an equatorward decrease in its frequency of occurrence, indicating that subsidence may be more important in equatorial regions than was previously thought.

Firestone, James K.↗
NASA NTRS1988

Vertical profiles of heating derived from IR-based precipitation estimates during FGGE SOP-1

This paper examines a technique for retrieving from geostationary IR data the vertical profiles of heating and cooling due to moist diabatic processes. First, GOES IR imagery is used to estimate precipitation fields which are independent of fields inferred from residuals in heat budget analysis based on the FGGE level III-b data. Vertical distributions of the associated heating are then obtained using thermodynamic data from the level III-b analysis, one-dimensional cloud models, and the satellite-estimated precipitation. The technique was applied to infer heating in the South Pacific convergence zone during a portion of FGEE SOP-1, and the results were compared with heat-budget calculations made using the ECMWF analyses.

Robertson, Franklin R.↗
NASA NTRS1989

Clouds, precipitation, and the global heat and moisture budgets during SOP-1, FGGE

Two sets of precipitation estimates are derived using the budget method equations: one is based on the apparent heat source or Q1-budget technique, the other is based on the apparent moisture sink or Q2-budget technique. Both techniques and application results are presented for the period of January 10 to February 13, 1979 which was part of SOP-1, FGGE. Maps of time-averaged outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) are shown for two periods running from January 10 to January 24, 1979 and from January 26 to February 7, 1979. The present study of estimating precipitation was initiated because of agreement between OLR and circulation patterns, and the noted regional differences and similarities in deep convections between these two periods.

Pedigo, Catherine B.↗
NASA NTRS1990

Relationship between tropical heating and subtropical westerly maxima in the Southern Hemisphere during SOP-1, FGGE

FGGE Level III-b analyses, produced by the Goddard Laboratory for Atmospheres, NASA, are used to investigate the relationship between tropical heating and subtropical westerly maxima in the Southern Hemisphere during SOP-1 (January 5 - March 4, 1979). The mean state of two 15-day periods is examined, as well as day-to-day variations for the entire 59-day period. In Period 1 (January 6-20), the central South Pacific was extremely active convectively, while in Period 2 (February 3-17), convective activity over the western Indian Ocean was enhanced. Episodes of strong outflow in the tropics, as measured by the upper tropospheric velocity potential, were found to be well correlated with the strengthening and propagation of westerly wind maxima in the subtropics. The average location of the westerly maximum over the South Pacific and Indian oceans was about 16 deg latitudes south, and slightly east, of its corresponding heat source. For a cyclone case study which is presented, however, this distance was considerably less. The response time between the upper level tropical outflow and subtropical westerly enhancement appears to be less than 12 hours; however, an exact temporal scale was difficult to identify.

Hurrel, James W.↗
NASA NTRS1991

On the maintenance of short-term subtropical wind maxima in the Southern Hemisphere during SOP-1, FGGE

The extent to which divergent circulations, induced by tropical heating, help to maintain westerly maxima in the Southern Hemisphere subtropics during the SOP-1 of FGGE is explored using Level III-b analyses from the Goddard Laboratory for Atmospheres. The contribution of the divergent wind component to the total ageostrophic flow in the subtropics is examined, as are the roles of other forcing terms in the localized Eliassen-Palm (1961) flux zonal momentum equation. Throughout the summertime subtropics, it is generally found that the dominant term in the zonal momentum budget is the Coriolis force applied to the diabatically driven meridional circulation. The largest positive tendencies due to this term are found in the entrance regions of the subtropical westerly maxima, and divergent circulations account for nearly all of the total ageostrophic flow. In the SPCZ region, however, it is found that transient eddies play an important role by partially offsetting the strong Coriolis acceleration in the entrance region of the local jet, and they help accelerate the westerly flow in the exit region through both barotropic and baroclinic processes. Energetically, the dominant term in the rotational kinetic energy budget throughout the subtropical belt is the conversion of divergent to rotational kinetic energy. The evidence supports the view that tropical heating in transient events drives or enhances local meridional overturning in the atmosphere, which, in turn, strengthens the summer subtropical westerly jet stream.

Hurrell, James W.↗
NASA NTRS1992

A GCM case study on the maintenance of short-term subtropical wind maxima in the summer hemisphere during SOP-1, FGGE

In order to substantiate earlier findings of pronounced short-term deviations in Southern Hemisphere tropical convection during the first Special Observing Period (SOP-1) of FGGE, the hypothesis that the observed summertime subtropical wind maxima were strengthened by episodes of enhanced tropical divergence is numerically tested using a fourth-order GCM. FGGE observational data for January 6-20, 1979 suggested that strong convection over the South Pacific helped to maintain a nearby subtropical jet. The dominant term in the zonal momentum budget was the Coriolis force applied to the diabatically driven meridional circulation. The present GCM study simulates these processes to a reasonable degree of accuracy. Experimental reduction of the latent energy supplied to the GCM is used to substantiate that summertime subtropical westerly maxima are largely forced by divergent outflow from the tropics.

Hurrell, James W.↗
NASA NTRS2009

Atlantic Tropical Cyclogenetic Processes during SOP-3 NAMMA in the GEOS-5 Global Data Assimilation and Forecast System

This article investigates the role of the Saharan Air Layer (SAL) in tropical cyclogenetic processes associated with a non-developing and a developing African easterly wave observed during the Special Observation Period (SOP-3) phase of the 2006 NASA African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analyses (NAMMA). The two waves are chosen because both interact heavily with Saharan air. A global data assimilation and forecast system, the NASA GEOS-5, is being run to produce a set of high-quality global analyses, inclusive of all observations used operationally but with denser satellite information. In particular, following previous works by the same Authors, the quality-controlled data from the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) used to produce these analyses have a better coverage than the one adopted by operational centers. From these improved analyses, two sets of 31 5-day high resolution forecasts, at horizontal resolutions of both half and quarter degrees, are produced. Results show that very steep moisture gradients are associated with the SAL in forecasts and analyses even at great distance from the Sahara. In addition, a thermal dipole (warm above, cool below) is present in the non-developing case. Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) show that aerosol optical thickness is higher in the non-developing case. Altogether, results suggest that radiative effect of dust may play some role in producing a thermal structure less favorable to cyclogenesis. Results also indicate that only global horizontal resolutions on the order of 20-30 kilometers can capture the large-scale transport and the fine thermal structure of the SAL, inclusive of the sharp moisture gradients, reproducing the effect of tropical cyclone suppression which has been hypothesized by previous authors from observational and regional modeling perspectives. These effects cannot be fully represented at lower resolutions. Global resolution of a quarter of a degree is a minimum critical threshold to investigate Atlantic tropical cyclogenesis from a global modeling perspective.

Reale, Oreste↗