Proton skins in momentum space and neutron skins in coordinate space in heavy nuclei
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Cai, Bao-Jun↗
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Results for “SKIN”
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Evaluating the consistency of location of the most severe acute skin reaction and highest skin dose measured by thermoluminescent dosimeter during radiotherapy for breast cancer
We conducted this prospective study to evaluate whether the location of the most severe acute skin reaction matches the highest skin dose measured by thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLD) during adjuvant radiotherapy (RT) for patients with breast cancer after breast conservative surgery. To determine whether TLD measurement can reflect the location of the most severe acute skin reaction, 80 consecutive patients were enrolled in this prospective study. We divided the irradiated field into breast, axillary, inframammary fold, and areola/nipple areas. In 1 treatment session when obvious skin reaction occurred, we placed the TLD chips onto the 4 areas and measured the skin dose. We determined whether the highest measured skin dose area is consistent with the location of the most severe skin reaction. The McNemar test revealed that the clinical skin reaction and TLD measurement are more consistent when the most severe skin reaction occurred at the axillary area, and the p = 0.0108. On the contrary, TLD measurement of skin dose is less likely consistent with clinical observation when the most severe skin reaction occurred at the inframammary fold, breast, and areola/nipple areas (all the p > 0.05). Considering the common site of severe skin reaction over the axillary area, TLD measurement may be an appropriate way to predict skin reaction during RT.
61 RADIATION PROTECTION AND DOSIMETRY↗
Benefits assessment of cool skin and ventilated cavity skin: Saving energy and mitigating heat and grid stress
This study assessed the energy-saving and climate-adaptive potential of cool skin and ventilated cavity skin facade technologies in Seoul's high-rise apartment buildings. We created weather scenarios for historical, mid-term future, and long-term future conditions using Coordinated Regional Downscaling EXperiment (CORDEX) method. Building energy simulations were conducted on a South Korean high-rise apartment model to evaluate their performance under different weather conditions. The results indicate that cool skin and ventilated cavity skin technologies can save cooling energy during summers but lead to heating energy penalties in winters. Ventilated cavity skin outperforms cool skin, offering better cooling energy savings and reduced heating penalties. Combining both technologies yields the highest overall energy savings, with 7 %, 9 %, and 10 % cooling energy savings for cool skin, ventilated cavity skin, and the combined package, respectively. However, cool skin increases heating energy consumption by 5 %, while ventilated cavity skin has minimal impact on heating energy. These envelope technologies also reduce peak electricity demand by at least 5 %, 8 %, and 9 %, respectively. They contribute to heat stress reduction, enhance resilience, and decrease extreme heat risks for occupants during power outages by at least 18 % under various weather conditions. Considering the prevalence of aging high-rise apartments in South Korea, adopting these envelope renovation strategies can effectively reduce cooling loads, enhance thermal comfort, and boost resilience under future climates, while avoiding costly reconstruction.
32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
Computational study of the effect of core–skin structure on the mechanical properties of carbon nanofibers
The effect of the core–skin structure on the mechanical properties of carbon nanofibers is investigated in large-scale molecular dynamics simulations of tensile deformation of carbon nanofibers with the core–skin and homogeneous structures. Contrary to an established notion of the deleterious effect of the skin layer on the strength of carbon fibers, the presence of a high-quality skin layer is found to increase both the Young’s modulus and tensile strength of the nanofiber. A detailed analysis of the fracture process indicates that the nanofiber strengthening is related to the ability of skin layer to suppress crack nucleation at the core–skin interface. Furthermore, the computational predictions suggest that the design of new approaches to carbon fiber manufacturing and processing leading to the generation of a high-quality skin layer while avoiding the introduction of structural defects at the core–skin interface may yield a significant enhancement of the mechanical properties of carbon fibers.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
Parallel evaluation of alternative skin barrier models and excised human skin for dermal absorption studies in vitro
Skin permeation is a primary consideration in the safety assessment of cosmetic ingredients, topical drugs, and human users handling veterinary medicinal products. While excised human skin (EHS) remains the ‘gold standard’ for in vitro permeation testing (IVPT) studies, unreliable supply and high cost motivate the search for alternative skin barrier models. In this study, a standardized dermal absorption testing protocol was developed to evaluate the suitability of alternative skin barrier models to predict skin absorption in humans. Under this protocol, side-by-side assessments of a commercially available reconstructed human epidermis (RhE) model (EpiDerm-200-X, MatTek), a synthetic barrier membrane (Strat-M, Sigma-Aldrich), and EHS were performed. The skin barrier models were mounted on Franz diffusion cells and the permeation of caffeine, salicylic acid, and testosterone was quantified. Transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and histology of the biological models were also compared. EpiDerm-200-X exhibited native human epidermis-like morphology, including a characteristic stratum corneum, but had an elevated TEWL as compared to EHS. The mean 6 h cumulative permeation of a finite dose (6 nmol/cm2) of caffeine and testosterone was highest in EpiDerm-200-X, followed by EHS and Strat-M. Salicylic acid permeated most in EHS, followed by EpiDerm-200-X and Strat-M. Altogether, evaluating novel alternative skin barrier models in the manner outlined herein has the potential to reduce the time from basic science discovery to regulatory impact.
60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
Interplay of effects of neutron skins in coordinate space and proton skins in momentum space on emission of hard photons in heavy-ion collisions near the Fermi energy
Within an isospin- and momentum-dependent Boltzmann-Uehling-Uhlenbeck transport model, we investigate the hard photons emission from neutron-proton bremsstrahlung in the reaction system of 208 Pb + 208 Pb around Fermi energy. Effects of neutron skins in coordinate (r) space and proton skins in momentum (k) space on the time evolution, the angular distribution, and the transverse momentum spectra of hard photons with different energies are studied. It is shown that the emission of direct hard photons is sensitive to the neutron skin, which has larger effects for more energetic hard photons. Meanwhile, we find that the proton skins have an important influence on the emission of direct hard photons, and its effect is actually even larger than that of neutron skins. Furthermore, it needs to take the effect of proton skins into account when we determine the size of neutron skins by comparing transport mode predictions of hard photons with the corresponding experimental measurements.
190 ≤ A ≤ 219↗
Human age and skin physiology shape diversity and abundance of Archaea on skin
The human skin microbiome acts as an important barrier protecting our body from pathogens and other environmental influences. Recent investigations have provided evidence that Archaea are a constant but highly variable component of the human skin microbiome, yet factors that determine their abundance changes are unknown. Here, we tested the hypothesis that the abundance of archaea on human skin is influenced by human age and skin physiology by quantitative PCR of 51 different skin samples taken from human subjects of various age. Our results reveal that archaea are more abundant in human subjects either older than 60 years or younger than 12 years as compared to middle-aged human subjects. These results, together with results obtained from spectroscopy analysis, allowed us gain first insights into a potential link of lower sebum levels and lipid content and thus reduced skin moisture with an increase in archaeal signatures. In conclusion, amplicon sequencing of selected samples revealed the prevalence of specific eury- and mainly thaumarchaeal taxa, represented by a core archaeome of the human skin.
60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
Skin-integrated stretchable actuators toward skin-compatible haptic feedback and closed-loop human-machine interactions
Abstract Skin-integrated haptic interfaces that can relay a wealth of information from the machine to the human are of great interest. However, existing haptic devices are not yet able to produce haptic cues that are compatible with the skin. In this work, we present the stretchable soft actuators for haptic feedback, which can match the perception range, spatial resolution, and stretchability of the skin. Pressure-amplification structures are fabricated using a scalable self-assembly process to ensure an output pressure beyond the skin perception threshold. Due to the minimized device size, the actuator array can be fabricated with a sufficiently high spatial resolution, which makes the haptic device applicable for skin locations with the highest spatial acuity. A haptic feedback system is demonstrated by employing the developed soft actuators and highly sensitive pressure sensors. Two proof-of-concept applications are developed to illustrate the capability of transferring information related to surface textures and object shapes acquired at the robot side to the user side.
Chen, Si↗
Transcriptomic analysis of skin pigmentation variation in the Virginia opossum ( Didelphis virginiana )
Abstract Skin pigmentation and coat pigmentation are two of the best‐studied examples of traits under natural selection given their quantifiable fitness interactions with the environment (e.g., camouflage) and signalling with other organisms (e.g., warning coloration). Previous morphological studies have found that skin pigmentation variation in the Virginia opossum ( Didelphis virginiana ) is associated with variation in precipitation and temperatures across its distribution range following Gloger's rule (lighter pigmentation in temperate environments). To investigate the molecular mechanism associated with skin pigmentation variation, we used RNA‐Seq and quantified gene expression of wild opossums from tropical and temperate populations. Using differential expression analysis and a co‐expression network approach, we found that expression variation in genes with melanocytic and immune functions is significantly associated with the degree of skin pigmentation variation and may be underlying this phenotypic difference. We also found evidence suggesting that the Wnt/β‐catenin signalling pathway might be regulating the depigmentation observed in temperate populations. Based on our study results, we present several alternative hypotheses that may explain Gloger's rule pattern of skin pigmentation variation in opossum, including changes in pathogen diversity supporting a pathogen‐resistant hypothesis, thermal stress associated with temperate environments, and pleiotropic and epistatic interactions between melanocytic and immune genes.
Nigenda‐Morales, Sergio F.↗
Clinical implementation of total skin electron irradiation treatment with a 6 MeV electron beam in high-dose total skin electron mode
Total skin electron irradiation (TSEI) is a special treatment technique offered by modern radiation oncology facilities, given for the treatment of mycosis fungoides, a rare skin disease, which is type of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma [1]. During treatment the patient’s entire skin is irradiated with a uniform dose. The aim of this work is to present implementation of total skin electron irradiation treatment using IAEA TRS-398 code of practice for absolute dosimetry and taking advantage of the use of radiochromic films.
62 RADIOLOGY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE↗
High-density integrated delay line using extreme skin-depth subwavelength grating waveguides
Optical delay lines control the flow of light in time, introducing phase and group delays for engineering interferences and ultrashort pulses. Photonic integration of such optical delay lines is essential for chip-scale lightwave signal processing and pulse control. However, typical photonic delay lines based on long spiral waveguides require extensively large chip footprints, ranging from mm 2 to cm 2 scales. Here we present a scalable, high-density integrated delay line using a skin-depth engineered subwavelength grating waveguide, i.e., an extreme skin-depth (eskid) waveguide. The eskid waveguide suppresses the crosstalk between closely spaced waveguides, significantly saving the chip footprint area. Our eskid-based photonic delay line is easily scalable by increasing the number of turns and should improve the photonic chip integration density.
Ahmed, Ishtiaque↗
Possible role of ginsenoside Rb1 in skin wound healing via regulating senescent skin dermal fibroblast
Highlights: • Senescent human skin fibroblast secrets PDGF, TGF and VEGF to promote skin wound healing process. • Ginsenoside Rb1 enhances senescent fibroblast to secret growth factors and myofibroblast differentiation. • Ginsenoside Rb1 regulates senescent fibroblast through p38MAPK/MSK2/NF-κB pathway. Cellular senescence suppresses cancer by inducing irreversible cell growth arrest. Nevertheless, senescent cells is proposed as causal link with aging and aging-related pathologies. The physiological beneficial functions of senescent cells are still of paucity. Here we show that senescent human dermal fibroblast accelerates keratinocytes scratch wound healing and stimulates differentiation of fibroblast. Using oxidative stress (100 μM H{sub 2}O{sub 2} exposure for 1 h) induction, we successfully triggered fibroblast senescence and developed senescence associated secretory phenotype (SASP). The induction of SASP was regulated by p38MAPK/MSK2/NF-κB pathway. Interestingly, inhibition of p38MAPK activation only partially suppressed SASP. However, SASP was significantly inhibited by SB747651A, a specific MSK inhibitor. Additionally, we demonstrate that SASP stimulates migration of keratinocytes and myofibroblast transition of fibroblast, through fold-increased secretion of growth factors, platelet-derived growth factor AA (PDGF-AA) and AB (PDGF-AB), transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) and beta 2 (TGF-β2), vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) and D (VEGF-D), vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) and 3 (VEGFR3). Importantly, we also confirmed ginsenoside Rb1 promoted SASP-mediated healing process via p38MAPK/MSK2/NF-κB pathway. The results pointed to senescent fibroblast as a potential mechanism of wound healing control in human skin. Further, it provided a candidate targeted for wound therapy.
60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
Prolonged skin grafts survival time by IFN-γ in allogeneic skin transplantation model during acute rejection through IFN-γ/STAT3/IDO pathway in epidermal layer
Allogeneic skin transplantation is the life-saving therapy for multiple diseases, including extensive burn, large-scale trauma and certain post-surgical complications. However, acute rejection impedes clinical application of allogeneic skin transplantation. Although a lot of novel immunosuppressant drugs have been developed, there is still great need for ideal therapy with less complication and more therapeutic effects. Here, we found interferon gamma (IFN-γ) as an immunomodulatory cytokine prolonged the survival time of allografts from (8.50 ± 1.517) days to (14.83 ± 2.714) days at best. Indoleamine-2, 3-dioxygenase (IDO) has been proposed to play key roles in induction of immune tolerance. Using in vitro tissue culture and primary keratinocytes and fibroblasts, we investigated the regulatory effects of IFN-γ on the IDO expression. IFN-γ upregulated IDO expression through STAT3 phosphorylation and this upregulation was reduced by abolition of STAT3 phosphorylation through a STAT3 phosphorylation inhibitor. Interestingly, IFN-γ induced IDO expression predominately in epidermis rather than dermis. In consistent with these results, IFN-γ significantly triggered IDO expression in keratinocytes but not fibroblasts. Taken together, this suggests that IFN-γ might be a potential immunomodulatory drug in acute rejection and keratinocytes in epidermis may play a main role in immune tolerance after allogeneic skin transplantation.
60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
Conformal, wearable, thin microwave antenna for sub-skin and skin surface monitoring
A wearable antenna is operably positioned on a wearer's skin and is operably connected the wearer's tissue. A first antenna matched to the wearer's tissue is operably positioned on the wearer's skin. A second antenna matched to the air is operably positioned on the wearer's skin. Transmission lines connect the first antenna and the second antenna.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
Ensemble averaged structure–function relationship for nanocrystals: effective superparamagnetic Fe clusters with catalytically active Pt skin [Ensemble averaged structure-function relationship for composite nanocrystals: magnetic bcc Fe clusters with catalytically active fcc Pt skin]
Practical applications require the production and usage of metallic nanocrystals (NCs) in large ensembles. Besides, due to their cluster-bulk solid duality, metallic NCs exhibit a large degree of structural diversity. This poses the question as to what atomic-scale basis is to be used when the structure–function relationship for metallic NCs is to be quantified precisely. In this paper, we address the question by studying bi-functional Fe core-Pt skin type NCs optimized for practical applications. In particular, the cluster-like Fe core and skin-like Pt surface of the NCs exhibit superparamagnetic properties and a superb catalytic activity for the oxygen reduction reaction, respectively. We determine the atomic-scale structure of the NCs by non-traditional resonant high-energy X-ray diffraction coupled to atomic pair distribution function analysis. Using the experimental structure data we explain the observed magnetic and catalytic behavior of the NCs in a quantitative manner. Lastly, we demonstrate that NC ensemble-averaged 3D positions of atoms obtained by advanced X-ray scattering techniques are a very proper basis for not only establishing but also quantifying the structure–function relationship for the increasingly complex metallic NCs explored for practical applications.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
Hyaluronic acid conjugates for topical treatment of skin cancer lesions
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99 GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS↗
Proton Skins, Neutron Skins, and Proton Radii of Mirror Nuclei
Not Available
74 ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS↗
Multifunctional smart electronic skin fabricated from two-dimensional like polymer film
Not provided.
Chemistry↗