Effect of Moisture Content on Shear Properties of Boron Carbide (B4C) Powder
Effect of Moisture Content on Shear Properties of Boron Carbide (B4C) Powder
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
SEARCH · Engineering Papers
Results for “SHEAR PROPERTIES”
Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.
Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.
EFFECT OF MOISTURE CONTENT ON SHEAR PROPERTIES OF BORON CARBIDE (B4C) POWDER
EFFECT OF MOISTURE CONTENT ON SHEAR PROPERTIES OF BORON CARBIDE (B4C) POWDER
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
Direct measurement of shear properties of microfibers
As novel fibers with enhanced mechanical properties continue to be synthesized and developed, the ability to easily and accurately characterize these materials becomes increasingly important. Here we present a design for an inexpensive tabletop instrument to measure shear modulus (G) and other longitudinal shear properties of a micrometer-sized monofilament fiber sample, such as nonlinearities and hysteresis. This automated system applies twist to the sample and measures the resulting torque using a sensitive optical detector that tracks a torsion reference. The accuracy of the instrument was verified by measuring G for high purity copper and tungsten fibers, for which G is well known. Two industrially important fibers, IM7 carbon fiber and Kevlar{sup ®} 119, were also characterized with this system and were found to have G = 16.5 ± 2.1 and 2.42 ± 0.32 GPa, respectively.
75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
Multiscale Shear Properties and Flow Performance of Milled Woody Biomass
One dominant challenge facing the development of biorefineries is achieving consistent system throughput with highly variant biomass feedstock quality and handling performance. Current handling unit operations are adapted from other sectors (primarily agriculture), where some simplifying assumptions about granular mechanics and flow performance do not translate well to a highly compressible and anisotropic material with nonlinear time- and stress-dependent properties. This work explores the shear and frictional properties of loblolly pine at multiple experimental test apparatus and particle scales to elucidate a property window that defines the shear behavior over a range of material attributes (particle size, size distribution, moisture content, etc.). In general, it was observed that the bulk internal friction and apparent cohesion depend strongly on both the stress state of the sample in granular shear testers and the overall particle size and distribution span. For equipment designed to characterize the quasi-static shear stress failure of bulk materials ranging from 50 to 1,000 ml in test volume, similar test results were observed for finely milled particles (50% passing size of 1.4 mm) with a narrow size distribution (span between 10 and 90% passing size of 0.9 mm), while stress chaining and over-torque issues persisted for the bench-scale test apparatus for larger particle sizes or widely dispersed sample sizes. Measurement of the anisotropic particle–particle friction ranged from coefficients of approximately 0.20 to 0.45 and resulted in significantly higher and more variable friction measurements for larger particle sizes and in perpendicular alignment orientations. To supplement these laboratory-scale properties, this work explores the flow of loblolly pine and Douglas fir through a pilot-scale wedge-shaped hopper and a screw feeder. For the gravity-driven hopper flow, the critical arching distance and mass discharge rate ranged from approximately 10 to 30 mm and 2 to 16 tons/hour, respectively, for both materials, where the arching distance depends strongly on the overall particle size and depends less on the hopper inclination angle. Comparatively, the auger feeder was found to be much more impacted by the size of the particles, where smaller particles had a more consistent and stable flow while consuming less power.
09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
Characterization of Shear Properties for APO/MBI Syntactic Foam
Triaxial compression testing is a means for mechanical characterization of a material. A unique feature of the triaxial compression test is the application of two different magnitudes of compressive pressures on the material simultaneously. The material behavior under these different compressive pressures can be monitored over time. Several important characteristics of the material, such as stress yield values and the shear failure envelope may then be determined. Also mechanical properties such as Poisson’s ratio, Young’s modulus and bulk modulus can be determined from the triaxial compression test. The triaxial compression test was employed in this investigation to characterize the shear behavior, shear failure envelope, and mechanical properties of a syntactic foam. Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) supplied a total of 36 samples of APO-BMI syntactic foam to the University of New Mexico, Department of Civil Engineering for testing between December 2003 and May 2004. Each sample had a diameter of 1.395±0.005 in. (3.543±0.013cm.) and a length of 2.796±0.004 in. (7.102±0.010 cm.). The samples had an average density of 0.295 g/cm3. Additional information about the material tested in this investigation can be found in the “Specimen Description” section contained in Chapter 1. The nomenclatures used in this study is presented in Chapter 1. In addition to designing and implementing triaxial compression tests capable of up to 2,000 psi. confining pressure (minor principal stress) and roughly 13,000 psi. in axial pressure (major principal stress), a pure tension test was designed and conducted on the foam material. The purpose of this pure tension test was to obtain maximum tensile stress values to enhance the characterization of the shear envelope in the stress space. The sampling procedure and specimen preparation for a standard test can be found in the American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM) D 5379/ D 5379 – 93. The above tests mentioned and their procedures are discussed in Chapter 2. Chapter 2 contains the types of tests performed and the apparatus used for testing the material. Chapter 2 also has a brief explanation of the equipment and the procedures used for conducting the tests. In Chapter 3, the material characteristics and mechanical properties obtained from the tests are described; composite plots of deviatoric vs. mean stress and deviatoric stress vs. longitudinal strain are also included. The plots of deviatoric stress vs. mean stress clearly identify the shear envelope for the material. Chapter 4 summarizes the vital information obtained from the tests and the conclusions made. All the necessary plots and the data generated during the testing have been included in the Appendix. The information in the appendix includes plots of: Strain vs. Time, Stress vs. Time, Stress vs. Strain, Mean Stress vs. Volumetric Strain, Lateral Strain vs. Longitudinal Strain, and q vs. p. Bulk modulus, Poisson’s ratio, and Young’s modulus are displayed in the appropriate plots in each appendix.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
Effect of equal channel angular pressing on the mechanical and tribological behavior of Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy
Highlights: • The correlation of microstructure, mechanical and wear properties has been studied. • The correlation between tensile properties and shear properties has been also studied. • Mechanical and tribological properties have been improved through the ECAP process of the Al-7075 alloy. • The dominant wear mechanisms in the initial material were adhesive and oxidative wear as well as delamination. • Abrasive and oxidative wear were the dominant wear mechanisms in ECAP processed specimens. - Abstract: Microstructure, mechanical properties and wear behavior of severely deformed Al-7075 alloy by equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) were studied. Microhardness, tensile and shear strength tests were performed to evaluate the mechanical properties of the material. The relationship between tensile and shear strength was also extracted. In addition, with the aim of study the wear behavior, the wear tests were performed by using a pin-on-disk machine under different normal loads. The microscopic observations i.e. transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM), were used to analyze the microstructure of specimens as well as the surface, subsurface and debris of worn specimens. Mechanical properties results showed that the hardness and strength (tensile and shear) of the ECAP-processed alloy were higher than that of the annealed alloy and increased with the increment of pass number. The wear test data revealed that the wear rate and friction coefficient decreased with increasing ECAP passes. The SEM analysis of worn specimens demonstrated that the dominant wear mechanisms of the annealed alloy were adhesion wear and delamination and the dominant wear mechanisms of ECAP processed alloy were abrasive wear and plowing bands. Oxidative wear was also observed at both annealed and ECAPed alloy. Totally, these results demonstrated that ultrafine-grained structure fabricated by ECAP, improves the wear resistance of the Al-7075 alloy.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
Analytic studies of dispersive properties of shear Alfvén and acoustic wave spectra in tokamaks
The properties of the low frequency shear Alfvén and acoustic wave spectra in toroidal geometry are examined analytically and numerically considering wave particle interactions with magnetically trapped and circulating particles, using the theoretical model described in [I. Chavdarovski and F. Zonca, Plasma Phys. Controlled Fusion 51, 115001 (2009)] and following the framework of the generalized fishbone-like dispersion relation. Effects of trapped particles as well as diamagnetic effects on the frequencies and damping rates of the beta-induced Alfvén eigenmodes, kinetic ballooning modes and beta-induced Alfvén-acoustic eigenmodes are discussed and shown to be crucial to give a proper assessment of mode structure and stability conditions. Present results also demonstrate the mutual coupling of these various branches and suggest that frequency as well as mode polarization are crucial for their identification on the basis of experimental evidence.
70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
The Influence of Micro-Fabric Heterogeneity on Sheared Rock Properties
Presented by NETL at Unconventional Resources Technology Conference 07/19
Crandall, Dustin M↗
Acoustic Velocities and Elastic Properties of Pyrite (FeS2) to 9.6 GPa
Ultrasonic interferometry was utilized in conjunction with synchrotron-based X-ray diffraction and X-radiographic imaging to determine the compressional and shear wave velocities and unit-cell volumes of pyrite (FeS{sub 2}) at room temperature and pressures up to 9.6 GPa. Fitting all of the experimental volume and velocity data to third-order finite-strain equations yielded the adiabatic zero-pressure bulk and shear moduli and their first pressure derivatives: K{sub S0}=138.9(7) GPa, G{sub 0}=112.3(3) GPa, ({partial_derivative} K{sub S0}/{partial_derivative} P){sub T} =K{sub S0'}=6.0(1), ({partial_derivative}G{sub 0}/{partial_derivative}P){sub T} =G{sub 0'}=3.0(<1), where the numbers in parentheses represent the 1{sigma} uncertainty in the last significant digit. These results are in good agreement with several previous static compression studies on this material but differ quite strongly from the results obtained via first principles calculations. This study presents the first direct measurement of the bulk shear properties of this material.
58 GEOSCIENCES↗
First Principles Modeling of Metal/Ceramic Multilayer Nano-heterostructures.
Nanoscaled multilayer films composed of metals and ceramics have been explored for their potential applications as ductile, yet strong, materials. It is believed that at the nanoscale, the interfaces between the two materials constituting the multilayer assume an increasingly important role in determining the properties, as they comprise a more significant volume fraction of the multilayer with decreasing layer thickness. In this ab initio work, density functional theory was used to calculate the ideal shear strengths of pure Al, pure TiN, the Al/TiN interfacial region, and Al/TiN multilayers. The ideal shear strength of the Al/TiN interface was found to vary from very low (on the order of the ideal shear strength of Al) to very high (on the order of the ideal shear strength of TiN), depending on whether the TiN at the interface was Ti- or N-terminated, respectively. The results suggest that the shear properties of Al/TiN depend strongly on the chemistry of the interface, Al:N versus Al:Ti terminations. Nevertheless, for the Al/TiN multilayers, the ideal shear strength was limited by shear in the Al layer away from the interface, even when the individual layer thickness is less than a nanometer. Further we found an unusual structural rotation of bulk single-crystal Al under uniaxial compressive strains. It was found that under strains either along the <11-2> or the <111> directions, beyond a critical stress of about 13 GPa, the Al crystal can rotate through shear in the Shockley partial direction (i.e.,<11-2>) on the {l_brace}111{r_brace} plane, in an attempt to relieve internal stresses. This phenomenon reveals a possible mechanism leading to the onset of homogeneous dislocation nucleation in Al under high uniaxial compressions.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
Low cost textile-grade carbon-fiber epoxy composites for automotive and wind energy applications
Carbon fiber reinforced polymer composites are highly desirable for automotive and wind energy applications due to advantages associated with weight reduction, high stiffness and strength, durability, and recyclability. The high cost of carbon fiber has been a limiting factor in its widespread adoption in non-aerospace applications. A low cost (estimated < $11 per kg) wide tow (450-600k) carbon fiber derived from textile grade polyacrylonitirile precursor, and hence called Textile Grade Carbon Fiber (TCF) is introduced in this paper. Fundamental aspects of the TCF are discussed along with a detailed characterization of its mechanical properties. Two manufacturing processes relevant to automotive and wind energy applications are considered, namely-compression molding and resin infusion. Furthermore, at various stages the TCF has been compared to commercial non-aerospace 50k carbon fiber composite. Detailed physical and mechanical properties including tensile, flexural, compression, and interlaminar shear properties are reported and compared to non-aerospace carbon fiber composite. The results provide a means for designers and end-users in the automotive and wind energy sector to consider different forms of economical non-aerospace carbon fibers.
42 ENGINEERING↗
Friction Stir Lap Welding 0.8-mm-Thick 2024 Aluminum Alloy with the Assistance of Stationary Shoulder
In this work, 0.8-mm-thick 2024 aluminum alloy was friction stir lap welded with the assistance of a stationary shoulder system. The joint surface formation, microstructure and mechanical properties of the welded joints were studied. The results showed that sound joints without defect could be obtained at a wide parameter range because stationary shoulder increased the material flow during welding. The stationary shoulder decreased the joint roughness from 125.5 to 58.9 µm. A thickness reduction of 4% was achieved at a welding speed of 200 mm/min. The joint fabricated by the stationary shoulder system had superior lap shear properties compared to the joint fabricated using the conventional tool. A high failure load of 7440 N was achieved at welding speed of 200 mm/min. The joint presented tensile fracture mode and the fracture morphology showed typical ductile fracture.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
Effect of moisture on the traction-separation behavior of cellulose nanocrystal interfaces
Interfaces and stress transfer between cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) dictate the mechanical properties of hierarchical cellulose materials such as neat films and nanocomposites. An interesting question that remains is how the behavior of these interfaces changes due to environmental stimuli, most notably moisture. We present analyses on the traction-separation behavior between Iβ CNC elementary fibrils, providing insight into how the presence of a single atomic layer of water at these interfaces can drastically change the mechanical behavior. We find that molecular water at the interface between hydrophilic CNC surfaces has a negligible effect on the tensile separation adhesion energy. However, when water cannot hydrogen bond easily to the surface (i.e., hydrophobic surface), it tends to maintain hydrogen bonds with other water molecules across the interface and form a capillary bridge that serves to increase the energy required to separate the crystals. Under shear loading, water lowers the energy barriers to sliding by reducing the atomic friction and consequently the interlayer shear modulus between crystals. Our simulations indicate that these nanoscale interfaces and physical phenomena such as interfacial adhesion, interlayer shear properties, and stick-slip friction behavior can be drastically altered by the presence of water.
77 NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY↗
Elasticity of Diopside to 8 GPa and 1073K and Implications for the Upper Mantle
Simultaneous measurements of elastic wave velocities and density have been conducted on diopside by a combined ultrasonic interferometry and X-ray diffraction methods at pressure and temperature conditions relevant to the Earth's upper mantle. The current study not only yielded the first direct measurement of the shear modulus at high pressures, but also enabled a simultaneous determination of the bulk and shear properties and their pressure and temperature derivatives from the measured density and velocities. Finite strain analysis of the experimental data results in K{sub S0} = 116.4(7) GPa, K'S0 = 4.9(1), ({partial_derivative}K{sub S}/{partial_derivative}T){sub P} = -0.012(1) GPa GPa, G'{sub 0} = 1.6(1) and ({partial_derivative}G/{partial_derivative}T){sub P} = -0.011(1) GPa/K. With these results and the same finite strain equations, the P and S wave velocities of diopsidic mantle clinopyroxene were calculated along a 1600 K adiabatic geotherm. In comparison with other mantle minerals, the seismic velocities of diopsidic clinopyroxene at upper mantle depths are 1-3% higher than those of orthopyroxene, 1-2% and 6-8% lower than those of olivine and majoritic garnet, respectively.
58 GEOSCIENCES↗
A novel interface strengthening layer: Nanoscale AuCu super-structure formed during Au80Sn20/Cu rapid solidification soldering process
Highlights: • The nanoscale AuCu super-structure formed in Au80Sn20/Cu soldering joint. • The phase-transformation diffusion mechanism of Au80Sn20/Cu soldering process was studied. • The orientation relationship of Au80Sn20/Cu intermetallic compounds was investigated. • The interfacial strengthening mechanism of nanoscale AuCu layer was discussed. - Abstract: Phase composition and orientation of intermetallic compounds layers determine the functional and mechanical properties of solder joints. In this paper, interfacial reaction and strengthening mechanism of Au80Sn20/Cu joint by rapid solidification reflow soldering were studied. The Au80Sn20/Cu solder joint by rapid solidification reflow soldering exhibit a superior shear property, and the shear strength reaches up to 90 MPa. It is found that a new nanoscale AuCu super-structure formed in the interfacial intermetallic compounds layer, which is coherent with the [001] Cu substrate. The orientation relationship of Cu matrix/interfacial intermetallic compounds is determined to be [001]{sub Cu}∥[001]{sub AuCu}∥[ 2-bar 4 2-bar 3]{sub (AuCu){sub 5Sn}} and (200){sub Cu}∥(200){sub AuCu}∥(10 1-bar 0){sub (AuCu){sub 5Sn}}. Nanoscale AuCu super-structure influences the interface slip direction and provides interface misfit dislocation, hinder the dislocation movement, lead to the interface strengthening effect. Our finding on nanoscale AuCu super-structure formed during Au80Sn20/Cu soldering process not only sheds light on future research direction but also provides practical guidance to the engineers in solder industry.
77 NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY↗
Microscale shear specimens for evaluating the shear deformation in single-crystal and nanocrystalline Cu and at Cu–Si interfaces
Microscale testing has enjoyed significant developments, with the majority of testing focused on tensile/compression type tests and little focus on shear testing. With the recent advances in macroscale shear testing, we developed a novel shear structure for evaluating shear properties of bulk materials and films at the microscale. The shear response in single-crystal copper oriented along the [111] direction was found to have a yield strength of ~180 MPa. Nanocrystalline copper specimens with different orientations showed sensitivity to the film texture with a shear yield strength nearly three times that of single-crystal copper. Shear specimens were fabricated with Cu film–Si substrate interface near the middle of the shear region and compressed to fracture. Here, the shear response showed a mixed behavior of the stiff Si substrate and softer nanocrystalline film and failed in a brittle manner, indicating a response unique to the interface.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
Multiscale analysis of stamp forming of a woven composite
The stamp forming of a woven composite with thermoplastic matrix was investigated in this study. A Mesoscale finite element model of a unit cell of a 2 x 2 twill weave of pre-impregnated tows was used to estimate the effective in-plane shear properties for modeling forming processes and predicting formability. In-plane shear stiffness was shown to be a controlling factor in the formability of unconsolidated textile sheets. The Stamp forming of a cone-shaped part was modeled for comparison with the experiments. Results show that the simplified process modeling scheme has the potential to predict issues with wrinkling during die closure. Furthermore, the present work suggests that complex representations of the relatively small fiber direction strains may be unwarranted for this type of process modeling.
Garnich, Mark R.↗