Engineering Papers⌕ Search

SEARCH · Engineering Papers

Results for “RF transmission”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 19 records

High-Temperature RF Transmission Loss Characteristics of Platinum–Inconel 600 and Platinum–304 Steel Interconnects

Radio frequency (RF) transmission losses that occur at electronic interconnects is currently an important limitation of wireless sensors and other electronic device packages that must operate in high-temperature environments. Herein, in-situ RF transmission losses were measured for two types of interconnects: platinum (Pt) wire bonded to an Inconel 600 coaxial cable; and Pt-wire bonded to a block of 304 steel. Heating the Pt wire/Inconel interconnects at 800 °C for up to 200 hours were found to be very stable with no measurable transmission losses. In contrast, Pt wire/304 steel block interconnects examined over similar test periods at 800 °C exhibited gradual increases in transmission losses leveling off at 10, 38 and 85 mdB at 400 MHz, 700 MHz, and 1 GHz, respectively. Increasing the test temperature to 900 °C caused further elevated transmission losses of 30, 70 and 108 mdB at the same reported frequencies. By comparison, temperature cycling of the Pt wire/304 steel interconnects between room temperature and 900 °C was found to cause more significant degradation. In particular, four thermal cycles from room temperature to 900 °C resulted in losses of 75, 271, and 482 mdB at the same reported frequencies. Parabolic oxidation relative to the RF skin depth in the 304 steel block at the tested frequencies are discussed as possible reasons for the transmission losses during the isothermal soaks, whereas interconnect degradation due to differences in thermal expansion between Pt and 304 steel are primarily responsible for transmission losses caused by high temperature cycling.

304 steel↗

Design and optimization of higher order mode couplers for the superconducting cavities of the PERLE energy recovery linac

The Powerful Energy Recovery Linac for Experiments (PERLE) is an energy recovery linac (ERL) facility based on superconducting radio-frequency (SRF) technology to be hosted at the Laboratoire de Physique des 2 Infinis Irène Joliot-Curie (IJCLab) in France. With a target beam power of 10 MW, PERLE aims to demonstrate the high-current, continuous wave, multi-pass operation to validate options for future high-energy machines, such as the 50 GeV ERL proposed for the Large Hadron electron Collider (LHeC) and the Future Circular electron-hadron Collider (FCC-eh), and host dedicated particle physics and nuclear experiments. In high-current ERLs, the regenerative Beam Breakup (BBU), emerging from the beam and cavity Higher Order Modes (HOMs) interaction, is a major concern for their stable operation. Beam-induced HOMs can increase the cavity heat load at cryogenic temperature and cause beam instabilities. HOM couplers are installed in the cavity beam pipes to absorb HOM energy and mitigate these effects. This thesis presents the design and optimization of several coaxial HOM couplers for the 5-cell 801.58 MHz elliptical Nb cavities of the 500 MeV PERLE ERL configuration. The RF transmission of the HOM couplers was optimized to enhance the damping of the most dangerous HOMs. The optimized HOM couplers were integrated into endgroups to simulate their damping performance and thermal behavior. The optimized HOM couplers were 3D-printed in epoxy and copper-coated. Low-power RF measurements were conducted on the produced HOM couplers installed in copper PERLE-type cavities to validate their damping performance and propose several endgroups for the PERLE 5-cell cavity to mitigate HOMs below the BBU instability limits.

Barbagallo, Carmelo↗

Impurity transport in PISCES-RF

Linear plasma devices (LPD) utilizing a helicon plasma source, a high density light ion source, can generate impurities due to progressive erosion of the radio frequency (RF) transmission window caused by rectified sheath voltage. These source-born impurities can entrain and be transported by the plasma toward a target, affecting plasma-material interaction studies. Earlier work on material testing in Prototype-Materials Plasma Exposure eXperiment at ORNL revealed significant source impurity deposition on downstream targets. However, using a similar RF source, no target impurity deposition is observed in Plasma Interaction Surface Component Experimental Station (PISCES)-RF despite evidence of RF window erosion in the source region, thereby motivating the present work. Experimentally, using various magnetic field configurations upstream of the PISCES-RF plasma source and seeding titanium (Ti) impurities at various axial locations, impurity transport and deposition along the machine axis were investigated. It was found that Ti deposition was localized to the side of the plasma source where the Ti impurity was seeded. In contrast, aluminum (Al) deposition, originating from the sputtering of the helicon window, occurred predominantly upstream of the plasma source, suggesting an asymmetry in the axial transport of eroded RF window material. These observations suggest a stagnation of the parallel plasma flow immediately downstream of the plasma source, with impurity ions remaining unmagnetized near the source upstream. Al deposition in magnetic field-free regions in PISCES-RF indicates that sputtered Al impurities likely remained neutral due to their large ionization mean-free path under PISCES-RF conditions. Plasma modeling and simulation supported this, indicating that Al-neutrals transport toward the helicon source upstream for low electron density cases. It was found that the Larmor radius of the Al ions was greater than the plasma radius towards the source upstream and remained weakly magnetized in PISCES-RF, meaning that plasma source-born impurities are not efficiently entrained in the plasma flow. These findings provide critical insights into impurity transport in helicon plasma-based LPDs.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

High Average Power RF Window with Improved Multipactor Coating

Multipactor emission can be a serious issue for vacuum electron devices operating at megawatt power levels. It can lead to catastrophic failure from surface arcs or excessive heating of ceramic windows. Titanium nitride is effective at suppressing multipactor emission; however, sputter coating is not strongly bonded to surfaces and issue related to lifetime have arisen. It’s difficult to ensure a uniform coating over large surfaces. This research investigated atomic layer deposition (ALD) as an improved alternative to sputtered coatings. Test windows were fabricated and coated with TiN using ALD, then tested for RF loss and secondary emission. All ALD samples showed RF loss less than 0.01dB with secondary emission yield equal to or better than reported measurements with sputter coated windows. The program also designed a preliminary ALD system capable of coating windows up to 24 inches in diameter.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗

Radio Frequency Spectrum Audit to Inventory Private Cellular Base Station Infrastructure

The ever-changing cellular communication landscape makes it difficult to identify, map, and localize cellular base stations. Localizing cellular base stations provides various advantages, including information security, cybersecurity, spectrum management, and interference detection. For example, the MITRE ATT&CK® (Adversarial Tactics, Techniques, and Common Knowledge architecture) [1] and Common Attack Pattern Enumeration and Classification [2] emphasize the importance of being able to minimize the cyber security threat presented by unregulated private cellular base stations (PCBS). The majority of published research looks at the malicious use of PCBSs and focuses on using data retrieved from user equipment (UE), data obtained from an application on the UE, or data shared between the UE and a mobile network to locate it. This innovative strategy, however, focuses on the passively discovered uniqueness of radio frequency (RF) transmissions from commercial cellular infrastructure received in a designated monitoring position (DMP).

42 ENGINEERING↗

Two-Frequency RF Fields Induced Multipactor in Coaxial Transmission Lines

Multipactor is a nonlinear discharge phenomenon that occurs in vacuum RF systems, potentially leading to signal distortion, power loss, and even permanent damage to high-power components. This study presents a detailed investigation of two-surface multipactor in coaxial transmission lines under two-frequency excitation, using one-dimensional (1D) Monte Carlo simulations validated by three-dimensional (3D) Particle-in-Cell (PIC) results and experimental data. Introducing a second carrier mode is shown to suppress multipactor by reshaping and shrinking the susceptibility region, with the extent and location of suppression strongly dependent on the device aspect ratio and the relative phase of the second mode. Distinct suppression patterns emerge across different frequency–gap distance (fd) regimes, and in certain cases, susceptibility expansion is also observed. The study identifies and distinguishes pure and mixed multipactor modes in coaxial geometry, where analytical mode boundaries are not readily defined. Unlike planar systems, pure-mode regions in coaxial structures overlap with mixed-mode domains, complicating classification. Image charge forces are found to have minimal effect on susceptibility thresholds but do influence electron growth rates. These findings provide new insights into waveform-driven control of multipactor in high-power RF systems.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗

Two-frequency RF fields induced multipactor in coaxial transmission lines

This study presents a comprehensive investigation of two-surface multipactor discharge in coaxial transmission lines under two-frequency radio frequency (RF) excitation using one-dimensional Monte Carlo simulations validated against three-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations and experimental data. The results show that introducing a second carrier mode can suppress multipactor by reshaping and shrinking the susceptibility region, with the extent and location of suppression strongly dependent on the device's aspect ratio and the relative phase of the second carrier mode. Distinct suppression patterns are observed across different fd regimes, while in some cases, susceptibility expansion also occurs under two-frequency operation. A key outcome is the identification and delineation of pure and mixed multipactor modes in coaxial geometry, where analytical mode boundaries are not readily available. Unlike planar geometries, pure-mode regions in coaxial systems overlap with mixed-mode domains, complicating mode identification. Additionally, image charge forces are found to have negligible influence on susceptibility thresholds but strongly affect electron growth rates. These findings offer valuable insights into the use of waveform engineering for controlling multipactor in high-power RF systems.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗

Two-Frequency RF Fields Induced Multipactor in Coaxial Transmission Line

This work investigates multipactor discharge in coaxial geometry with two-frequency rf electric field Vrf [sin(𝜔𝑡+𝜃)+𝛽 sin(n(𝜔𝑡+𝜃)+𝛾)], where Vrf is the peak voltage, 𝛽 is the field strength of the second car-rier mode relative to fundamental mode, n is the ratio of two carrier fre-quencies and 𝛾 is the relative phase of second carrier mode.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗

Integration of Ultrawide Bandgap Photoconducting Semiconductor Switches into High-Voltage, High-Current Pulser Systems

In this feasibility study we will evaluate the viability of integrating ultrawide bandgap (UWBG) photoconducting semiconductor switches (PCSS) in high-voltage pulser systems capable of driving low-impedance dynamic loads critical for next-generation accelerator and RF-source applications. The project consisted of developing modelling tools that would inform design of UWBG PCSS packages that could be mounted onto conventional circuit boards. Specifically, we are interested in evaluating the following through simulation software: (1) resistance to electrical breakdown (2) proximity effects due to high-frequency skin effect (3) transient behavior from switching (4) effective transmission of RF signals (5) thermal dynamics of the switch under operation (6) sensitivity to inhomogeneities in optical excitation of the material (7) cross-talk effects from parallel switching structures, and (8) susceptibility of system to damaged components. The project resulted in the development of a special-purpose circuit code that implements photoconductivity physics. This code was used to evaluate objectives 1-6 above, identifying a critical requirement associated with the need for fine control of dopant concentrations in the UWBG material to reach an optimal solution for voltage standoff and laser light responsivity requirements. In addition, we identified that the temperature dependence of the electrical conductivity of this material was typically not well-measured and developed a platform for measuring both the “dark” and “illuminated” conductivity on real physical switches in the lab to better inform our models.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗

Aligned carbon nanotubes for 1,000x improvement in computing (CRADA Final Report)

As part of the Cyclotron Road program, the Aligned Carbon team worked to improve and bring to market their technology to manufacture carbon nanotubes (CNTs) for integrated circuits. There are multiple applications which can benefit from the use of CNT based transistors in integrated circuits, including high performance computing, RF data transmission, and biosensing. Each of these applications faces a problem of poor starting CNT material to come to market. Aligned Carbon offers material with the highest ceiling of performance based around a fully aligned, uniform, on-wafer growth of CNTs and our proprietary purification process to remove metallic CNTs leaving only the semi-conducting ones behind. Further, Aligned Carbon has been guided by scalable manufacturing processes that will fit seamlessly into the integrated circuit foundry model of chip fabrication.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Stroboscopic ultrafast imaging using RF strip-lines in a commercial transmission electron microscope

The development of ultrafast electron microscopy (UEM), specifically stroboscopic imaging, has brought the study of structural dynamics to a new level by overcoming the spatial limitations of ultrafast spectroscopy and the temporal restrictions of traditional TEM simultaneously. Combining the concepts governing both techniques has enabled direct visualization of dynamics with spatiotemporal resolutions in the picosecond-nanometer regime. Here, in this study, we push the limits of imaging using a pulsed electron beam via RF induced transverse deflection based on the newly developed 200 keV frequency-tunable strip-line pulser. We demonstrate 0.2 nm spatial resolution at high magnifications and elucidation of Lorentz imaging using the phase-microscopy method. We also present beam coherence measurements and expand our study using the breathing modes of a silicon interdigitated comb under RF excitation which achieves improved temporal synchronization between the electron pulse-train and electric field. A new RF holder has also been developed with impedance matching to the RF signal to minimize transmission power loss to samples and its performance is compared with a conventional sample holder.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗

Low RF loss conductive ceramic for high power input coupler windows for SRF cavities

High power RF couplers connect transmission lines to cavities, providing power used to accelerate particle beam • Coupler also provides vacuum barrier for beam vacuum via RF windows • RF windows experience breakdown at much lower voltages than comparable insulators in DC fields • For large voltages, electron emission from “triple junction” and multipacting lead to window failure due to arching and/or thermal runaway.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗

Carrier and sampling frequency offset estimation for RF communication with crystal-less nodes

When the ultra-low power mm-scale sensor node does not have a crystal oscillator and phase-lock loop, it inevitably exhibits significant carrier frequency offset (CFO) and sampling frequency offset (SFO) with respect to the reference frequencies in the gateway. This disclosure enables efficient real-time calculation of accurate SFO and CFO at the gateway, thus the ultra-low power mm-scale sensor node can be realized without a costly and bulky clock reference crystal and also power-hungry phase lock loop. In the proposed system, the crystal-less sensor starts transmission with repetitive RF pulses with a constant interval, followed by the data payload using pulse-position modulation (PPM). A proposed algorithm uses a two-dimensional (2D) fast Fourier transform (FFT) based process that identifies the SFO and CFO at the same time to establish successful wireless communication between the gateway and crystal-less sensor nodes.

Kim, Hun-Seok↗

High kinetic inductance NbTiN superconducting transmission line resonators in the very thin film limit

Here, we examine the DC and radio frequency (RF) response of superconducting transmission line resonators comprised of very thin NbTiN films, <12 nm in thickness, in the high-temperature limit, where the photon energy is less than the thermal energy. The resonant frequencies of these superconducting resonators show a significant nonlinear response as a function of RF input power, which can approach a frequency shift of Δf=-0.15% in a -20 dB span in the thinnest film. The strong nonlinear response allows these very thin film resonators to serve as high kinetic inductance parametric amplifiers.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗