Engineering Papers⌕ Search

SEARCH · Engineering Papers

Results for “Pileup”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 19 records
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2023

Semi-supervised graph neural networks for pileup noise removal

Abstract The high instantaneous luminosity of the CERN Large Hadron Collider leads to multiple proton–proton interactions in the same or nearby bunch crossings (pileup). Advanced pileup mitigation algorithms are designed to remove this noise from pileup particles and improve the performance of crucial physics observables. This study implements a semi-supervised graph neural network for particle-level pileup noise removal, by identifying individual particles produced from pileup. The graph neural network is firstly trained on charged particles with known labels, which can be obtained from detector measurements on data or simulation, and then inferred on neutral particles for which such labels are missing. This semi-supervised approach does not depend on the neutral particle pileup label information from simulation, and thus allows us to perform training directly on experimental data. The performance of this approach is found to be consistently better than widely-used domain algorithms and comparable to the fully-supervised training using simulation truth information. The study serves as the first attempt at applying semi-supervised learning techniques to pileup mitigation, and opens up a new direction of fully data-driven machine learning pileup mitigation studies.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2022

Further Evidence of Modified Spin-down in Sun-like Stars: Pileups in the Temperature–Period Distribution

We combine stellar surface rotation periods determined from NASA's Kepler mission with spectroscopic temperatures to demonstrate the existence of pileups at the long-period and short-period edges of the temperature–period distribution for main-sequence stars with temperatures exceeding ~5500 K. The long-period pileup is well described by a curve of constant Rossby number, with a critical value of Ro crit ≲ Ro ⊙ . The long-period pileup was predicted by van Saders et al. as a consequence of weakened magnetic braking, in which wind-driven angular momentum losses cease once stars reach a critical Rossby number. Stars in the long-period pileup are found to have a wide range of ages (~2–6 Gyr), meaning that, along the pileup, rotation period is strongly predictive of a star's surface temperature but weakly predictive of its age. The short-period pileup, which is also well described by a curve of constant Rossby number, is not a prediction of the weakened magnetic braking hypothesis but may instead be related to a phase of slowed surface spin-down due to core-envelope coupling. The same mechanism was proposed by Curtis et al. to explain the overlapping rotation sequences of low-mass members of differently aged open clusters. The relative dearth of stars with intermediate rotation periods between the short- and long-period pileups is also well described by a curve of constant Rossby number, which aligns with the period gap initially discovered by McQuillan et al. in M-type stars. These observations provide further support for the hypothesis that the period gap is due to stellar astrophysics, rather than a nonuniform star formation history in the Kepler field.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
NASA NTRS1998

Event Pileup in AXAF's ACIS CCD Camera

AXAF's high resolution mirrors will focus a point source near the optical axis to a spot that is contained within a radius of about two pixels on the ACIS Charge Coupled Devices (CCD) camera. Because of the small spot size, the accuracy to which fluxes and spectral energy distributions of bright point sources can be measured will be degrad3ed by event pileup. Event pileup occurs when two or more X-ray photons arrive simultaneously in a single detection cell on a CCD readout frame. When pileup occurs, ACIS's event detection algorithm registers the photons as a single X-ray event. The pulse height channel of the event will correspond to an energy E approximately E-1 + E-2...E-n, where n is the number of photons registered per detection cell per readout frame. As a result, pileup artificially hardens the observed spectral energy distribution. I will discuss the effort at the AXAF Science Center Lo calibrate pileup in ACIS using focused, nearly monochromatic X-ray source. I will discuss techniques for modeling and correcting pileup effects in polychromatic spectra.

McNamara, Brian R.↗
DOE OSTI2023

Effect of a micro-scale dislocation pileup on the atomic-scale multi-variant phase transformation and twinning

In this paper, we perform concurrent atomistic–continuum (CAC) simulations to assess the contribution of the internal stress induced by the microscale dislocation pileup at an atomically structured interface to the atomic-scale phase transformations (PTs), reverse PTs, and twinning. The main novelty of this work is to unify the atomistic description of the interface and the coarse-grained (CG) description of the lagging dislocations away from the interface within one single framework. Our major findings are: (a) the interface dynamically responds to a pileup by forming steps/ledges, the height of which is proportional to the number of dislocations arriving at the interface; (b) the pileup-induced internal stress concentration profile follows neither the classical Eshelby model nor the super-dislocation model alone, but a combination of them; (c) when the pre-sheared sample is compressed, a direct square-to-hexagonal PT occurs ahead of the pileup tip and eventually grows into a wedge shape. The two variants of the hexagonal phases form a twin with respect to each other; (d) upon a further increase of the loading, part of the newly formed hexagonal phase transforms back to the square phase. The square product phase resulting from this reverse PT forms a twin with respect to the initial square phase. All phase boundaries (PBs) and twin boundaries (TBs) are stationary and correspond to zero thermodynamic Eshelby driving forces; and (e) the microscale dislocation pileup-induced internal shear stress and the structural change at the atomic-scale interface reduces the stress required for initiating a PT by a factor of 5.5, comparing with that in the sample containing no dislocations. This work is the first characterization of the behavior of PTs/twinning resulting from the reaction between a microscale dislocation slip and an atomically structured interface. In conclusion, the gained knowledge will advance our understanding of how the multi-phase material behaves in many complex physical processes, such as the synthesis of multi-phase high-entropy alloys or superhard ceramics under high-pressure torsion, deep mantle earthquakes in geophysics, and so on, which all involve dislocation slip, PTs, twinning, and their interactions across from the atomistic to the microscale and beyond.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
NASA NTRS2010

Does the Hall Effect Solve the Flux Pileup Saturation Problem?

It is well known that magnetic flux pileup can significantly speed up the rate of magnetic reconnection in high Lundquist number resistive MHD,allowing reconnection to proceed at a rate which is insensitive to the plasma resistivity over a wide range of Lundquist number. Hence, pileup is a possible solution to the Sweet-Parker time scale problem. Unfortunately, pileup tends to saturate above a critical value of the Lundquist number, S_c, where the value ofS_c depends on initial and boundary conditions, with Sweet-Parker scaling returning above S_c. It has been argued (see Dorelli and Bim [2003] and Dorelli [2003]) that the Hall effect can allow flux pileup to saturate (when the scale of the current sheet approaches ion inertial scale, di) before the reconnection rate begins to stall. However, the resulting saturated reconnection rate, while insensitive to the plasma resistivity, was found to depend strongly on the di. In this presentation, we revisit the problem of magnetic island coalescence (which is a well known example of flux pileup reconnection), addressing the dependence of the maximum coalescence rate on the ratio of di in the "large island" limit in which the following inequality is always satisfied: l_eta di lambda, where I_eta is the resistive diffusion length and lambda is the island wavelength.

Dorelli, John C.↗
DOE OSTI2023

Dislocation-density evolution and pileups in bicrystalline systems

Here, a dislocation-density crystalline plasticity (DCP) framework based on total and partial dislocation densities interactions was used to investigate the behavior of Cu/Pb bicrystals with a focus on GB effects. The modeling predictions were validated with bicrystal compression micropillar experiments. A key new aspect of the modeling approach is to account for partial dislocation-densities. A GB formulation that is directly linked to GB energies was used to monitor GB transmission and blockages, such that pileups can be monitored and predicted at the GB interfaces for misorientations. The predictions indicate that pileups can form due to fully and partially blocked slip-rates and perfect and partial dislocation-densities. As the nominal strain increases from five to fifteen percent, dislocation-densities and pileups significantly increase by almost an order of magnitude. The proposed validated approach provides a microstructural scale predictive framework that accounts for a myriad of defects related to the interactions of partial and perfect dislocation densities that interact at highly misoriented GBs; it is these interactions that are critical to the formation and evolution of dislocation-density pileups that can lead to physically limiting stress accumulations in bicrystals.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
NASA NTRS1991

Single-parameter characterization of discrete-dislocation pileup tipfield and its application to physically based micro-mechanics

The equivalence between continuous dislocation pileups and cracks is reviewed. The force on the leading dislocation is defined and a general method of calculation of the force is proposed. The equivalence relations are given. Based on the analysis by Eshelby, Frank, and Nabarro and the numerical calculations by Chou and Li and Armstrong et al, it will be shown that the force, F, on the locked leading dislocation of a discrete pileup is capable of characterizing uniquely the stress, strain, and displacement fields at the tip of the pileup, including the positions of the discrete mobile dislocations behind the leading dislocation. Conversely, the positions of the mobile dislocations can be used to measure F. If the propagation of micro-slips and the initiation of micro-fractures at the tip of a pileup are controlled by resolved shear stress and normal cleavage stress respectively, the resolved shear stress intensity coefficient, ReSIC, and the resolved cleavage stress intensity coefficient, ReCIC, must be constant.

Liu, H. W.↗
NASA NTRS1993

Mirror modes and fast magnetoacoustic waves near the magnetic pileup boundary of comet P/Halley

Large-amplitude ultralow-frequency wave structure observed on both sides of the magnetic pileup boundary of comet P/Halley during the flyby of the Giotto spacecraft have been analyzed using suprathermal electron density and magnetic field observations. Upstream of the boundary, electron density and magnetic field magnitude variations are anticorrelated, while in the pileup region these quantities are clearly correlated. Both in front of and behind the pileup boundary the observed waves are quasi-perpendicular wave structures as a minimum variance analysis shows. A detailed comparison of our observations in the prepileup region with theoretical and numerical results shows that the mirror mode mode waves may have been generated by a mirror instability driven by the pressure anisotropy of the ring-type distributions of the heavy (water group) pickup cometary ions.

Glassmeier, Karl-Heintz↗
NASA NTRS2003

Factors Controlling the Position of the Martian Magnetic Pileup Boundary

The magnetic pileup boundary (MPB) at Mars is the position where the dominant ion of the plasma changes from solar wind protons to heavy ions of planetary origin. As such, it is the obstacle to solar wind ions. We investigate the factors that influence the shape and position of the magnetic pileup boundary at Mars in order to better understand the Martian obstacle to the solar wind. Employing MGS data, we determine how the Martian MPB moves in response to factors including solar wind pressure and crustal magnetic fields. We also study the factors affecting the thickness of the MPB. Further, we compare the magnetic pileup boundary to the magnetic barrier at Venus. Direct comparison aids in our interpretation of the physics involved in the solar wind interaction with planets lacking a significant intrinsic magnetic field.

D H Crider↗
DOE OSTI2023

Pileup and Infrared Radiation Annihilation (PIRANHA): a paradigm for continuous jet grooming

Jet grooming is an important strategy for analyzing relativistic particle collisions in the presence of contaminating radiation. Most jet grooming techniques introduce hard cutoffs to remove soft radiation, leading to discontinuous behavior and associated experimental and theoretical challenges. In this paper, we introduce Pileup and Infrared Radiation Annihilation (Piranha), a paradigm for continuous jet grooming that overcomes the discontinuity and infrared sensitivity of hard-cutoff grooming procedures. We motivate Piranha from the perspective of optimal transport and the Energy Mover’s Distance and review Apollonius Subtraction and Iterated Voronoi Subtraction as examples of Piranha-style grooming. We then introduce a new tree-based implementation of Piranha, Recursive Subtraction, with reduced computational costs. Finally, we demonstrate the performance of Recursive Subtraction in mitigating sensitivity to soft distortions from hadronization and detector effects, and additive contamination from pileup and the underlying event.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
NASA NTRS1990

Characterization of the tip field of a discrete dislocation pileup for the development of physically based micromechanics

It is shown, on the basis of calculations by Eshelby et al. (1951), Armstrong et al. (1966), and Chou and Li (1969), that a single parameter, such as the force on the leading dislocation (F), the crack extension force, or the stress intensity factor, is capable of characterizing uniquely the entire tip field of a discrete dislocation pileup, including the positions of mobile dislocations behind the locked leading dislocation at the tip. Conversely, the position of the i-th mobile dislocation X(i) is related to the value of F and is capable of characterizing the entire stress, strain, and displacement fields at the tip of a discrete dislocation pileup. If the interactions between dislocations are linear elastic, the measured positions of the mobile dislocations can be used to determine the value of F, which can then be used as a quantitative measure of the strength of a dislocation barrier resisting the propagation of a microslip or the nucleation of a microfracture.

Gao, Q.↗
NASA NTRS1990

The development of physically based micro-mechanics - Based on the characteristic tip field of dislocation pileup

Based on the analytical solution by Eshelby et al. (1951) and the numerical calculations by Chou and Li (1969) and Armstrong et al. (1962), it is shown that the force, F, on the locked leading dislocation of a discrete dislocation pileup is capable of characterizing uniquely the stress, strain, and displacement field at the tip of the pileup, including the positions of the discrete mobile dislocations next to the leading dislocation. Conversely, the positions of the mobile dislocations can be used to measure F. The F thus measured can be used to study micro-plastic deformation and micro-fractures at grain boundaries or any other dislocation barriers.

Gao, Q.↗
NASA NTRS2022

Beyond Basic Drag in Interplanetary CME Modeling: Effects of Solar Wind Pileup and High-Speed Streams

Coronal mass ejections (CMEs) cause severe space weather effects throughout our solar system. As a fast CME propagates through interplanetary space, it accumulates solar wind materials at its front. This pileup of materials, or CME-driven sheath, can be important in determining the geoeffectiveness of a CME. We take an existing arrival time model that includes expansion and deformation of the CME flux rope (ANTEATR; Kay & Gopalswamy, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JA025780; Kay & Nieves-Chinchilla, 2021a, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JA028911) and add a pileup procedure (PUP) as a physics-based approach to modeling the CME-driven sheath. ANTEATR-PUP solves the Rankine-Hugoniot equations for an oblique shock to determine the shock speed and sheath density, magnetic field, and temperature. The extra sheath mass affects the background drag calculation. Additionally, ANTEATR can now use any 1D profile for the background solar wind as opposed to the simple empirical models it previously relied upon. We present initial results from ANTEATR-PUP and compare with previous ANTEATR findings. Using results from an MHD simulation, we explore the effects of interactions with a static high-speed stream (HSS) on the CME's and sheath's interplanetary evolution. The drag forces essentially disappear while a CME remains within the HSS, but reappear stronger once the CME exits. The HSS-CME interaction produces the largest changes in the CME and sheath properties at 1 au when it occurs either close to the Sun near the inner simulation boundary at 0.1 au or right before the CME reaches 1 au. We estimate that these changes could significantly affect the geoeffectiveness.

C Kay↗
DOE OSTI2022

Use of a Mylar filter to eliminate vacuum ultraviolet pulse pileup in low-energy x-ray measurements

We describe a method to reduce vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) pulse pileup (PPU) in x-ray pulse-height Silicon Drift Detector (SDD) signals. An Amptek FAST SDD, with C1 (Si 3 N 4 ) window, measures bremsstrahlung emitted from PFRC-2 plasma to extract the electron temperature (T e ) and density (n e ). The C1 window has low transmissivity for photons with energy below 200 eV though will transmit some VUV and soft x-ray photons, which PFRC-2 plasmas abundantly emit. Multi-VUV-photon PPU contaminates the interpretation of x rays with energy > 100 eV, particularly in a low-energy exponential tail. The predicted low transmissivity of ~1 μm thick Mylar [polyethylene terephthalate (PET)] to photons of energy <100 eV led to the selection of Mylar as the candidate filter to reduce VUV PPU. Experiments were conducted on an x-ray tube with a graphite target and on a quasi-Maxwellian tenuous plasma (n e ~ 10 9 cm –3 ) with effective temperatures reaching 1500 eV. A Mylar filter thickness of 850 nm is consistent with the results. The Mylar-filter-equipped SDD was then used on the PFRC-2 plasma, showing a substantial reduction in the low-energy x-ray signal, supporting our hypothesis of the importance of VUV PPU. Here, we describe the modeling and experiments performed to characterize the effect of the Mylar filter on SDD measurements.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
NASA NTRS1992

Circumnuclear pileups of dust and gas in M82

Red H-alpha and R-band CCD images of the M82 galaxy were obtained and compared with corresponding NIR S III forbidden-line and I-band images and with a smaller Br-gamma infrared-array image of the central 500 pc. Results furnish evidence of circumnuclear pileup in M82, probably toroidal in form, which is dynamically linked to the central (bilobal) starburst and which is now collimating the subsequent eruptions and emergent radiation.

Waller, William H.↗
NASA NTRS1992

Correcting x ray spectra obtained from the AXAF VETA-I mirror calibration for pileup, continuum, background and deadtime

The VETA-I mirror was calibrated with the use of a collimated soft X-ray source produced by electron bombardment of various anode materials. The FWHM, effective area and encircled energy were measured with the use of proportional counters that were scanned with a set of circular apertures. The pulsers from the proportional counters were sent through a multichannel analyzer that produced a pulse height spectrum. In order to characterize the properties of the mirror at different discrete photon energies one desires to extract from the pulse height distribution only those photons that originated from the characteristic line emission of the X-ray target source. We have developed a code that fits a modeled spectrum to the observed X-ray data, extracts the counts that originated from the line emission, and estimates the error in these counts. The function that is fitted to the X-ray spectra includes a Prescott function for the resolution of the detector a second Prescott function for a pileup peak and a X-ray continuum function. The continuum component is determined by calculating the absorption of the target Bremsstrahlung through various filters correcting for the reflectivity of the mirror and convolving with the detector response.

Chartas, G.↗