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PdPt-TiO 2 nanowires: correlating composition, electronic effects and O-vacancies with activities towards water splitting and oxygen reduction

Here we report the optimization of both the support and the active phase of PdPt NPs supported on TiO 2 nanowires to obtain highly active electro/photocatalysts for the oxygen reduction and water splitting reactions. This system displayed strong metal-support interactions, high concentration of oxygen vacancies, and PdPt NP were ~2 nm in size. By optimizing the loading of PdPt, both the photo- and electrocatalytic activities were improved compared to commercial materials. Interestingly, a volcano plot was obtained from the activity and the PdPt composition, and the Pd 0.22 Pt 0.78 -TiO 2 /C sample afforded the optimal performance. For instance, the amount of hydrogen produced from water splitting was 11.6 mmol/g catalyst . For the ORR, the activity was similar to a commercial Pt catalyst, but a lower E onset (0.87 V RHE vs w 0.95 V RHE ) was detected. The variations in the activities with the composition correlated well with the variations in the electronic effects and the concentration of oxygen vacancies.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

Materials Data on PdPt by Materials Project

PtPd crystallizes in the trigonal R-3m space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are two inequivalent Pt2- sites. In the first Pt2- site, Pt2- is bonded to six equivalent Pt2- and six Pd2+ atoms to form a mixture of edge, corner, and face-sharing PtPd6Pt6 cuboctahedra. All Pt–Pt bond lengths are 2.79 Å. All Pt–Pd bond lengths are 2.80 Å. In the second Pt2- site, Pt2- is bonded to ten equivalent Pt2- and six Pd2+ atoms to form PtPd6Pt10 cuboctahedra that share corners with twelve PtPd6Pt6 cuboctahedra, edges with sixteen PtPd6Pt6 cuboctahedra, and faces with sixteen equivalent PtPd6Pt10 cuboctahedra. There are a spread of Pt–Pt bond distances ranging from 2.79–5.58 Å. All Pt–Pd bond lengths are 2.80 Å. There are three inequivalent Pd2+ sites. In the first Pd2+ site, Pd2+ is bonded in a distorted hexagonal planar geometry to six equivalent Pt2- atoms. In the second Pd2+ site, Pd2+ is bonded in a distorted hexagonal planar geometry to six Pt2- atoms. In the third Pd2+ site, Pd2+ is bonded in a distorted hexagonal planar geometry to six Pt2- atoms. All Pd–Pt bond lengths are 2.80 Å.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Materials Data on Sn2(PdPt)3 by Materials Project

Sn2(PtPd)3 crystallizes in the orthorhombic Pmmm space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are three inequivalent Pt sites. In the first Pt site, Pt is bonded to four equivalent Pt, four equivalent Pd, and four equivalent Sn atoms to form PtSn4Pd4Pt4 cuboctahedra that share corners with four equivalent PtSn4Pd4Pt4 cuboctahedra, corners with eight equivalent PdSn4Pd4Pt4 cuboctahedra, edges with eight equivalent PtSn4Pd8 cuboctahedra, edges with eight equivalent PdSn4Pd2Pt6 cuboctahedra, edges with eight equivalent SnPd6Pt6 cuboctahedra, faces with four equivalent SnPd6Pt6 cuboctahedra, faces with six PdSn4Pd2Pt6 cuboctahedra, and faces with eight PtSn4Pd4Pt4 cuboctahedra. All Pt–Pt bond lengths are 2.87 Å. All Pt–Pd bond lengths are 2.86 Å. All Pt–Sn bond lengths are 2.87 Å. In the second Pt site, Pt is bonded to eight Pd and four equivalent Sn atoms to form PtSn4Pd8 cuboctahedra that share corners with twelve PtSn4Pd8 cuboctahedra, edges with eight equivalent PtSn4Pd4Pt4 cuboctahedra, edges with eight equivalent PdSn4Pd2Pt6 cuboctahedra, edges with eight equivalent SnPd6Pt6 cuboctahedra, faces with four equivalent SnPd6Pt6 cuboctahedra, faces with six PtSn4Pd8 cuboctahedra, and faces with eight PdSn4Pd2Pt6 cuboctahedra. All Pt–Pd bond lengths are 2.87 Å. All Pt–Sn bond lengths are 2.85 Å. In the third Pt site, Pt is bonded to four equivalent Pt, four equivalent Pd, and four equivalent Sn atoms to form PtSn4Pd4Pt4 cuboctahedra that share corners with twelve PtSn4Pd8 cuboctahedra, edges with eight equivalent SnPd6Pt6 cuboctahedra, edges with sixteen PdSn4Pd2Pt6 cuboctahedra, faces with four equivalent PdSn4Pd2Pt6 cuboctahedra, faces with four equivalent SnPd6Pt6 cuboctahedra, and faces with ten PtSn4Pd4Pt4 cuboctahedra. All Pt–Pd bond lengths are 2.87 Å. All Pt–Sn bond lengths are 2.87 Å. There are two inequivalent Pd sites. In the first Pd site, Pd is bonded to six Pt, two equivalent Pd, and four equivalent Sn atoms to form PdSn4Pd2Pt6 cuboctahedra that share corners with twelve equivalent PdSn4Pd2Pt6 cuboctahedra, edges with four equivalent PdSn4Pd4Pt4 cuboctahedra, edges with eight equivalent SnPd6Pt6 cuboctahedra, edges with twelve PtSn4Pd4Pt4 cuboctahedra, faces with four equivalent SnPd6Pt6 cuboctahedra, faces with six PtSn4Pd4Pt4 cuboctahedra, and faces with eight PdSn4Pd2Pt6 cuboctahedra. Both Pd–Pd bond lengths are 2.86 Å. All Pd–Sn bond lengths are 2.87 Å. In the second Pd site, Pd is bonded to four equivalent Pt, four equivalent Pd, and four equivalent Sn atoms to form PdSn4Pd4Pt4 cuboctahedra that share corners with four equivalent PdSn4Pd4Pt4 cuboctahedra, corners with eight equivalent PtSn4Pd4Pt4 cuboctahedra, edges with eight equivalent PtSn4Pd4Pt4 cuboctahedra, edges with eight equivalent PdSn4Pd2Pt6 cuboctahedra, edges with eight equivalent SnPd6Pt6 cuboctahedra, faces with four equivalent SnPd6Pt6 cuboctahedra, faces with six PtSn4Pd4Pt4 cuboctahedra, and faces with eight PdSn4Pd2Pt6 cuboctahedra. All Pd–Sn bond lengths are 2.86 Å. Sn is bonded to six Pt and six Pd atoms to form SnPd6Pt6 cuboctahedra that share corners with twelve equivalent SnPd6Pt6 cuboctahedra, edges with twelve PtSn4Pd4Pt4 cuboctahedra, edges with twelve PdSn4Pd2Pt6 cuboctahedra, faces with six PtSn4Pd4Pt4 cuboctahedra, faces with six PdSn4Pd2Pt6 cuboctahedra, and faces with six equivalent SnPd6Pt6 cuboctahedra.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Mixed Oxygenate Conversion to Sustainable Aviation Fuel via Ketones Intermediate

This report describes our effort in developing Pd based bimetallic catalysts during Tandem ketone condensation-hydrogenation reaction. We have synthesized a series of bimetallic catalysts containing equimolar amount of Pd with various other 3d, 4d and 5d transition and coinage metals. The activity of theses bimetallic catalysts towards C=C and C=O hydrogenation was evaluated using mesityl oxide and 2-heptanone as model compounds. All these catalysts show much higher activity towards C=C hydrogenation compared to C=O hydrogenation at a given temperature and at different H2 pressure, indicated the higher intrinsic activity of Pd based bimetallic catalysts towards C=C hydrogenation. Alloy catalysts with Pd and other 4d and 5d metals such as PdRu, PdRh, PdPt and PdIr shows higher activity towards both C=C and C=O hydrogenation compared to baseline Pd catalyst as well as alloy catalysts containing Pd and 3d transition metals. Among the different Pd-3d metal alloy catalysts, the activity of the bimetallic catalysts depends on alloying transition metals. Although, PdRu, PdRh, PdPt and PdIr catalysts shows very high activity towards C=O hydrogenation of 2-heptanone, the same catalysts didn’t show any C=O hydrogenation when ?,?-unsaturated carbonyl compound such as mesityl oxide was used as the model substrate. Based on these results, it is evident that Pd based bimetallic catalysts are very selective to the C=C hydrogenation and their activity could be tuned by the judicious choice of the alloying elements. Although alloying with Ru, Rh and Pt shows significant rate enhancement in case of C=C hydrogenation reaction, higher cost of those metals prevents their usage in industry as it significantly increases the cost of the catalyst. Considering all the factors, we have identified PdZn as one of promising alternative of Pd catalyst as it shows comparable activity towards C=C hydrogenation and reduces the activity for C=O hydrogenation. Based on the electrochemical CO stripping, we unambiguously established the weaker bonding CO on the PdZn surface compared to pristine Pd and highlight the benefits of its usage due to higher CO tolerance.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗