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At least 19 records
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Pb(CO)4 by Materials Project

(C)2PbC2O4 crystallizes in the tetragonal I4_1/amd space group. The structure is three-dimensional and consists of four ethyne molecules and one PbC2O4 framework. In the PbC2O4 framework, Pb2+ is bonded to eight equivalent O2- atoms to form distorted edge-sharing PbO8 hexagonal bipyramids. There are four shorter (2.62 Å) and four longer (2.74 Å) Pb–O bond lengths. C+1.50+ is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to two equivalent O2- atoms. Both C–O bond lengths are 1.27 Å. O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to two equivalent Pb2+ and one C+1.50+ atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2024

La 4 Co 4 X ( X = Pb , Bi , Sb ) : A demonstration of antagonistic pairs as a route to quasi-low-dimensional ternary compounds

We outline how pairs of strongly immiscible elements, referred to here as antagonistic pairs, can be used to synthesize ternary compounds with low or quasi-reduced-dimensional motifs intrinsically built into their crystal structures. By identifying third elements that are mutually compatible with a given antagonistic pair, ternary compounds can be formed in which the third element segregates the immiscible atoms into spatially separated substructures. Quasi-low-dimensional structural units, such as sheets, chains, or clusters are a natural consequence of the immiscible atoms seeking to avoid close contact in the solid state. Further, as proof of principle, we present the discovery, crystal growth, and basic physical properties of La 4 ⁢Co 4 ⁢$\mathrm{X}$ (X = Pb, Bi, Sb), a family of intermetallic compounds based on the antagonistic pairs Co-Pb and Co-Bi. La 4 ⁢Co 4 ⁢$\mathrm{X}$ adopts an orthorhombic crystal structure (space group Pbam) containing quasi-two-dimensional Co slabs and La-X polyhedra that stack in an alternating manner along the α axis. Consistent with our proposal, the La atoms separate the Co and X substructures, ensuring there are no direct contacts between the members of the immiscible (antagonistic) pair. Within the Co slabs, the atoms occupy the vertices of corner sharing tetrahedra and triangles, and this bonding motif produces narrow electronic bands near the Fermi level that favor magnetism. The Co is moment bearing in each La 4 ⁢Co 4 $\mathrm{X}$ compound studied, and we show that whereas La 4 ⁢Co 4 ⁢Pb behaves as a three-dimensional antiferromagnet with T N =220K, La 4 ⁢Co 4 ⁢Bi and La 4⁢ Co 4 ⁢Sb have behavior consistent with low-dimensional magnetic coupling and ordering, with T N =153K and 143 K, respectively. In addition to the Pb-, Bi-, and Sb-based La 4 ⁢Co 4 ⁢$\mathrm{X}$ compounds, we also were likely able to produce an analogous La 4 ⁢Co 4 ⁢Sn in polycrystalline form, although we were unable to isolate single crystals. We anticipate that identifying and using mutually compatible third elements together with an antagonistic pair represents a generalizable design principle for discovering new materials and new structure types containing low-dimensional substructures.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2023

Prolonged Stability of Pb-Catalyzed CO 2 Electroreduction to Methyl Formate in Acidic Methanol

Electrochemical CO 2 reduction from renewable energy is a promising route to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions from waste sources while generating value-added products. CO 2 electroreduction in methanol is particularly interesting due to the increased CO 2 solubility compared to water and the propensity to form methyl formate, a product absent in aqueous electrolysis. Here, four factors have been identified as critical to achieving prolonged high selectivity for methyl formate production on a Pb cathode in methanol: high pH near the electrode, low bulk pH, low water content, and regeneration of Pb 2+ sites. Increasing concentration of the formic acid product was observed to induce a selectivity shift towards hydrogen, which was mitigated by the in-situ conversion of the formic acid to methyl formate via an esterification reaction. Furthermore, co-electrolysis of CO 2 with dilute molecular oxygen (4% O 2 ) led to Pb catalyst repair through in-situ surface oxidation. Using CO 2 and dilute O 2 along with single-pass catholyte flow to maintain a low formic acid concentration, sustained high selectivity for methyl formate was attained at ~60% faradaic efficiency at -20 mA cm -2 for over 72 hours.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Pr12Co6Pb by Materials Project

Pr12Co6Pb crystallizes in the cubic Im-3 space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Pr is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to three equivalent Co and one Pb atom. There are one shorter (2.83 Å) and two longer (2.97 Å) Pr–Co bond lengths. The Pr–Pb bond length is 3.70 Å. Co is bonded in a 7-coordinate geometry to six equivalent Pr and one Co atom. The Co–Co bond length is 2.26 Å. Pb is bonded in a cuboctahedral geometry to twelve equivalent Pr atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2025

Carbon Mineralization of Sulfate Wastes Containing Pb: Synchrotron Pb M3-Edge XANES Analysis of Simultaneous Heavy Metal and Carbon Sequestration

Sulfate wastes are produced in large quantities and contain toxic heavy metals such as lead (Pb), posing environmental risks. Because of favorable solubility differences, these wastes can be repurposed for engineered carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) sequestration. Understanding the fate and mobility of heavy metals during this process is important. This study focuses on Pb and the effect of zinc (Zn) on Pb in carbon mineralization. Synthesized gypsum was treated with a carbonate-rich solution at pH 11.5 to convert the sulfates to carbonates. Aqueous solutions and mineral solids were analyzed. Synchrotron-based micro-X-ray fluorescence and a novel application of Pb M3-edge X-ray absorption near-edge structure provided detailed insights into Pb distribution and mineral forms. Results showed significant reductions in aqueous Pb and Zn concentrations, indicating effective metal sequestration. Carbon mineralization transformed Pb from soluble anglesite (PbSO 4 ) into insoluble cerussite (PbCO 3 ) and hydrocerussite (Pb 3 (CO 3 ) 2 (OH) 2 ). Pb primarily precipitated onto calcium carbonate surfaces through surface-mediated precipitation reactions. While the presence of Zn modified crystallization dynamics, it did not impede Pb sequestration and potentially enhanced surface reactivity, facilitating greater Pb immobilization. These findings highlight carbon mineralization as a sustainable approach to immobilize toxic metals in sulfate wastes while advancing CO 2 sequestration efforts.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2022

Carbon Accumulation, Flux, and Fate in Stordalen Mire, a Permafrost Peatland in Transition

Abstract Stordalen Mire is a peatland in the discontinuous permafrost zone in arctic Sweden that exhibits a habitat gradient from permafrost palsa, to Sphagnum bog underlain by permafrost, to Eriophorum ‐dominated fully thawed fen. We used three independent approaches to evaluate the annual, multi‐decadal, and millennial apparent carbon accumulation rates (aCAR) across this gradient: seven years of direct semi‐continuous measurement of CO 2 and CH 4 exchange, and 21 core profiles for 210 Pb and 14 C peat dating. Year‐round chamber measurements indicated net carbon balance of −13 ± 8, −49 ± 15, and −91 ± 43 g C m −2 y −1 for the years 2012–2018 in palsa, bog, and fen, respectively. Methane emission offset 2%, 7%, and 17% of the CO 2 uptake rate across this gradient. Recent aCAR indicates higher C accumulation rates in surface peats in the palsa and bog compared to current CO 2 fluxes, but these assessments are more similar in the fen. aCAR increased from low millennial‐scale levels (17–29 g C m −2 y −1 ) to moderate aCAR of the past century (72–81 g C m −2 y −1 ) to higher recent aCAR of 90–147 g C m −2 y −1 . Recent permafrost collapse, greater inundation and vegetation response has made the landscape a stronger CO 2 sink, but this CO 2 sink is increasingly offset by rising CH 4 emissions, dominated by modern carbon as determined by 14 C. The higher CH 4 emissions result in higher net CO 2‐equivalent emissions, indicating that radiative forcing of this mire and similar permafrost ecosystems will exert a warming influence on future climate.

Holmes, M. E.↗
DOE OSTI2021

Highly efficient, rapid, and concurrent removal of toxic heavy metals by the novel 2D hybrid LDH–[Sn 2 S 6 ]

According to a United Nations report, by 2050 nearly six billion people worldwide will suffer from clean water scarcity. This is mostly because of the exponential proliferation of world population, urbanization, industrialization, and water pollution. Heavy metals are common water pollutants that can pose grave public health consequences. Existing water purification systems are lack of materials that have the potential for quick, simultaneous, efficient, and cost-efficient removal of numerous toxic metals from wastewater. Here, in this work, we report the design and synthesis of an economically viable Layered Double Hydroxides - Stannic Sulfide, LDH–[Sn 2 S 6 ] that exhibits a rapid, efficient, selective, and concurrent removal of Cu 2+ , Ag + , Cd 2+ , Pb 2+ , and Hg 2+ from parts per million (ppm) level to below 5 parts per billion (ppb) satisfying World Health Organization’s (WHO) safe drinking water limit. Moreover, LDH–[Sn 2 S 6 ] shows exceptionally high removal efficiencies of the above metals in acidic, neutral, and basic conditions. LDH–[Sn 2 S 6 ] also demonstrates enormous sorption capacities of 378, 978, 332, 579, and 666 mg/g for Cu 2+ , Ag + , Cd 2+ , Pb 2+ , and Hg 2+ , respectively. Remarkably, LDH–[Sn 2 S 6 ] displays extraordinary tolerance to the concentrations of Na + , Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , Cl - , CO 3 2– , NO 3 – ,and SO 4 2- , and other constituents in tap and river water, it efficiently sequestrates Cu 2+ , Ag + , Cd 2+ , Pb 2+ , and Hg 2+ from ppm to safe drinking water levels in minutes. LDH–[Sn 2 S 6 ] shows pseudo-second-order sorption kinetics suggesting chemisorption adsorption mechanism involving M–S bonding. Altogether, the regeneratable LDH–[Sn 2 S 6 ] becomes an exceptional material that shows ultrahigh removal, unprecedented selectivity, rapid adsorption kinetics, wide pH stability, and a massive adsorption capacity. The integration of these features places LDH–[Sn 2 S 6 ] at the top of all adsorbents known to date and thus could be used for wastewater purifications.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Co9Te5(PbO5)6 by Materials Project

Co9Te5(PbO5)6 is Marcasite-derived structured and crystallizes in the hexagonal P6_322 space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are four inequivalent Co+3.11+ sites. In the first Co+3.11+ site, Co+3.11+ is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to six O2- atoms. There are three shorter (2.03 Å) and three longer (2.29 Å) Co–O bond lengths. In the second Co+3.11+ site, Co+3.11+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form CoO6 octahedra that share corners with two equivalent TeO6 octahedra, edges with two equivalent TeO6 octahedra, and edges with three CoO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 50°. There are a spread of Co–O bond distances ranging from 2.10–2.13 Å. In the third Co+3.11+ site, Co+3.11+ is bonded to six equivalent O2- atoms to form CoO6 octahedra that share edges with three equivalent CoO6 octahedra and edges with three equivalent TeO6 octahedra. All Co–O bond lengths are 2.13 Å. In the fourth Co+3.11+ site, Co+3.11+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form CoO6 octahedra that share corners with two equivalent TeO6 octahedra, edges with two equivalent CoO6 octahedra, and edges with two equivalent TeO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 52°. There are a spread of Co–O bond distances ranging from 2.10–2.12 Å. There are two inequivalent Pb2+ sites. In the first Pb2+ site, Pb2+ is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to six O2- atoms. There are a spread of Pb–O bond distances ranging from 2.46–2.76 Å. In the second Pb2+ site, Pb2+ is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to four O2- atoms. There are two shorter (2.43 Å) and two longer (2.47 Å) Pb–O bond lengths. There are two inequivalent Te4+ sites. In the first Te4+ site, Te4+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form TeO6 octahedra that share corners with six CoO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 50–52°. There is three shorter (1.95 Å) and three longer (2.03 Å) Te–O bond length. In the second Te4+ site, Te4+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form TeO6 octahedra that share edges with five CoO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Te–O bond distances ranging from 1.96–1.98 Å. There are five inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to two Co+3.11+ and one Te4+ atom. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted rectangular see-saw-like geometry to two Co+3.11+, one Pb2+, and one Te4+ atom. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to two Co+3.11+, one Pb2+, and one Te4+ atom. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to two Co+3.11+, one Pb2+, and one Te4+ atom. In the fifth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to one Co+3.11+, two Pb2+, and one Te4+ atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on PrPb2 by Materials Project

PrPb2 crystallizes in the tetragonal I4_1/amd space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Pr is bonded in a 10-coordinate geometry to ten Pb atoms. There are a spread of Pr–Pb bond distances ranging from 3.36–3.70 Å. There are two inequivalent Pb sites. In the first Pb site, Pb is bonded in a distorted square co-planar geometry to four equivalent Pr atoms. In the second Pb site, Pb is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to six equivalent Pr atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on BaSrPb6 by Materials Project

BaSrPb6 crystallizes in the trigonal P3m1 space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are three inequivalent Ba sites. In the first Ba site, Ba is bonded to twelve Pb atoms to form BaPb12 cuboctahedra that share corners with six equivalent BaPb12 cuboctahedra, corners with six SrPb12 cuboctahedra, faces with three equivalent BaPb12 cuboctahedra, and faces with three equivalent SrPb12 cuboctahedra. There are nine shorter (3.64 Å) and three longer (3.65 Å) Ba–Pb bond lengths. In the second Ba site, Ba is bonded to twelve Pb atoms to form BaPb12 cuboctahedra that share corners with three equivalent SrPb12 cuboctahedra, corners with nine BaPb12 cuboctahedra, and faces with six SrPb12 cuboctahedra. There are a spread of Ba–Pb bond distances ranging from 3.63–3.65 Å. In the third Ba site, Ba is bonded to twelve Pb atoms to form BaPb12 cuboctahedra that share corners with nine BaPb12 cuboctahedra, faces with three equivalent BaPb12 cuboctahedra, and faces with four SrPb12 cuboctahedra. There are a spread of Ba–Pb bond distances ranging from 3.63–3.67 Å. There are three inequivalent Sr sites. In the first Sr site, Sr is bonded to twelve Pb atoms to form SrPb12 cuboctahedra that share corners with three equivalent BaPb12 cuboctahedra, corners with six equivalent SrPb12 cuboctahedra, a faceface with one SrPb12 cuboctahedra, and faces with six BaPb12 cuboctahedra. There are nine shorter (3.63 Å) and three longer (3.65 Å) Sr–Pb bond lengths. In the second Sr site, Sr is bonded to twelve Pb atoms to form SrPb12 cuboctahedra that share corners with three equivalent BaPb12 cuboctahedra, corners with six equivalent SrPb12 cuboctahedra, faces with three equivalent BaPb12 cuboctahedra, and faces with four SrPb12 cuboctahedra. There are nine shorter (3.63 Å) and three longer (3.65 Å) Sr–Pb bond lengths. In the third Sr site, Sr is bonded to twelve Pb atoms to form SrPb12 cuboctahedra that share corners with three equivalent BaPb12 cuboctahedra, corners with six equivalent SrPb12 cuboctahedra, faces with three equivalent SrPb12 cuboctahedra, and faces with four BaPb12 cuboctahedra. There are nine shorter (3.63 Å) and three longer (3.64 Å) Sr–Pb bond lengths. There are six inequivalent Pb sites. In the first Pb site, Pb is bonded in a distorted square co-planar geometry to three Ba and one Sr atom. In the second Pb site, Pb is bonded in a distorted square co-planar geometry to two Ba and two equivalent Sr atoms. In the third Pb site, Pb is bonded in a distorted square co-planar geometry to one Ba and three Sr atoms. In the fourth Pb site, Pb is bonded in a distorted square co-planar geometry to one Ba and three Sr atoms. In the fifth Pb site, Pb is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to three Ba and one Sr atom. In the sixth Pb site, Pb is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Ba and two Sr atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on CoH2PbN3O8 by Materials Project

CoPbH2O2(NO2)3 crystallizes in the monoclinic C2/c space group. The structure is zero-dimensional and consists of twenty-four nitrous acid molecules and four CoPbH2O2 clusters. In each CoPbH2O2 cluster, Co3+ is bonded in a distorted T-shaped geometry to three O2- atoms. There is one shorter (1.97 Å) and two longer (1.98 Å) Co–O bond length. Pb4+ is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to three O2- atoms. There are a spread of Pb–O bond distances ranging from 2.40–2.53 Å. There are two inequivalent H1+ sites. In the first H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O2- atom. The H–O bond length is 0.98 Å. In the second H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O2- atom. The H–O bond length is 0.98 Å. There are two inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to two equivalent Co3+, one Pb4+, and one H1+ atom. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one Co3+, two equivalent Pb4+, and one H1+ atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2022

Zinc speciation and desorption kinetics in a mining waste impacted tropical soil amended with phosphate

Mining is an important component of the Brazilian economy. However, it may also contribute to environmental problems such as the pollution of soils with zinc and other potentially toxic metals. Our objective was to evaluate changes in the chemical speciation and mobility of Zn in a soil amended with phosphate. Soil samples were collected from a deactivated mining area in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, and amended with NH 4 H 2 PO 4 saturated with deionized water to 70 % of maximum water retention and incubated at 25 ± 2 °C in open containers for 60 days. The soil was chemically and mineralogically characterized, and sequential extraction, desorption kinetics, and speciation were carried out using synchrotron bulk-sample and micro–X-ray Absorption Near-Edge Structure (XANES/μ-XANES) spectroscopy at the Zn K-edge, and X-ray fluorescence microprobe analysis (μ-XRF). The combination of μ-XRF and μ-XANES techniques made it possible to identify Zn hotspots in the main species formed after phosphate remediation. The best fit combination for bulk XANES and μ-XANES was observed in Zn-montmorillonite, Zn-kerolite, Zn-ferrihydrite, and gahnite. In the course of phosphate treatment, gahnite, Zn layered double hydroxides (Zn-LDH), Zn3(PO4), and ZnO were identified by bulk XANES, while Zn-ferrihydrite, Zn-montmorillonite, and scholzite were identified by μ-XANES. Zinc in the phosphate-amended soil had the strongest partial correlations (r' > 0.05) with Ni, Co, Fe, Cr, Mn, Si, P, Cd, Pb, and Cd, while the unamended soil showed the strongest correlation with Cu, Pb, Fe, and Si. The application of NH 4 H 2 PO 4 altered Zn speciation and favored an increase in Zn desorption. Here, the most available Zn contents after phosphate amendment were correlated with the release of exchangeable Zn fractions, associated with carbonate and organic matter.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on PrCoSbPbO6 by Materials Project

PrCoPbSbO6 is Orthorhombic Perovskite-derived structured and crystallizes in the monoclinic Pc space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Pr3+ is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to eight O2- atoms. There are a spread of Pr–O bond distances ranging from 2.41–2.89 Å. Co2+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form CoO6 octahedra that share corners with six equivalent SbO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 21–32°. There are a spread of Co–O bond distances ranging from 2.11–2.18 Å. Pb2+ is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to three O2- atoms. There are a spread of Pb–O bond distances ranging from 2.49–2.54 Å. Sb5+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form SbO6 octahedra that share corners with six equivalent CoO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 21–32°. There are a spread of Sb–O bond distances ranging from 2.01–2.04 Å. There are six inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to one Pr3+, one Co2+, and one Sb5+ atom. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Pr3+, one Co2+, one Pb2+, and one Sb5+ atom. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Pr3+, one Co2+, one Pb2+, and one Sb5+ atom. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to one Pr3+, one Co2+, and one Sb5+ atom. In the fifth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to one Pr3+, one Co2+, and one Sb5+ atom. In the sixth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to one Pr3+, one Co2+, one Pb2+, and one Sb5+ atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on PdPbO2 by Materials Project

PbPdO2 crystallizes in the orthorhombic Imma space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Pd2+ is bonded in a square co-planar geometry to four equivalent O2- atoms. All Pd–O bond lengths are 2.06 Å. Pb2+ is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to four equivalent O2- atoms. All Pb–O bond lengths are 2.38 Å. O2- is bonded to two equivalent Pd2+ and two equivalent Pb2+ atoms to form a mixture of corner and edge-sharing OPd2Pb2 tetrahedra.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on CuPbO2 by Materials Project

CuPbO2 crystallizes in the orthorhombic Imma space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Cu2+ is bonded in a square co-planar geometry to four equivalent O2- atoms. All Cu–O bond lengths are 1.96 Å. Pb2+ is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to four equivalent O2- atoms. All Pb–O bond lengths are 2.36 Å. O2- is bonded to two equivalent Cu2+ and two equivalent Pb2+ atoms to form a mixture of distorted edge and corner-sharing OCu2Pb2 tetrahedra.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on CuPb3(ClO2)2 by Materials Project

CuPb3(O2Cl)2 crystallizes in the monoclinic P2_1/m space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Cu2+ is bonded in a square co-planar geometry to four O2- atoms. All Cu–O bond lengths are 1.86 Å. There are three inequivalent Pb+2.67+ sites. In the first Pb+2.67+ site, Pb+2.67+ is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to four equivalent O2- and four Cl1- atoms. There are two shorter (2.31 Å) and two longer (2.33 Å) Pb–O bond lengths. There are a spread of Pb–Cl bond distances ranging from 3.33–3.42 Å. In the second Pb+2.67+ site, Pb+2.67+ is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to three O2- and four Cl1- atoms. There are two shorter (2.34 Å) and one longer (2.37 Å) Pb–O bond lengths. There are a spread of Pb–Cl bond distances ranging from 3.08–3.41 Å. In the third Pb+2.67+ site, Pb+2.67+ is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to three O2- and four Cl1- atoms. There are one shorter (2.39 Å) and two longer (2.41 Å) Pb–O bond lengths. There are a spread of Pb–Cl bond distances ranging from 3.24–3.35 Å. There are three inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded to four Pb+2.67+ atoms to form a mixture of edge and corner-sharing OPb4 tetrahedra. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal non-coplanar geometry to two equivalent Cu2+, one Pb+2.67+, and one Cl1- atom. The O–Cl bond length is 3.55 Å. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal non-coplanar geometry to two equivalent Cu2+, one Pb+2.67+, and one Cl1- atom. The O–Cl bond length is 3.51 Å. There are two inequivalent Cl1- sites. In the first Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to seven Pb+2.67+ and one O2- atom. In the second Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to five Pb+2.67+ and one O2- atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on BaPb3 by Materials Project

BaPb3 crystallizes in the trigonal R-3m space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are two inequivalent Ba sites. In the first Ba site, Ba is bonded to twelve Pb atoms to form a mixture of face and corner-sharing BaPb12 cuboctahedra. There are three shorter (3.72 Å) and nine longer (3.73 Å) Ba–Pb bond lengths. In the second Ba site, Ba is bonded to twelve Pb atoms to form a mixture of face and corner-sharing BaPb12 cuboctahedra. There are six shorter (3.72 Å) and six longer (3.77 Å) Ba–Pb bond lengths. There are two inequivalent Pb sites. In the first Pb site, Pb is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to four Ba and six Pb atoms. There are a spread of Pb–Pb bond distances ranging from 3.25–3.53 Å. In the second Pb site, Pb is bonded in a distorted square co-planar geometry to four Ba and four equivalent Pb atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
NASA NTRS2011

Use of Additives to Improve Performance of Methyl Butyrate-Based Lithium-Ion Electrolytes

This work addresses the need for robust rechargeable batteries that can operate well over a wide temperature range. To this end, a number of electrolyte formulations have been developed that incorporate the use of electrolyte additives to improve the high-temperature resilience, low-temperature power capability, and life characteristics of methyl butyrate-based electrolyte solutions. These electrolyte additives include mono-fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC), lithium oxalate, vinylene carbonate (VC), and lithium bis(oxalato)borate (LiBOB), which have been shown to result in improved high-temperature resilience of all carbonate-based electrolytes. Improved performance has been demonstrated of Li-ion cells with methyl butyrate-based electrolytes, including 1.20M LiPF6 in EC+EMC+MB (20:20:60 v/v %); 1.20M LiPF6 in EC+EMC+MB (20:20:60 v/v %) + 2% FEC; 1.20M LiPF6 in EC+EMC+MB (20:20:60 v/v %) + 4% FEC; 1.20M LiPF6 in EC+EMC+MB (20:20:60 v/v %) + lithium oxalate; 1.20M LiPF6 in EC+EMC+MB (20:20:60 v/v %) + 2% VC; and 1.20M LiPF6 in EC+EMC+MB (20:20:60 v/v %) + 0.10M LiBOB. These electrolytes have been shown to improve performance in MCMB-LiNiCoO2 and graphite-LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 experimental Li-ion cells. A number of LiPF6-based mixed carbonate electrolyte formulations have been developed that contain ester co-solvents, which have been optimized for operation at low temperature, while still providing reasonable performance at high temperature. For example, a number of ester co-solvents were investigated, including methyl propionate (MP), ethyl propionate (EP), methyl butyrate (MB), ethyl butyrate (EB), propyl butyrate (PB), and butyl butyrate (BB) in multi-component electrolytes of the following composition: 1.0M LiPF6 in ethylene carbonate (EC) + ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC) + X (20:60:20 v/v %) [where X = ester co-solvent]. ["Optimized Car bon ate and Ester-Based Li-Ion Electrolytes", NASA Tech Briefs, Vol. 32, No. 4 (April 2008), p. 56.] Focusing upon improved rate capability at low temperatures (i.e., 20 to 40 C), this approach was optimized further, resulting in the development of 1.20M LiPF6 in EC+EMC+MP (20:20:60 v/v %) and 1.20M LiPF6 in EC+EMC+EB (20:20:60 v/v %), which were demonstrated to operate well over a wide temperature range in MCMB-LiNiCoAlO2 and Li4Ti5O12(-)LiNiCoAlO2 prototype cells.

Smart, Marshall C.↗