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DOE OSTI2011

High-Current Effects in the PEP-II Storage Ring

The PEP-II B-Factory operated at peak and integrated luminosity several times the original design values. Its storage rings operated at world-record beam currents with bunch lengths of about 10 mm. Correspondingly significant heat load was imposed on the vacuum system, both due to synchrotron radiation and by energy loss into higher-order modes. The latter in turn would lead to local heating or discharges wherever such energy got absorbed. Over the course of PEP-II running we experienced numerous such effects, which lead to upgrade programs of significant scope. In the following we will describe the most significant of such effects and their mitigation: (1) Upgrades and repairs of RF seals and shields in both rings; (2) Redesign of overheating stripline kicker electrodes to withstand higher powers; and (3) Redesign and replacement of BPM buttons following failure.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2011

Dynamic Aperture and Tolerances for PEP-X Ultimate Storage Ring Design

A lattice for the PEP-X ultimate storage ring light source, having 11 pm-rad natural emittance at a beam energy of 4.5 GeV at zero current, using 90 m of damping wiggler and fitting into the existing 2.2-km PEP-II tunnel, has been recently designed. Such a low emittance lattice requires very strong sextupoles for chromaticity correction, which in turn introduce strong non-linear field effects that limit the beam dynamic aperture. In order to maximize the dynamic aperture we choose the cell phases to cancel the third and fourth order geometric resonances in each 8-cell arc. Four families of chromatic sextupoles and six families of geometric (or harmonic) sextupoles are added to correct the chromatic and amplitude-dependent tunes. To find the best settings of the ten sextupole families, we use a Multi-Objective Genetic Optimizer employing elegant to optimize the beam lifetime and dynamic aperture simultaneously. Then we evaluate dynamic aperture reduction caused by magnetic field multipole errors, magnet fabrication errors and misalignments. A sufficient dynamic aperture is obtained for injection, as well as workable beam lifetime.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2011

Lattice Design for PEP-X Ultimate Storage Ring Light Source

SLAC expertise in designing and operating high current storage rings and the availability of the 2.2-km PEP-II tunnel present an opportunity for building a next generation light source - PEP-X - that would replace the SPEAR3 storage ring in the future. The PEP-X 'baseline' design, with 164 pm-rad emittance at 4.5 GeV beam energy and a current of 1.5 A, was completed in 2010. As a next step, a so-called 'ultimate' PEP-X lattice, reducing the emittance to 11 pm-rad at zero current, has been designed. This emittance approaches the diffraction limited photon emittance for multi-keV photons, providing near maximum photon brightness and high coherence. It is achieved by using 7-bend achromat cells in the ring arcs and a 90-m damping wiggler in one of the 6 long straight sections. Details of the lattice design, dynamic aperture, and calculations of the intra-beam scattering effect and Touschek lifetime at a nominal 0.2 A current are presented. Accelerator-based light sources are in high demand for many experimental applications. The availability of the 2.2-km PEP-II tunnel at SLAC presents an opportunity for building a next generation light source - PEP-X - that would replace the existing SPEAR3 light source in the future. The PEP-X study started in 2008, and the 'baseline' design, yielding 164 pm-rad emittance at 4.5 GeV beam energy and a current of 1.5 A, was completed in 2010. This relatively conservative design can be built using existing technology. However, for a long term future, it is natural to investigate a more aggressive, so-called 'ultimate' ring design. The goal is to reduce the electron emittance in both x and y planes to near the diffraction limited photon emittance of 8 pm-rad at hard X-ray photon wavelength of 0.1 nm. This would provide a near maximum photon brightness and significant increase in photon coherence. This study was motivated by the advances in low emittance design at MAX-IV. The latter was used as a starting point for the PEP-X arc lattice, however new features were included into the design for better tuning capabilities and compensation of non-linear optics effects. Further emittance reduction is achieved with a 90-m damping wiggler. Finally, intra-beam scattering (IBS) and Touschek lifetime effects were estimated and cross-checked using various codes.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2011

Observation of the Baryonic B decay B0bar to Lambda_c^+ anti-Lambda K-

The authors report the observation of the baryonic B decay {bar B}{sup 0} {yields} {Lambda}{sub c}{sup +} {bar {Lambda}}K{sup -} with a significance larger than 7 standard deviations based on 471 x 10{sup 6} B{bar B} pairs collected with the BABAR detector at the PEP-II storage ring at SLAC. They measure the branching fraction for the decay {bar B}{sup 0} {yields} {Lambda}{sub c}{sup +} {bar {Lambda}}K{sup -} to be (3.8 {+-} 0.8{sub stat} {+-} 0.2{sub sys} {+-} 1.0 {sub {Lambda}{sub c}{sup +}}) x 10{sup -5}. The uncertainties are statistical, systematic, and due to the uncertainty in the {Lambda}{sub c}{sup +} branching fraction. They find that the {Lambda}{sub c}{sup +} K{sup -} invariant mass distribution shows an enhancement above 3.5 GeV/c{sup 2}.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2011

Lattice design and optimization for the PEP-X ultra low emittance storage ring at SLAC

SLAC is developing a long-range plan to transfer the evolving scientific programs at SSRL from the SPEAR3 light source to a much higher performing photon source. One of the possibilities is a new PEP-X 4.5 GeV storage ring that would be housed in the 2.2 km PEP-II tunnel. The PEP-X is designed to produce photon beams having brightness near 10{sup 22} (ph/s/mm{sup 2}/mrad{sup 2}/0.1% BW) at 10 keV with 3.5 m undulator at beam current of 1.5 A. This report presents an overview of the PEP-X baseline lattice design and describes the lattice optimization procedures in order to maximize the beam dynamic aperture. The complete report of PEP-X baseline design is published in SLAC report.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2011

An Orbit And Dispersion Correction Scheme for the PEP II

To achieve optimum luminosity in a storage ring it is vital to control the residual vertical dispersion. In the original PEP storage ring, a scheme to control the residual dispersion function was implemented using the ring orbit as the controlling element. The 'best' orbit not necessarily giving the lowest vertical dispersion. A similar scheme has been implemented in both the on-line control code and in the simulation code LEGO. The method involves finding the response matrices (sensitivity of orbit/dispersion at each Beam-Position-Monitor (BPM) to each orbit corrector) and solving in a least squares sense for minimum orbit, dispersion function or both. The optimum solution is usually a subset of the full least squares solution. A scheme of simultaneously correcting the orbits and dispersion has been implemented in the simulation code and on-line control system for PEP-II. The scheme is based on the eigenvector decomposition method. An important ingredient of the scheme is to choose the optimum eigenvectors that minimize the orbit, dispersion and corrector strength. Simulations indicate this to be a very effective way to control the vertical residual dispersion.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2011

Parameter Scaling and Practical Design of TME Lattice

It is a challenge to produce a practical design of an electron storage ring with a theorectical minimum emittance (TME) lattice of ultra low emittance, e.g. several pico-meters, due to the very strong focusing and extremely large natural chromaticity associated to these lattice designs. To help dealing with this challenge, it is requisite to scale the parameters and look for a best solution. In this paper, the parameter scaling is summarized, and it is argued that, with the lattice configuration with defocusing quadrupole closer to the dipole or just defocusing dipole, one can reach a good balance of the low emittance and relative small natural chromaticity, with phase advance per half cell below {pi}/2. The 10 pm TME lattice for PEP-X is shown at last as demonstration of the design procedure.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2011

Constants and Pseudo-Constants of Coupled Beam Motion in the PEP-II Rings

Constants of beam motion help as cross checks to analyze beam diagnostics and the modeling procedure. Pseudo-constants, like the betatron mismatch parameter or the coupling parameter det C, are constant till certain elements in the beam line change them. This can be used to visually find the non-desired changes, pinpointing errors compared with the model.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗