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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 19 records
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2013

HIGH-ENERGY PARTICLE COLLIDERS: PAST 20 YEARS, NEXT 20 YEARS, AND BEYOND

Particle colliders for high-energy physics have been in the forefront of scientific discoveries for more than half a century. The accelerator technology of the colliders has progressed immensely, while the beam energy, luminosity, facility size, and cost have grown by several orders of magnitude. The method of colliding beams has not fully exhausted its potential but has slowed down considerably in its progress. This paper briefly reviews the colliding beam method and the history of colliders, discusses the development of the method over the last two decades in detail, and examines near-term collider projects that are currently under development. The paper concludes with an attempt to look beyond the current horizon and to find what paradigm changes are necessary

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Conceptual Structural Design and Analysis of a 20 T Hybrid Cos Dipole for Future Particle Colliders

Here, to reach high collision energy for future high-energy particle colliders, like the Future Circular Collider (FCC) or the Muon Collider, it is required to achieve high field strength of the bending dipoles. Currently, the practical limit for Nb$_{\text{3}}$ Sn technology is around 16 T and, in order to further increase the magnetic field, the superconducting magnet community is considering High Temperature Superconductors (HTS), in particular Bi-2212 and REBCO conductors. However, their relevant higher cost has led the community to consider a hybrid approach where HTS materials are used in the high field region of the coils with so-called insert coils, and Low Temperature Superconductors are involved in the lower field part ($< $ 16 T) with so-called outsert coils. This paper describes the conceptual mechanical design of a 20 T hybrid cos$\theta$ dipole configuration. The high stress levels that the structure is facing due to the high magnetic field are discussed. Moreover, it presents the results of the optimization analysis of the shell-based support structure based on the key-and-bladder technology that provides the azimuthal pre-stress during room temperature assembly and cooldown to cryogenic temperatures. The aim of this work is to present a feasible design that satisfies the stress requirements.

D'Addazio, Marika [Politecnico di Torino (Italy); ↗
NASA NTRS1980

Tidal torques on infrequently colliding particle disks in binary systems and the truncation of the asteroid belt

Conditions leading to the truncation, at the 2:1 resonance, of a disk of infrequently colliding particles surrounding the primary of a binary system are studied numerically and analytically. Attention is given to the case in which the mass ratio, q, is sufficiently small (less than about 0.1) and the radius of the disk centered on the primary allowably larger, so that first-order orbit-orbit resonances between ring material and the secondary can lie within it. Collisions are found to be less frequent than q to the -2/3 power orbital periods (the period of the forced eccentricity at the 2:1 resonance), and truncation occurs and Kirkwood gaps are produced only if the particle eccentricity is less than some critical value, estimated to be of order q to the 5/9 power, or approximately 0.02 for the sun-Jupiter case having q equal to 10 to the -3rd power.

Franklin, F. A.↗
DOE OSTI2013

Single crystal niobium tubes for particle colliders accelerator cavities

The objective of this research project is to produce single crystal niobium (Nb) tubes for use as particle accelerator cavities for the Fermi laboratory’s International Linear Collider project. Single crystal Nb tubes may have superior performance compared to a polycrystalline tube because the absence of grain boundaries may permit the use of higher accelerating voltages.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2022

RF Technologies for Future Colliders

Particle colliders remain indispensable scientific instruments to discover and study new elementary particles and fundamental forces of nature. Whether the collider is a factory (used to improve precision of measuring properties of already discovered particles or to enable studies of rare decay channels), an energy frontier machine (aimed at discovering new particles and forces), a heavy ion collider (allowing studies of what the universe looked like in the early moments after its creation), or an electron-hadron collider (where electrons are used for probing heavy ions or protons to study the fundamental force binding all visible matter), the radio frequency technologies play a key role in enabling the machine to reach its goals. This article considers challenges presented to the radio frequency technologies by the next generation of particle colliders and reviews R&D approaches and directions to address these challenges.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2025

Experimental impact of jet fragmentation reference frames at particle colliders

In collider physics, the properties of hadronic jets are often measured as a function of their lab-frame momenta. However, jet fragmentation must occur in a particular rest frame defined by all color-connected particles. Since this frame may not be the lab frame, the fragmentation of a jet depends on the properties of its sibling objects. This non-factorizability of jets has consequences for experimental jet techniques such as jet tagging, boosted boson measurements, and searches for physics Beyond the Standard Model. In this paper, we will describe the effect and show its impact as predicted by simulation.

Fragmentation into hadrons↗
DOE OSTI2017

Search for heavy Majorana neutrinos in pp collisions at √s = 8 TeV with the CMS detector & photodetector and calorimeter R&D for particle colliders

This thesis contains both physics analysis and hardware studies. It consists of two primary sections: the results of a search for heavy Majorana mass neutrinos, using the event signature of same (like) sign charged electron pairs ($e^{\pm} e^{\pm}$ ) and two jets, and the results of studies to upgrade the Hadronic Forward (HF) and Hadronic Endcap (HE) subdetectors in the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) detector in response to the high intensity proton-proton collisions generated at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN, Conseil Europ\'{e}en pour la Recherche Nucl\'{e}aire). In this search for Majorana mass neutrinos, same sign dielectron ($e^{\pm} e^{\pm}$) + dijet events in the final state have been considered as a signature for neutrino particles. The analyzed data corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 19.7 fb\textsuperscript{-1} of proton-proton collisions at a center of mass energy of $\sqrt{s} = 8 \text{TeV}$, collected using the CMS detector during the 2012 operation at the LHC. Monte Carlo simulations accounting for the theoretical expectations of the Standard Model (SM) and the detector limitations are used to prototype the experiment and to test proposed analysis steps. No excess of events is observed in the data beyond the expected SM background. Upper limits are set on the mixing element squared, $|{V}_{eN}|^{2}$, of the heavy Majorana neutrino with standard model neutrinos, as a function of Majorana neutrino mass for masses in the range of 40-500 $GeV/c^2$. The detector upgrade search comprises three sections of this thesis. The first section describes the test results of 1785 multianode Hamamatsu R7600U-200-M4 photomultiplier tubes (PMT) in numerous parameters such as gain, dark current, and timing characteristics, which provide insights on the expected performance of the upgraded CMS-HF detector. These PMTs replaced the previous single anode R7525 PMTs because the glass windows of previous PMTs are the source of Cherenkov radiation, which causes a background noise in the experiment. The second section reports characterization results of two types of PMTs in a novel operation mode for Secondary Emission (SE) Ionization Calorimetry, which is a novel technique to measure electromagnetic shower particles in extreme radiation environments. The third section presents the test results of novel scintillating materials for CMS experiment in specific and future particle accelerators in general. These materials are Polyethylene Naphthalate (PEN), Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET), high efficiency mirror (HEM) and quartz plates with various organic and inorganic coating materials such as p-Terphenyl (pTp), Anthracene and Gallium-doped Zinc Oxide (ZnO:Ga). We have investigated them for radiation hardness, light yield, timing characteristics, and scintillation and transmission properties.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Pushing the Boundaries of Relativistic Fluid Dynamics: From Particle Colliders to Neutron Star Mergers

This project aimed at establishing connections between fluid dynamics, kinetic theory, and string theory to develop new tools to characterize the far-from-equilibrium properties of relativistic systems, which are instrumental in understanding the emergence of liquid-like behavior of the quark-gluon plasma formed in heavy-ion collisions. This project investigated the fundamental properties of viscous fluids in the full nonlinear regime to pave the way for the systematic inclusion of viscous effects in future numerical simulations of neutron star mergers.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2025

Analytical expression of a finite, long, conical canted-cosine-theta coil for particle collider interaction regions

Magnets in the accelerator interaction region (IR) present significant challenges because of high field requirements and limited available space. Conical-shaped magnets offer advantages in these environments by allowing closer placement to the interaction point while maintaining clearance from synchrotron radiation. Interestingly, numerical studies have shown that conical canted-cosine-theta (CCT) designs produce a constant field distribution along the axial direction in the IR quadrupoles for the Electron-Ion Collider (EIC) at Brookhaven National Laboratory. However, the field harmonics generated by conical CCT windings are not yet fully understood. This paper presents an analytical approach to describe the magnetic field produced by a conical surface current and proposes a method for designing conical CCT magnets for accelerator applications. First, we begin with a surface current sheet having a general cosine-theta distribution in spherical coordinates and solve the vector potential using the Green’s function. The magnetic fields generated by the conical current sheet are expressed using associated Legendre polynomials. These results are then related to circular field harmonics and integral field harmonics for designing a coil that produces a pure multipole field. Next, a single layer of the conical CCT winding path is produced based on the cosine-theta current distribution. Finally, the magnetic field quality of dipole and quadrupole conical CCT coils with multiple layers is verified using the Biot-Savart law.

Yang, Ye↗
DOE OSTI2020

Searching for long-lived particles beyond the Standard Model at the Large Hadron Collider

Particles beyond the Standard Model (SM) can generically have lifetimes that are long compared to SM particles at the weak scale. When produced at experiments such as the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN, these long-lived particles (LLPs) can decay far from the interaction vertex of the primary proton–proton collision. Such LLP signatures are distinct from those of promptly decaying particles that are targeted by the majority of searches for new physics at the LHC, often requiring customized techniques to identify, for example, significantly displaced decay vertices, tracks with atypical properties, and short track segments. Given their non-standard nature, a comprehensive overview of LLP signatures at the LHC is beneficial to ensure that possible avenues of the discovery of new physics are not overlooked. Here we report on the joint work of a community of theorists and experimentalists with the ATLAS, CMS, and LHCb experiments—as well as those working on dedicated experiments such as MoEDAL, milliQan, MATHUSLA, CODEX-b, and FASER—to survey the current state of LLP searches at the LHC, and to chart a path for the development of LLP searches into the future, both in the upcoming Run 3 and at the high-luminosity LHC. The work is organized around the current and future potential capabilities of LHC experiments to generally discover new LLPs, and takes a signature-based approach to surveying classes of models that give rise to LLPs rather than emphasizing any particular theory motivation. We develop a set of simplified models; assess the coverage of current searches; document known, often unexpected backgrounds; explore the capabilities of proposed detector upgrades; provide recommendations for the presentation of search results; and look towards the newest frontiers, namely high-multiplicity 'dark showers', highlighting opportunities for expanding the LHC reach for these signals.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2015

Crystal Ball: On the Future High Energy Colliders

High energy particle colliders have been in the forefront of particle physics for more than three decades. At present the near term US, European and international strategies of the particle physics community are centered on full exploitation of the physics potential of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) through its high-luminosity upgrade (HL-LHC). A number of next generation collider facilities have been proposed and are currently under consideration for the medium- and far-future of the accelerator-based high energy physics. In this paper we offer a uniform approach to evaluation of various accelerators based on the feasibility of their energy reach, performance reach and cost range. We briefly review such post-LHC options as linear e+e- colliders in Japan (ILC) or at CERN (CLIC), muon collider, and circular lepton or hadron colliders in China (CepC/SppC) and Europe (FCC). We conclude with a look into ultimate energy reach accelerators based on plasmas and crystals, and some perspectives for the far future of accelerator-based particle physics.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2015

On the Future High Energy Colliders

High energy particle colliders have been in the forefront of particle physics for more than three decades. At present the near term US, European and international strategies of the particle physics community are centered on full exploitation of the physics potential of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) through its high-luminosity upgrade (HL-LHC). A number of the next generation collider facilities have been proposed and are currently under consideration for the medium and far-future of accelerator-based high energy physics. In this paper we offer a uniform approach to evaluation of various accelerators based on the feasibility of their energy reach, performance potential and cost range.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Hadronic mono- W ' probes of dark matter at colliders

Particle collisions at the energy frontier can probe the nature of invisible dark matter via production in association with recoiling visible objects. We propose a new potential production mode, in which dark matter is produced by the decay of a heavy dark Higgs boson radiated from a heavy W' boson. In such a model, motivated by left-right symmetric theories, dark matter would not be pair produced in association with other recoiling objects due to its lack of direct coupling to quarks or gluons. We study the hadronic decay mode via W' → tb and estimate the LHC exclusion sensitivity at 95% confidence level to be 10 2 - 10 5 fb for W' boson masses between 250 and 1750 GeV.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗