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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 19 records
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2023

Testing of an Optical Fiber--Based Gamma Thermometer in the High Flux Isotope Reactor Gamma Irradiation Facility

This report describes the design, thermal modeling, and gamma irradiation testing of an optical fiber–based gamma thermometer (OFBGT), which was irradiated in the High Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR) Gamma Irradiation Facility (GIF). OFBGTs are a promising technology for application in nuclear reactors because they can provide a distributed measurement of gamma ray heating rate, unlike thermocouple-based gamma thermometers, which are fixed in-core sensors that can be used in boiling water reactors to calibrate local power range monitors. OFBGTs measure gamma ray heating rate by measuring the temperature difference between a pair of optical fibers; one fiber is in thermal contact with a heat sink (usually the reactor coolant), and the other is in thermal contact with a thermally isolated mass. The device can be calibrated with a heating wire within the thermal mass. The OFBGT that was designed and fabricated at Oak Ridge National Laboratory can measure distributed gamma ray heating rate over an effective measurement length of 61 cm, and the outer diameter of the sensor is 12.7 mm, giving the prototypical sensor design a relatively small footprint. The sensor housing is backfilled with Ar to ensure a well-predicted thermal response that is not affected by humidity or chemical interactions during operation. For calibration, the sensor design uses a Ni–Cr wire, which can be supplied with currents from 0 to 1 A to capture the wide range of potential gamma ray heating rates expected in HFIR’s spent fuel elements. The OFBGT was thermally modeled analytically and numerically; both models account for temperature-dependent thermal conductivities of the materials and show good agreement. The thermal response of the sensor inside spent HFIR fuel elements was simulated for times up to 1 year after discharge of the fuel element. Out-of-pile open-air tests indicated that the steady-state response of the sensor matches modeled results within experimental uncertainty. Calibration tests were performed using electrical heating in the HFIR spent fuel pool, above the fuel elements, to establish a relationship between the difference in spectral shift measured by optical fibers located inside and outside the OFBGT and the applied electrical heating. Subsequently, the OFBGT was placed within the the spent fuel element from HFIR cycle 501 to measure the spatial profile of the gamma heating rates. Results showed good agreement between the theoretical and measured gamma dose rate profiles, with maximum deviations of ~10% or less.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2026

Drone Flight Data Logs

This dataset represents the open-air tests for the drones when testing different flight scenarios. For some flights we created and tested with a set of onboard sensors. For others we used the native logs for the drones. We recorded relevant conditions for each of the flights to examine environmental issues and weight impacts. We also looked at segmentations of flights to investigate the energy used in each type of flight.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2026

MODEL DEVELOPMENT AND VERIFICATION OF A 1,350°C AIR RECEIVER TEST SYSTEM

Open-loop volumetric receivers work with air at atmospheric pressure and are suitable for single-cycle or multicycle power plants. A novel additively manufactured (AM) silicon carbide (SiC), ceramic matrix composite (CMC) volumetric receiver was developed that consisted of a lattice structure, which absorbs solar radiation and converts it into heat energy. Heat energy from the porous receiver was transferred to heated ambient air. The receiver acted as a convective heat exchanger, transferring heat to the fluid through convection. Engineering was facilitated to develop a high-temperature air receiver test bed at Sandia national Laboratories (SNL) capable of demonstrating a 50kWth open-loop volumetric SiC air receiver module developed by General Electric Aerospace Research (GE Aerospace). This paper presents the development of the high temperature AM SiC-CMC air receiver, the test bed, and the first testing operations of this device, which was experimentally demonstrated to achieve 1,350°C for over 3.5 hours of operation, based on input flux levels of 67–91 W/cm2 0.5-2.5 kg/s flow rates. From the test campaign results, based on the measured convective heat transfer to the airflow and bounded radiative-loss assumptions, the solar-thermal efficiency of HOTSSTAR test module was estimated to be approximately as high as 74% for representative test conditions.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2019

2019 Wireless Test Bed Range Manual

Idaho National Laboratory (INL), Next Generation Wireless Test Bed (NGWTB) program, is part of the Critical Infrastructure Protection (CIP) initiative. Our nation’s reliance on wireless and Internet technology is rapidly evolving as more corporations and government agencies, employees, and handheld devices include mobile connectivity for both voice and data. The competitive advantage offered by a mobile workforce is leading many corporations to make wireless integration and convergence a top business priority. Similarly, military systems worldwide are rapidly embracing next-generation commercial technologies to accelerate network-centric capabilities and provide enhanced situational awareness. While handheld devices such as laptops, BlackBerrys, and cell phones once had limited mobility and range, they are rapidly incorporating new and multiple protocols such as Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, Satellite, and broadband cellular (3G/4G) on a single platform to increase their effectiveness and agility. Worldwide there is exponential growth in public Wi-Fi and/or Satellite connectivity access nodes, and 3G/4G cellular continues to evolve and expand the range and speed of these devices. Additionally, critical infrastructure networks, previously isolated or connected with dedicated wireline circuits, are incorporating Zigbee for wireless sensor networks, wireless LANs for maintenance functions, and cellular or Internet based backhaul to manage control centers. Yet with all the build-up surrounding wireless technology, few understand the complexities surrounding wireless protocols and security, the risks of converged network infrastructures, need for interoperability of communication systems, or mitigation measures to safely use and improve new technologies in both commercial and military environments. With no single vendor source for all the telecommunications equipment needed for wireless infrastructure upgrades, and no one entity providing end-to-end testing or independent validation, the INL's NGWTB program fulfills a niche for facilitating integrated testing of multiple technologies, across multiple wireless domains, of next generation wireless telecommunications systems. NGWTB engineers and technicians have constructed and operate domain infrastructure in the Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN), Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN), Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks (WMAN), and Wireless Wide Area Networks (WWAN). Advantages that make the INL's NGWTB the place to conduct project and programmatic testing include: • NTIA Experimental Station authority • Geographically isolated and low-noise radio frequency (RF) test areas located on a 890 sm DOE reservation • Access to isolated high-speed LAN and FOT networks The rollout of next-generation networks will involve deploying new technologies at every level including new: handsets, frequencies, antenna arrays, cell configurations that are optimized for both data and voice, massive upgrade of cell controllers’ “land-line” phone links from low bandwidth connections to higher capacity fiber or wireless backhaul, and integration of voice switching and Internet/data network protocols (Voice-Over-IP, Web phones). These systems are expected to greatly transform our nation's communications infrastructure and the types of services it provides.

2G↗
DOE OSTI2019

INL WTB Overview Capabilities Future v14_040419

INL Wireless Test Bed Mission Provide highly-regarded cellular, wireless and communications technical expertise, systems and environment to enable: Test & Demonstrate full scale wireless systems and equipment With and without controlled interference Terrestrial, Subterranean and Airborne Demonstrate new & emerging wireless technologies Develop and Train to Tactics, Techniques and Procedures (TTPs) for wireless systems In a real world environment and configurations at real frequencies and real power levels to make informed decision State-of-the-Art INL WTB Assets and Capabilities Instrumentation: RF waveform analyzers, generators Protocol analyzers Noise generators for controlled interference Established Services & Processes: Spectrum approval & monitoring Safety, Medical, Fire, Security (physical) Resource management - personnel, networks, configuration control Secure, IP protected multi-user facility Broadband data access – entire INL Range Hardware prototyping, scientific labs Visitor – US citizen & foreign national

2G↗
DOE OSTI2020

Aerosol Envelope Sealing of New Residences

This project investigated the use of an aerosol-based sealing method to reduce air leakage of new homes in the United States. The process involves pressurizing the building while dispersing an aerosol sealant “fog” to the building interior. As air escapes the building through leaks in the envelope, the sealant particles are carried to the leaks where they make contact and stick, sealing the leaks. A standard blower door is used to facilitate the sealing process and to provide real-time feedback and a permanent record of the sealing. The technology is thus capable of simultaneously measuring, locating, and sealing leaks in a building automatically.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2024

Droning on to Delivery: Examining the Energy Impacts of Using Drones for Moving Goods

The demand for fast, localized delivery has grown significantly in recent years. Whether for cheesy snacks, prepared food, medical solutions, or business deliveries, fast and efficient delivery is increasingly a demand and differentiator. Drone delivery in the freight sector offers to revolutionize last-mile logistics and improve services. This research analyzes the impacts of drone energy for delivery operations, aiming to compare various types of drones (large and small, rotary and VTOL) and various types of business methods. The project executes novel open-air and laboratory-based testing to look at the impacts of weights, operations, temperatures and weather conditions. The study combines this real-world experimental data with fleet optimization mathematical models to assess energy consumption of different scenarios as well as examine the minimum fleet size and additional battery requirements. These fleet optimization models compare energy between types of deployments with existing delivery methods. The model was also extended to look at mixed fleets of aerial drones and ground vehicles to accommodate different restrictions on drones or when weather prohibits their use. The analysis provided insights into factors such as drone design, payload weight, flight distance, weather conditions and operational parameters and impacts of each. It showed how to combine different types of vehicles to reduce energy and improve services. And it showed that drone speed, routing restrictions, and unfavorable weather significantly influence energy consumption. Our open experiment data and optimization models can assist stakeholders and industry in understanding drone package delivery and offers keys to improving deployment.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2024

Mitigation for Removal of Building 01-202681 in the Main Storage Yard of the Area 1 Subdock, Nevada National Security Site, Nye County, Nevada

The Main Storage Yard was originally recorded as SHPO Resource No. S2772 in 2020 during an architectural survey of the Area 1 Subdock (Collins et al. 2022). It was recommended individually eligible for listing in the NRHP under Criteria A and C and as contributing to the significance of the potential Area 1 Subdock Historic District. The SHPO concurred with these determinations in a letter dated April 29, 2022 (Reed). The Main Storage Yard retains all seven aspects of integrity. The location, design, materials, workmanship, feeling, and association have not changed since the original construction. Since the purpose of the yard is to maintain storage equipment that is actively being used, the design and feeling will change each time equipment is moved. Such actions reinforce the integrity of design and feeling. Buildings 01-101 and 01-102 were removed (Collins and Menocal 2020), but the other buildings and storage yard remain. Therefore, the setting has been changed, but not to the degree that the Main Storage Yard no longer conveys its significance (see Figures 4 and 5 for comparison). The Main Storage Yard was designed to facilitate the relocation of the Area 3 Subdock to Area 1 in 1985. The design for the overall Subdock provided a centralized cluster of buildings surrounded by two large storage yards. While the North Storage Yard largely serves as overflow storage, the Main Storage Yard holds the majority of drill rigs and drilling equipment needed to support big hole drilling. The Main Storage Yard and its contents were essential elements of the nuclear testing drilling program on the NNSS thus making it eligible for the NRHP under Criterion A for its contribution to broad patterns of history by storing specially designed equipment for underground nuclear testing at the NNSS. It is also eligible under Criterion C as it is an engineered landscape that now serves as an open-air repository of drilling technology and nuclear testing. In addition to its individual significance, the Main Storage Yard also contributes to the significance of the Area 1 Subdock Historic District as it showcases a variety of big-hole drilling equipment, support facilities, and warehouses that were specially designed for nuclear testing at the NNSS. Despite the demolition of two contributing elements to date, the district still contains numerous examples of other facilities with the purpose of supporting big-hole drilling; therefore, the district still remains eligible under Criteria A and C.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2021

High Performance Air Breathing Flexible Lithium–Air Battery

Lithium–oxygen (Li–O 2 ) batteries possess the highest theoretical energy density (3500 Wh kg –1 ), which makes them attractive candidates for modern electronics and transportation applications. In this work, an inexpensive, flexible, and wearable Li–O 2 battery based on the bifunctional redox mediator of InBr 3 , MoS 2 cathode catalyst, and Fomblin-based oxygen permeable membrane that enable long-cycle-life operation of the battery in pure oxygen, dry air, and ambient air is designed, fabricated, and tested. The battery operates in ambient air with an open system air-breathing architecture and exhibits excellent cycling up to 240 at the high current density of 1 A g –1 with a relative humidity of 75%. The electrochemical performance of the battery including deep-discharge capacity, and rate capability remains almost identical after 1000 cycle in a bending fatigue test. Furthermore, this finding opens a new direction for utilizing high performance Li–O 2 batteries for applications in the field of flexible and wearable electronics.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2021

Behavior of an air-cooled thermosiphon during a non-air gas ingress event

Here, this study investigates the transient response of an air-cooled thermosiphon subjected to a sudden non-air gas ingress event. Results presented are from experimental testing conducted on a large-scale thermal hydraulic facility that examines heat removal performance of the Reactor Cavity Cooling System (RCCS) concept, a passive safety system for advanced nuclear reactors. Relying on buoyancy driven natural circulation flow, these systems feature a series of riser standpipes and coupled chimney network that provide a pathway for heat rejection to the atmosphere. In this work, the facility was modified to allow a transition of the draft intake from normal ambient air, to draft intake from an open-top volume containing high purity argon. Testing began by establishing normal operation and allowing the facility to reach steady-state thermal hydraulic flow conditions with natural air draft. The transitioned sequence was then initiated which simultaneously changed the inlet boundary from open air to a pathway from the quiescent argon volume. This event caused 1,200 cu-feet of the heavy gas, twice the internal volume of total facility flow path, to be drawn into the inlet plenum and ingress into the heated riser standpipes. With the upper chimney network still containing residual air, there was insufficient density difference to maintain buoyancy driven natural circulation. After a period of only 90 s past the ingress event, the facility experienced complete flow stagnation before entering an extended period of severely degraded system flow. Due to the cessation of bulk fluid movement and subsequent failure of its heat removal function, fluid and structural temperatures began to rise sharply. Re-circulation patterns developed within the multiple parallel riser standpipes, where hot gas near the outlets was observed to travel downward and re-enter the inlet of adjacent channels. After approximately 18-minutes, fluid temperatures and their associated density difference rose to a level sufficient to allow reestablishment of buoyancy driven system flow, and ultimately, recovery of facility operation to normal behavior.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2021

Volatile aldehyde emissions from “sub-ohm” vaping devices

"Sub-ohm" atomizers with reduced resistance can deliver more power than conventional electronic cigarettes. Typical battery outputs are 100 watts or more. These devices are particularly popular among young users, and can be a significant source of volatile carbonyls in the indoor environment. Emissions from next-generation sub-ohm vaping products were characterized by determining e-liquid consumption and volatile aldehydes emissions for several combinations of popular high-power configurations. Tests explored the effect of dilution air flow (air vent opening), puffing volume, and coil assembly configuration. The mass of liquid consumed per puff increased as the puff volume increased from 50 to 100 mL, then remained relatively constant for larger puff volumes up to 500 mL. This is likely due to mass transfer limitations at the wick and coil assembly, which reduced the vaporization rate at higher puff volumes. Carbonyl emission rates were systematically evaluated using a 0.15 Ω dual coil atomizer as a function of the puffing volume and dilution air flow, adjusted by setting the air vents to either 100% (fully open), 50%, 25%, or 0% (closed). The highest formaldehyde emissions were observed for the lowest puff volume (50 mL) when the vents 31 were closed (48 ng mg-1), opened at 25% (39 ng mg -1 ) and at 50% (32 ng mg -1 ).. By contrast, 50-mL puffs with 100% open vents, and puff volumes >100 mL for any vent aperture, generated formaldehyde yields of 20 ng mg -1 or lower, suggesting that a significant cooling effect resulted in limited carbonyl formation. Considering the effect of the coil resistance when operated at a voltage of 3.8 V, the amount of liquid evaporated per puff decreased as the resistance increased, in the order of 0.15 Ω > 0.25 Ω > 0.6 Ω consistent with decreasing aerosol temperatures measured at the mouthpiece. Three different configurations of 0.15 Ω coils (dual, quadruple and octuple) were evaluated, observing significant variability. No clear trend was found between carbonyl emission rates and coil resistance or configuration, with highest emissions corresponding to a 0.25 Ω dual coil atomizer. Carbonyl emission rates were compared with those determined using the same methodology for conventional e-cigarettes (lower power tank systems), observing overall lower yields for the sub-ohm devices.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2021

SIR Glass Test Vehicle Designed to Characterize Process Materials

The exposure to harsh environments can result in reliability issues on highly dense electronic packages and circuit assemblies. One area of concern is electrochemical failure mechanisms caused by electrolytic corrosion, electrochemical migration (dendrites), and leakage currents under humid conditions. These no-fault and no-trouble found failure points are challenging to detect and to perform process control during the assembly process. The focus of this research centers on metallizing glass surface insulation resistance test vehicles to characterize materials on electronic packages and components that exhibit the highest risk of failure due to material interactions and process residues. Glass test vehicles provide a visual representation of materials when they are exposed to moisture content in the air. Harsh environments can cause material interactions resulting in morphology changes, opening, and release of active components. A transparent test vehicle is highly functional for environmental stress testing under temperature, humidity, and bias. The designed experiment will evaluate the effects of material and process residues that can undergo changes in behavior during application, which leads to local failures.

Capen, Bill↗
DOE OSTI2025

IBPSA Project 2 BOPTEST: An update on the test cases available in the framework for testing advanced control strategies in buildings

Project 2 develops software infrastructure, test cases, and extensions for the Building Optimization Testing Framework (BOPTEST) to address the expanding needs of building and urban energy system controls through open international collaboration. This paper provides an overview of the new test cases available as of BOPTEST version 0.7.1. Each test case is developed using open-source Modelica libraries and Spawn of EnergyPlus, enabling the creation of high-fidelity building models that incorporate envelope dynamics, Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems, and explicit control representations. Currently, eight test cases are available, with five additional cases under development. These test cases cover a wide range of climates, building types, and HVAC systems. This paper compiles and summarizes test case descriptions, cites original manuscripts that developed them for a more detailed description, and reports baseline control performance metrics. Furthermore, two example applications are presented: one illustrating different levels of control, from supervisory to low-level, and another demonstrating how Model Predictive Control (MPC) solutions must be adapted from continuous to integer to control some building actuators.

Zanetti, Ettore↗
DOE OSTI2026

Ultra-High Operation Temperature SiC-matrix Solar Thermal Air Receiver (HOTSSTAR) enabled by additive manufacturing: Test Facility & Performance Evaluations

Solar Heat for Industrial Processes (SHIP) cavity receivers are capable of generating electricity or industrial process heat by absorbing thermal energy from solar radiation, focused on a small area. The concentration of solar radiation on the small area of the receiver enables the achievement of high temperatures (ranging from 400°C to 1,100°C) of a working fluid, thus making the SHIP technology thermodynamically comparable with conventional power plants. A volumetric receiver consists of a porous structure-generally made of silicon carbide or metal, which absorbs solar radiation and converts it into heat energy. Heat energy from the porous materials is then transferred to the fluid following through them. A volumetric receiver acts as a convective heat exchanger, transferring heat to the fluid through convection. Open-loop volumetric receivers work with air at atmospheric pressure and are suitable for single-cycle or multi-cycle energy plants. A Model Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) approach was used to develop a test bed at Sandia national Laboratories (SNL) capable of demonstrating an open-loop volumetric air receiver developed by General Electric Aerospace (GE Aerospace). This paper presents the development of the various MBSE methods, test bed, and testing operations for the GE air receiver, which was experimentally demonstrated to achieve 1,350°C for over 3 hours of operation and an approximate 70% receiver efficiency. By being able to achieve such high temperatures >1,000°C, this work provides the potential to support many SHIP industrial use cases.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2023

Implementation and test of an automated control hunting fault correction algorithm in a fault detection and diagnostics tool

Control hunting due to improper proportional–integral–derivative (PID) parameters in the building automation system (BAS) is one of the most common faults identified in commercial buildings. It can cause suboptimal performance and early failure of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) equipment. Commercial fault detection and diagnostics (FDD) software represents one of the fastest growing market segments in smart building technologies in the United States. Implementation of PID retuning procedures as an auto-correction algorithm and integration into FDD software has the potential to mitigate control hunting across a heterogeneous portfolio of buildings with different BAS in a scalable way. This paper presents the development, implementation, and field testing of an automated control hunting fault correction algorithm based on lambda tuning open-loop rules. The algorithm was developed in a commercial FDD software and successfully tested among nine variable air volume boxes in an office building in the United States. The paper shows the feasibility of using FDD tools to automatically correct control hunting faults, discusses scalability considerations, and proposes a path forward for the HVAC industry and academia to further improve this technology.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2019

Effective Electrode Edge Protection for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Drive Cycle Operation

Drive cycle (DC) tests employ rapid load cycling which will result in rapidly changing local operating conditions and consequently high non-uniform mechanical stress at the electrode perimeter. In order to better investigate the impact of electrode irregularities on the long-term behavior of the cell, it is necessary to exclude the edge effects of the membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs) as a failure mode. Therefore, an effective electrode edge protection technique using thin protective gaskets and a hot-pressing procedure was developed which dramatically prolonged lifetime. Open circuit voltage (OCV), air polarization curve, and hydrogen crossover limiting current density were monitored during the DC tests. For post-DC ex-situ analysis, an in-house developed pinhole detection apparatus was employed to analyze quantity, size, and location of the failure points of MEAs with and without edge protection. Non-protected MEAs typically developed tears at the electrode perimeter, while the longer-lasting protected MEAs exhibited seemingly random pinhole development.

30 DIRECT ENERGY CONVERSION↗
DOE OSTI2020

Certifying the Performance of Fixative Technologies under Open Air Demolition Activities for D and D - 20096

Department of Energy (DOE) facilities undergoing deactivation and decommissioning (D and D) activities struggle with safety concerns of residual radioactive contamination leftover after gross decontamination efforts have concluded. The positive effects of implementing fixative technologies for decommissioning and maintenance is known across the DOE complex. However, there is no standardized metric in place that quantifies the performance of these technologies such as incombustible fixative platforms that immobilize the contamination in a solid polymer material under normal operating conditions or when exposed to stressors. The primary focus of this research is to provide the empirical data necessary to properly characterize the effects of implementing fixative technologies on mitigating the release of contamination. In addition, this effort has been used to identify and establish uniform testing protocols to quantify operational parameters of fixating platforms and properly credit such systems under a variety of operational conditions and stressors that can arise during open air demolition efforts (e.g. impact, water, thermal, etc.). The established protocols will be provided to the ASTM International E10.03 Subcommittee on Radiological Protection for Decontamination and Decommissioning of Nuclear Facilities and Components for the potential of formal standardization. Attributes to be addressed during testing are material compromise from impact stress, thermal stress for incombustible fixative materials, and immobilization factors (how well an immobilizing platform is capable of retaining fixated material during thermal and impact stressors). In developing these test methods, a greater understanding of the material's behavior under anticipated and unanticipated events, such as decommissioning activities and contingency events as outlined in the Basis of Interim Operations (BIO), can be successfully characterized. There are several key components of the experimental methodology that is essential in empirically certifying fixative technologies. A surrogate contaminant with a unique signature has been utilized with the implementation of a uniform contamination process of test coupons that is quantifiable and replicable for direct fixative comparisons. A modular test chamber has also been used to apply the various stressors of interest. Collection of released contamination that includes airborne and resettled contaminant particles and analyzed using mass spectrometry. This research directly supports DOE complex-wide concerns in terms of final disposition of nuclear facilities and the considerations made during their time between ceasing facility operation and final disposition. The results of this effort aims to provide a standardized road map and logical decision flow to better facilitate fixative technologies into D and D activities required to achieve the desired facility end state. (authors)

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗