Engineering Papers⌕ Search

SEARCH · Engineering Papers

Results for “Observational methods”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 19 records
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2015

Observations on variational and projector Monte Carlo methods

Variational Monte Carlo and various projector Monte Carlo (PMC) methods are presented in a unified manner. Similarities and differences between the methods and choices made in designing the methods are discussed. Both methods where the Monte Carlo walk is performed in a discrete space and methods where it is performed in a continuous space are considered. It is pointed out that the usual prescription for importance sampling may not be advantageous depending on the particular quantum Monte Carlo method used and the observables of interest, so alternate prescriptions are presented. The nature of the sign problem is discussed for various versions of PMC methods. A prescription for an exact PMC method in real space, i.e., a method that does not make a fixed-node or similar approximation and does not have a finite basis error, is presented. This method is likely to be practical for systems with a small number of electrons. Approximate PMC methods that are applicable to larger systems and go beyond the fixed-node approximation are also discussed.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
NASA NTRS1993

Overview of the Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment II water vapor observations - Method, validation, and data characteristics

Results are presented of water vapor observations in the troposphere and stratosphere performed by the Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment II solar occultation instrument, and the analysis procedure, the instrument errors, and data characteristics are discussed. The results are compared with correlative in situ measurements and other satellite data. The features of the data set collected between 1985 and 1989 include an increase in middle- and upper-tropospheric water vapor during northern hemisphere summer and autumn; minimum water vapor values of 2.5-3 ppmv in the tropical lower stratosphere; slowly increasing water vapor values with altitude in the stratosphere, reaching 5-6 ppmv or greater near the stratopause; extratropical values with minimum profile amounts occurring above the conventionally defined tropopause; and higher extratropical than tropical water vapor values throughout the stratosphere except in locations of possible polar stratospheric clouds.

Rind, D.↗
DOE OSTI2017

SPITZER SECONDARY ECLIPSE DEPTHS WITH MULTIPLE INTRAPIXEL SENSITIVITY CORRECTION METHODS OBSERVATIONS OF WASP-13b, WASP-15b, WASP-16b, WASP-62b, AND HAT-P-22b

We measure the 4.5 μ m thermal emission of five transiting hot Jupiters, WASP-13b, WASP-15b, WASP-16b, WASP-62b, and HAT-P-22b using channel 2 of the Infrared Array Camera (IRAC) on the Spitzer Space Telescope . Significant intrapixel sensitivity variations in Spitzer IRAC data require careful correction in order to achieve precision on the order of several hundred parts per million (ppm) for the measurement of exoplanet secondary eclipses. We determine eclipse depths by first correcting the raw data using three independent data reduction methods. The Pixel Gain Map (PMAP), Nearest Neighbors (NNBR), and Pixel Level Decorrelation (PLD) each correct for the intrapixel sensitivity effect in Spitzer photometric time-series observations. The results from each methodology are compared against each other to establish if they reach a statistically equivalent result in every case and to evaluate their ability to minimize uncertainty in the measurement. We find that all three methods produce reliable results. For every planet examined here NNBR and PLD produce results that are in statistical agreement. However, the PMAP method appears to produce results in slight disagreement in cases where the stellar centroid is not kept consistently on the most well characterized area of the detector. We evaluate the ability of each method to reduce the scatter in the residuals as well as in the correlated noise in the corrected data. The NNBR and PLD methods consistently minimize both white and red noise levels and should be considered reliable and consistent. The planets in this study span equilibrium temperatures from 1100 to 2000 K and have brightness temperatures that require either high albedo or efficient recirculation. However, it is possible that other processes such as clouds or disequilibrium chemistry may also be responsible for producing these brightness temperatures.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2015

Crystal Growth of Four Oxovanadium(IV) Tartrates Prepared via a Mild Two-Step Hydrothermal Method: Observation of Spin-Dimer Behavior and Second Harmonic Generation

Here, four new oxovanadium(IV) tartrates, namely, A 2 [(VO) 2 (C 4 H 4 O 6 )(C 4 H 2 O 6 )(H 2 O) 2 ]·(H 2 O) 2 , where A = Cs, 1, Rb, 2; K 2 [(VO) 2 (C 4 H 2 O 6 ) 2 (H 2 O) 2 ]·(H 2 O) 2 , 3; and Na 2 [(VO) 2 (C 4 H 4 O 6 )(C 4 H 2 O 6 )(H 2 O) 7 ]·(H 2 O) 2 , 4, were prepared utilizing a two-step, mild hydrothermal route involving l-(+)-tartaric acid as the reducing agent. All four compounds were structurally characterized by single-crystal and powder X-ray diffraction methods and were found to crystallize in the non-centrosymmetric orthorhombic space groups P2 1 2 1 2 1 for 1, 2, and 4 and C222 1 for 3. The temperature dependence of the magnetic susceptibility of these compounds was measured, and 1, 2, and 4 were found to be paramagnetic down to 2 K, while 3 was found to exhibit spin-dimer behavior. Compounds 1, 2, and 3 were found to be second harmonic generation active. Furthermore, all compounds were characterized by IR and UV–vis spectroscopies.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2018

A Novel Auto-Scaling MPPT Algorithm based on Perturb and Observe Method for Photovoltaic Modules under Partial Shading Conditions

Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) controller is required in a solar photovoltaic (PV) system to deliver the maximum power to load from PV module. This paper proposes a novel stepped MPPT method to realize a simple MPPT controller, which can track the real maximum power point (RMPP) even under partial shading conditions. The proposed algorithm is started by scanning the characteristic curve of the PV modules to detect the global maximum power point and then the algorithm will be switched to the conventional P&O algorithm to track the true maximum power point. The obtained simulation results, using Power electronic simulation software (PSIM), are compared with those found using the P&O method to confirm the performance of our proposed MPPT method even under non-uniform solar irradiation.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
NASA NTRS2014

Wetware, Hardware, or Software Incapacitation: Observational Methods to Determine When Autonomy Should Assume Control

Control-theoretic modeling of human operator's dynamic behavior in manual control tasks has a long, rich history. There has been significant work on techniques used to identify the pilot model of a given structure. This research attempts to go beyond pilot identification based on experimental data to develop a predictor of pilot behavior. Two methods for pre-dicting pilot stick input during changing aircraft dynamics and deducing changes in pilot behavior are presented This approach may also have the capability to detect a change in a subject due to workload, engagement, etc., or the effects of changes in vehicle dynamics on the pilot. With this ability to detect changes in piloting behavior, the possibility now exists to mediate human adverse behaviors, hardware failures, and software anomalies with autono-my that may ameliorate these undesirable effects. However, appropriate timing of when au-tonomy should assume control is dependent on criticality of actions to safety, sensitivity of methods to accurately detect these adverse changes, and effects of changes in levels of auto-mation of the system as a whole.

Trujillo, Anna C.↗
DOE OSTI2015

DEVELOPMENT OF A METHOD FOR THE OBSERVATION OF LIGHTNING IN PROTOPLANETARY DISKS USING ION LINES

In this paper, we propose observational methods for detecting lightning in protoplanetary disks. We do so by calculating the critical electric field strength in the lightning matrix gas (LMG), the parts of the disk where the electric field is strong enough to cause lightning. That electric field accelerates multiple positive ion species to characteristic terminal velocities. In this paper, we present three distinct discharge models with corresponding critical electric fields. We simulate the position–velocity diagrams and the integrated emission maps for the models. We calculate the measure-of-sensitivity values for detection of the models and for distinguishing between the models. At the distance of TW Hya (54 pc), LMG that occupies 2π in azimuth and has 25 AU < r < 50 AU is detectable at 1200σ to 4000σ. The lower limits of the radii of 5σ-detectable LMG clumps are between 1.6 AU and 5.3 AU, depending on the models.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
NASA NTRS1972

Observations of the solar plasma using radio scattering and scintillation methods

Observations of the solar plasma using the interplanetary scintillation technique have been made at radial distances of 0.03 to 1.2 AU. The solar wind is found to be independent of ecliptic latitude and radial distance, except close to the sun where acceleration is observed. Plasma density irregularities on a scale near the proton gyro radius, which modulate the mean density by about 1 percent, are present throughout the observed range of radial distance.

Hewish, A.↗
NASA NTRS2002

Satellite and Model Analysis of the Atmospheric Moisture Budget in High Latitudes: High Resolution Precipitation Over Greenland Studied from Dynamic Method

Observations of precipitation over Greenland are limited. Direct precipitation measurements for the whole ice sheet are impractical, and those in the coastal region have substantial uncertainty but may be correctable with some effort. However, the analyzed wind, geopotential height and moisture fields are available for recent years, and the precipitation is retrievable from these fields by a dynamic method. Based on recent Greenland precipitation from dynamic studies, several deficiencies in the precipitation spatial distributions from these dynamic methods were evaluated by Bromwich et al.

Bromwich, David H.↗
NASA NTRS1997

Quadrature, Interpolation and Observability

Methods of interpolation and quadrature have been used for over 300 years. Improvements in the techniques have been made by many, most notably by Gauss, whose technique applied to polynomials is referred to as Gaussian Quadrature. Stieltjes extended Gauss's method to certain non-polynomial functions as early as 1884. Conditions that guarantee the existence of quadrature formulas for certain collections of functions were studied by Tchebycheff, and his work was extended by others. Today, a class of functions which satisfies these conditions is called a Tchebycheff System. This thesis contains the definition of a Tchebycheff System, along with the theorems, proofs, and definitions necessary to guarantee the existence of quadrature formulas for such systems. Solutions of discretely observable linear control systems are of particular interest, and observability with respect to a given output function is defined. The output function is written as a linear combination of a collection of orthonormal functions. Orthonormal functions are defined, and their properties are discussed. The technique for evaluating the coefficients in the output function involves evaluating the definite integral of functions which can be shown to form a Tchebycheff system. Therefore, quadrature formulas for these integrals exist, and in many cases are known. The technique given is useful in cases where the method of direct calculation is unstable. The condition number of a matrix is defined and shown to be an indication of the the degree to which perturbations in data affect the accuracy of the solution. In special cases, the number of data points required for direct calculation is the same as the number required by the method presented in this thesis. But the method is shown to require more data points in other cases. A lower bound for the number of data points required is given.

Hodges, Lucille McDaniel↗