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All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on OF3 by Materials Project

OF3OFF2 crystallizes in the triclinic P1 space group. The structure is zero-dimensional and consists of two hydrofluoric acid molecules, one hypofluorous acid molecule, and one OF3 cluster. In the OF3 cluster, O is bonded in a water-like geometry to three F atoms. There are a spread of O–F bond distances ranging from 1.42–2.00 Å. There are three inequivalent F sites. In the first F site, F is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one O atom. In the second F site, F is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O atom. In the third F site, F is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on V4(OF3)3 by Materials Project

V4(OF3)3 crystallizes in the triclinic P1 space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are eight inequivalent V+3.75+ sites. In the first V+3.75+ site, V+3.75+ is bonded to two O2- and four F1- atoms to form corner-sharing VO2F4 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 21–26°. There is one shorter (1.98 Å) and one longer (1.99 Å) V–O bond length. There is one shorter (1.95 Å) and three longer (1.96 Å) V–F bond length. In the second V+3.75+ site, V+3.75+ is bonded to one O2- and five F1- atoms to form corner-sharing VOF5 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 21–31°. The V–O bond length is 1.70 Å. There are a spread of V–F bond distances ranging from 1.94–2.02 Å. In the third V+3.75+ site, V+3.75+ is bonded to one O2- and five F1- atoms to form corner-sharing VOF5 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 21–32°. The V–O bond length is 1.67 Å. There are a spread of V–F bond distances ranging from 1.97–2.04 Å. In the fourth V+3.75+ site, V+3.75+ is bonded to two O2- and four F1- atoms to form corner-sharing VO2F4 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 21–31°. There is one shorter (1.93 Å) and one longer (1.97 Å) V–O bond length. There are a spread of V–F bond distances ranging from 1.96–2.01 Å. In the fifth V+3.75+ site, V+3.75+ is bonded to two O2- and four F1- atoms to form corner-sharing VO2F4 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 19–32°. There is one shorter (1.70 Å) and one longer (1.96 Å) V–O bond length. There are a spread of V–F bond distances ranging from 1.96–2.05 Å. In the sixth V+3.75+ site, V+3.75+ is bonded to one O2- and five F1- atoms to form corner-sharing VOF5 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 22–38°. The V–O bond length is 1.68 Å. There are a spread of V–F bond distances ranging from 1.95–2.05 Å. In the seventh V+3.75+ site, V+3.75+ is bonded to one O2- and five F1- atoms to form corner-sharing VOF5 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 22–38°. The V–O bond length is 1.67 Å. There are a spread of V–F bond distances ranging from 1.97–2.05 Å. In the eighth V+3.75+ site, V+3.75+ is bonded to two O2- and four F1- atoms to form corner-sharing VO2F4 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 19–30°. There is one shorter (1.69 Å) and one longer (1.96 Å) V–O bond length. There are a spread of V–F bond distances ranging from 1.95–2.06 Å. There are six inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 150 degrees geometry to two V+3.75+ atoms. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 150 degrees geometry to two V+3.75+ atoms. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to two V+3.75+ atoms. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 150 degrees geometry to two V+3.75+ atoms. In the fifth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 150 degrees geometry to two V+3.75+ atoms. In the sixth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 150 degrees geometry to two V+3.75+ atoms. There are eighteen inequivalent F1- sites. In the first F1- site, F1- is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to two V+3.75+ atoms. In the second F1- site, F1- is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to two V+3.75+ atoms. In the third F1- site, F1- is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to two V+3.75+ atoms. In the fourth F1- site, F1- is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to two V+3.75+ atoms. In the fifth F1- site, F1- is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to two V+3.75+ atoms. In the sixth F1- site, F1- is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to two V+3.75+ atoms. In the seventh F1- site, F1- is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to two V+3.75+ atoms. In the eighth F1- site, F1- is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to two V+3.75+ atoms. In the ninth F1- site, F1- is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to two V+3.75+ atoms. In the tenth F1- site, F1- is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to two V+3.75+ atoms. In the eleventh F1- site, F1- is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to two V+3.75+ atoms. In the twelfth F1- site, F1- is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to two V+3.75+ atoms. In the thirteenth F1- site, F1- is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to two V+3.75+ atoms. In the fourteenth F1- site, F1- is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to two V+3.75+ atoms. In the fifteenth F1- site, F1- is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to two V+3.75+ atoms. In the sixteenth F1- site, F1- is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to two V+3.75+ atoms. In the seventeenth F1- site, F1- is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to two V+3.75+ atoms. In the eighteenth F1- site, F1- is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to two V+3.75+ atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Li3V4(OF3)3 by Materials Project

Li3V4(OF3)3 crystallizes in the triclinic P1 space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are twelve inequivalent Li1+ sites. In the first Li1+ site, Li1+ is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to one O2- and two F1- atoms. The Li–O bond length is 2.28 Å. There is one shorter (1.71 Å) and one longer (1.85 Å) Li–F bond length. In the second Li1+ site, Li1+ is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to one O2- and three F1- atoms. The Li–O bond length is 1.45 Å. There are a spread of Li–F bond distances ranging from 1.87–2.42 Å. In the third Li1+ site, Li1+ is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to one V3+, one O2-, and three F1- atoms. The Li–V bond length is 2.15 Å. The Li–O bond length is 1.58 Å. There are one shorter (1.91 Å) and two longer (2.27 Å) Li–F bond lengths. In the fourth Li1+ site, Li1+ is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to one V3+, one O2-, and three F1- atoms. The Li–V bond length is 2.16 Å. The Li–O bond length is 1.57 Å. There are a spread of Li–F bond distances ranging from 1.91–2.30 Å. In the fifth Li1+ site, Li1+ is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to one O2- and three F1- atoms. The Li–O bond length is 1.45 Å. There are a spread of Li–F bond distances ranging from 1.82–2.46 Å. In the sixth Li1+ site, Li1+ is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to one V3+, one O2-, and three F1- atoms. The Li–V bond length is 2.16 Å. The Li–O bond length is 1.58 Å. There are one shorter (1.94 Å) and two longer (2.28 Å) Li–F bond lengths. In the seventh Li1+ site, Li1+ is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to one V3+, one O2-, and three F1- atoms. The Li–V bond length is 2.18 Å. The Li–O bond length is 1.70 Å. There are one shorter (2.04 Å) and two longer (2.18 Å) Li–F bond lengths. In the eighth Li1+ site, Li1+ is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to two F1- atoms. There is one shorter (1.69 Å) and one longer (1.81 Å) Li–F bond length. In the ninth Li1+ site, Li1+ is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to three F1- atoms. There are a spread of Li–F bond distances ranging from 1.72–2.49 Å. In the tenth Li1+ site, Li1+ is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to one O2- and three F1- atoms. The Li–O bond length is 1.43 Å. There are a spread of Li–F bond distances ranging from 1.92–2.45 Å. In the eleventh Li1+ site, Li1+ is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to three F1- atoms. There are a spread of Li–F bond distances ranging from 1.71–2.43 Å. In the twelfth Li1+ site, Li1+ is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to three F1- atoms. There are a spread of Li–F bond distances ranging from 1.72–2.46 Å. There are sixteen inequivalent V3+ sites. In the first V3+ site, V3+ is bonded in a distorted pentagonal bipyramidal geometry to one Li1+, one O2-, and five F1- atoms. The V–O bond length is 1.99 Å. There are a spread of V–F bond distances ranging from 1.92–2.63 Å. In the second V3+ site, V3+ is bonded in a distorted linear geometry to two F1- atoms. There is one shorter (1.20 Å) and one longer (1.26 Å) V–F bond length. In the third V3+ site, V3+ is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to two O2- and three F1- atoms. There is one shorter (1.95 Å) and one longer (2.02 Å) V–O bond length. There are a spread of V–F bond distances ranging from 1.83–2.52 Å. In the fourth V3+ site, V3+ is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to one Li1+, one O2-, and five F1- atoms. The V–O bond length is 2.00 Å. There are a spread of V–F bond distances ranging from 1.95–2.62 Å. In the fifth V3+ site, V3+ is bonded in a distorted bent 150 degrees geometry to one O2- and two F1- atoms. The V–O bond length is 2.52 Å. There is one shorter (1.21 Å) and one longer (1.22 Å) V–F bond length. In the sixth V3+ site, V3+ is bonded in a linear geometry to two F1- atoms. There is one shorter (1.20 Å) and one longer (1.22 Å) V–F bond length. In the seventh V3+ site, V3+ is bonded in a distorted linear geometry to two F1- atoms. There is one shorter (1.21 Å) and one longer (1.25 Å) V–F bond length. In the eighth V3+ site, V3+ is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to two O2- and three F1- atoms. There is one shorter (1.95 Å) and one longer (1.96 Å) V–O bond length. There are a spread of V–F bond distances ranging from 1.79–2.53 Å. In the ninth V3+ site, V3+ is bonded in a distorted bent 150 degrees geometry to two F1- atoms. There is one shorter (1.21 Å) and one longer (1.23 Å) V–F bond length. In the tenth V3+ site, V3+ is bonded in a linear geometry to two F1- atoms. There is one shorter (1.20 Å) and one longer (1.22 Å) V–F bond length. In the eleventh V3+ site, V3+ is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to one Li1+, one O2-, and five F1- atoms. The V–O bond length is 2.01 Å. There are a spread of V–F bond distances ranging from 1.92–2.61 Å. In the twelfth V3+ site, V3+ is bonded in a distorted linear geometry to two F1- atoms. There is one shorter (1.20 Å) and one longer (1.25 Å) V–F bond length. In the thirteenth V3+ site, V3+ is bonded in a distorted square co-planar geometry to two O2- and two F1- atoms. There is one shorter (1.92 Å) and one longer (2.05 Å) V–O bond length. There is one shorter (1.90 Å) and one longer (1.92 Å) V–F bond length. In the fourteenth V3+ site, V3+ is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to one Li1+, one O2-, and five F1- atoms. The V–O bond length is 2.00 Å. There are a spread of V–F bond distances ranging from 1.93–2.61 Å. In the fifteenth V3+ site, V3+ is bonded in a distorted linear geometry to two F1- atoms. There is one shorter (1.20 Å) and one longer (1.26 Å) V–F bond length. In the sixteenth V3+ site, V3+ is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to two O2- and three F1- atoms. There is one shorter (1.93 Å) and one longer (2.01 Å) V–O bond length. There are a spread of V–F bond distances ranging from 1.88–2.54 Å. There are twelve inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to one Li1+ and one V3+ atom. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to one V3+ and one F1- atom. The O–F bond length is 2.63 Å. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to one Li1+, one V3+, and one F1- atom. The O–F bond length is 2.76 Å. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to one Li1+ and two V3+ atoms. In the fifth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to one Li1+ and one V3+ atom. In the sixth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one V3+ atom. In the seventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to one Li1+ and one V3+ atom. In the eighth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to one Li1+, one V3+, and one F1- atom. The O–F bond length is 2.73 Å. In the ninth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to one Li1+ and one V3+ atom. In the tenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to one V3+ atom. In the eleventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to one Li1+ and one V3+ atom. In the twelfth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to one V3+ atom. There are thirty-six inequivalent F1- sites. In the first F1- site, F1- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to one Li1+ and two V3+ atoms. In the second F1- site, F1- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one Li1+ atom. In the third F1- site, F1- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one Li1+ and one V3+ atom. In the fourth F1- site, F1- is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to two V3+ atoms. In the fifth F1- site, F1- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to one Li1+ and two V3+ atoms. In the sixth F1- site, F1- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one Li1+ and one V3+ atom. In the seventh F1- site, F1- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one Li1+ and one V3+ atom. In the eighth F1- site, F1- is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to two Li1+ and one V3+ atom. In the ninth F1- site, F1- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to one Li1+ and two V3+ atoms. In the tenth F1- site, F1- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to one Li1+ and two V3+ atoms. In the eleventh F1- site, F1- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one Li1+ and one V3+ atom. In the twelfth F1- site, F1- is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to two V3+ atoms. In the thirteenth F1- site, F1- is bonded in a water-like geometry to two Li1+ atoms. In the fourteenth F1- site, F1- is bonded in a water-like geometry to two Li1+ atoms. In the fifteenth F1- site, F1- is bonded in a distorted trigonal non-coplanar geometry to one Li1+ and two V3+ atoms. In the sixteenth F1- site, F1- is bonded in a distorted trigonal non-coplanar geometry to one Li1+ and two V3+ atoms. In the seventeenth F1- site, F1- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one V3+ atom. In the eighteenth F1- site, F1- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one V3+ atom. In the nineteenth F1- site, F1- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one Li1+ and one V3+ atom. In the twentieth F1- site, F1- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one Li1+ and one V3+ atom. In the twenty-first F1- site, F1- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to one Li1+ and two V3+ atoms. In the twenty-second F1- site, F1- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to one Li1+ and two V3+ atoms. In the twenty-third F1- site, F1- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to one Li1+ and two V3+ atoms. In the twenty-fourth F1- site, F1- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to two Li1+ and one V3+ atom. In the twenty-fifth F1- site, F1- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one Li1+ and one V3+ atom. In the twenty-sixth F1- site, F1- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to two V3+ atoms. In the twenty-seventh F1- site, F1- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Li1+ and one F1- atom. The F–F bond length is 2.29 Å. In the twenty-eighth F1- site, F1- is bonded in a water-like geometry to two Li1+ atoms. In the twenty-ninth F1- site, F1- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to one Li1+ and two V3+ atoms. In the thirtieth F1- site, F1- is bonded in a distorted trigonal non-coplanar geometry to one Li1+ and two V3+ atoms. In the thirty-first F1- site, F1- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one V3+ atom. In the thirty-second F1- site, F1- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one V3+ atom. In the thirty-third F1- site, F1- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to one Li1+ and two V3+ atoms. In the thirty-fourth F1- site, F1- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to two Li1+, one V3+, three O2-, and one F1- atom. In the thirty-fifth F1- site, F1- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one Li1+ and one V3+ atom. In the thirty-sixth F1- site, F1- is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to two V3+ atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on SiH18C2N8(OF3)2 by Materials Project

(CN4H7)2SiF6(H2O)2 is alpha Pu-derived structured and crystallizes in the triclinic P-1 space group. The structure is zero-dimensional and consists of two aminoguanidinium molecules, two water molecules, and one SiF6 cluster. In the SiF6 cluster, Si4+ is bonded in an octahedral geometry to six F1- atoms. There is four shorter (1.72 Å) and two longer (1.73 Å) Si–F bond length. There are three inequivalent F1- sites. In the first F1- site, F1- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Si4+ atom. In the second F1- site, F1- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Si4+ atom. In the third F1- site, F1- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Si4+ atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on LiFe3(OF3)2 by Materials Project

Computed materials data using density functional theory calculations. These calculations determine the electronic structure of bulk materials by solving approximations to the Schrodinger equation. For more information, see https://materialsproject.org/docs/calculations

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on AsH5C2(OF3)2 by Materials Project

C2H5O2AsF6 crystallizes in the monoclinic P2_1/c space group. The structure is zero-dimensional and consists of four methoxymethanol molecules and four AsF6 clusters. In each AsF6 cluster, As3- is bonded in an octahedral geometry to six F1- atoms. There are a spread of As–F bond distances ranging from 1.76–1.79 Å. There are six inequivalent F1- sites. In the first F1- site, F1- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one As3- atom. In the second F1- site, F1- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one As3- atom. In the third F1- site, F1- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one As3- atom. In the fourth F1- site, F1- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one As3- atom. In the fifth F1- site, F1- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one As3- atom. In the sixth F1- site, F1- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one As3- atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on LiFe7(OF3)3 by Materials Project

Computed materials data using density functional theory calculations. These calculations determine the electronic structure of bulk materials by solving approximations to the Schrodinger equation. For more information, see https://materialsproject.org/docs/calculations

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
NASA NTRS2012

The High Resolution Microcalorimeter Soft X-Ray Spectrometer for the Astro-H Mission

We are developing the Soft X-Ray Spectrometer for the JAXA Astro-H mission. The instrument features a 5 eV, 36-pixel array of micro calorimeters designed for high spectral resolution from 0.3-12 keV at the focus of an x-ray mirror, providing a field of view of3 x 3 arcmin. The principal components of the spectrometer are the microcalorimeter detector system, a 3-stage ADR and dewar. The dewar is a long-life, hybrid design with a superfluid He cryostat, Joule-Thomson cooler, and Stirling coolers. We describe the present design of the SXS instrument and initial engineering model test results.

Kelley, Richard L.↗
NASA NTRS2012

Miniaturization of Planar Horn Motors

There is a great need for compact, efficient motors for driving various mechanisms including robots or mobility platforms. A study is currently underway to develop a new type of piezoelectric actuators with significantly more strength, low mass, small footprint, and efficiency. The actuators/motors utilize piezoelectric actuated horns which have a very high power density and high electromechanical conversion efficiency. The horns are fabricated using our recently developed novel pre-stress flexures that make them thermally stable and increases their coupling efficiency. The monolithic design and integrated flexures that pre-stresses the piezoelectric stack eliminates the use of stress bolt. This design allows embedding solid-state motors and actuators in any structure so that the only macroscopically moving parts are the rotor or the linear translator. The developed actuator uses a stack/horn actuation and has a Barth motor configuration, which potentially generates very large torque and speeds that do not require gearing. Finite element modeling and design tools were investigated to determine the requirements and operation parameters and the results were used to design and fabricate a motor. This new design offers a highly promising actuation mechanism that can potentially be miniaturized and integrated into systems and structures. It can be configured in many shapes to operate as multi-degrees of freedom and multi-dimensional motors/actuators including unidirectional, bidirectional, 2D and 3D. In this manuscript, we are reporting the experimental measurements from a bench top design and the results from the efforts to miniaturize the design using 2x2x2 mm piezoelectric stacks integrated into thin plates that are of the order of3 x 3x 0.2 cm.

horn actuation↗
NASA NTRS2021

Validation of Soil Moisture Data Products from the NASA SMAP Mission

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)Soil Moisture Active Passive(SMAP) mission has been validatingits soil moisture (SM) products since the start of data production onMarch 31, 2015. Prior to launch, the mission defined a set of criteria for core validation sites (CVS) that enable the testing of the key mission SM accuracy requirement(unbiased root-mean-square error <0.04 m3/m3). Thevalidation approach also includes other (“sparse network”) in situSM measurements, satellite SM products, model-based SM products, and field experiments. Over the past six years, the SMAP SM products have been analyzed with respect to thesereference data,and the analysis approaches themselves have been scrutinizedin an effort to best understand the products’ performance. Validation of themost recent SMAP Level 2 and 3 SMretrievalproducts (R17000) shows that the L-band (1.4 GHz) radiometer-based SM record continues to meet mission requirements. The products aregenerallyconsistentwith SM retrievals from the European Space Agency (ESA)Soil Moisture Ocean Salinity mission, althoughthere aredifferencesin some regions. The high-resolution (3-km) SM retrieval product,generated by combining Copernicus Sentinel-1 data with SMAP observations,performswithin expectations. Currently, however,there is limited availability of3-kmCVSdatato support extensive validation at this spatial scale. The most recent (version 5)SMAP Level4 SMdata assimilation productprovidingsurface and root-zone SM with complete spatio-temporal coverageat 9-km resolution also meets performance requirements. The SMAP SM validation program will continue throughout the mission life; futureplans include expanding ittoforestedand high-latituderegions

SMAP↗
NASA NTRS2020

InSight Robotic Arm Testing Activities for HP3 Mole Anomaly Recovery on Mars

The InSight lander’s Heat Flow and Physical Properties Package (HP3) was deployed on Mars in February 2019and began attempting to penetrate to its target depth range of3-5 meters shortly thereafter. However, the mole’s downwardprogress stopped after only 35 cm of penetration. In response,the project convened an Anomaly Response Team (ART) andsince then has been attempting to diagnose the problem andassist the mole using the tools available on Mars. The key assetused in this effort has been the Instrument Deployment System(IDS), which includes two cameras and a robotic InstrumentDeployment Arm (IDA). Since the IDS was originally intendedonly to deploy InSight’s primary instruments to the Martiansurface, new testbed setups, experiments, and operational protocols (e.g., command sequences) were required and had to bedeveloped on a short timeline. The HP3 Mole ART first focusedon gathering all observable data on Mars about the state ofthe mole and Support Structure Assembly (SSA), as well asthe physical properties of the Martian regolith. This includedusing the robotic arm to point the IDC at the SSA duringdiagnostic hammering attempts to observe motion of the SSAand science tether. Images taken during these attempts revealedsome motion of the SSA, but no apparent change in mole depth.At JPL, the IDS and Testbed teams re-created the hardwareconfiguration on Mars based on limited knowledge of the mole’sstate. They devised and tested techniques to use the roboticarm and cameras to accomplish previously untested activitieson Mars, including imaging the HP3, using the IDA to interactwith the terrain, and using the IDA to move the SSA awayfrom the partially-embedded mole. The team executed the morepromising techniques on Mars. After diagnostic hammering onMars, the team decided to move the SSA to gain visibility ofthe mole’s configuration and access to the soil around the mole.After developing the technique and practicing the maneuver inthe InSight testbed, the team lifted the SSA on Mars and placedit behind the mole. This revealed a pit surrounding the nowexposed mole, observations of which provided essential cluesfor determining the root cause of the mole’s lack of progress.The IDS and Testbed teams altered the testbed to match thesituation on Mars. They devised IDA techniques to determinethe Martian soil properties and assist the mole’s descent. Theytested these techniques in the testbed and executed the more978-1-7281-2734-7/20/$31.00 c 2021 IEEE. Copyright 2020 CaliforniaInstitute of Technology. U.S. Government sponsorship acknowledged.promising ones on Mars. These include using the robotic arm toalter the regolith near the mole and to push on the mole while ithammers. This paper discusses the anomaly resolution testing inthe testbed at JPL, describes how the IDS team prepared for theanomaly recovery activities on Mars, and provides preliminaryresults of the efforts to assist the HP3 mole on Mars.

Kim, Junggon↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Spaceflight-Induced Changes in Microbial Virulence and the Impact to the Host Immune Response

Many microbial pathogen shave repeatedly exhibited unexpected responses relevant to infectious disease when grown in microgravity and microgravity analogue environments, including changes in final cell concentration, biofilm production, stress resistance, antibiotic sensitivity, gene expression, host-pathogen interactions, and virulence. Notably, the classic foodborne pathogen Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium displayed increased virulence in animals when cultured in either the spaceflight analogue or true spaceflight environment. Recently, Serratia marcescens also was shown to increase virulence when cultured in the spaceflight environment. In parallel, astronaut studies have characterized a persistent spaceflight-induced dysregulation of the human immune system at multiple levels, which suggests an increased risk of infectious diseases. Moreover, astronauts have some degree of clinical infectious disease incidence. However, the contribution of the microgravity environment on host-pathogen interactions and potential for clinical disease remains understudied and poorly characterized. The goal of this study is to gain insight into the breadth of other medically significant microbial pathogens that may exhibit altered virulence and pathogenesis-related responses when cultured in space flight analogue conditions. Specifically, we are characterizing the effect of spaceflight analogue culture (Low Shear Modeled Microgravity/LSMMG) on microbial pathogenesis-related stress responses, in vitro host-pathogen interactions, gene expression, and virulence potential in animals using five important model bacterial pathogens, Salmonella enterica Enteritidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Burkholderia cepacia, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli. Herein, we present data from one of these pathogens, the foodborne bacterium, S. enterica Enteritidis, which is closely related to S. enterica Typhimurium. Phenotypes evaluated included growth profiles, environmental stress responses(acid, oxidative, bile, and thermal stresses),and in vitro colonization of3-D biomimetic cultures of human intestinal tissue containing immune cells. Transcriptomic profiling and virulence studies are ongoing. We show that S. Enteritidis exhibited key alterations in pathogenic responses to LSMMG culture that suggest increased infection risk, including several responses which were different from those observed in the closely related pathovar S. Typhimurium. This information will provide critical mechanistic insight into the potential impact of microgravity on alterations in microbial virulence and associated infectious disease risk to crew health during spaceflight missions.

C M Ott↗
NASA NTRS2024

Spaceflight-Induced Changes in Microbial Virulence and the Impact to the Host Immune Response

Many microbial pathogen shave repeatedly exhibited unexpected responses relevant to infectious disease when grown in microgravity and microgravity analogue environments, including changes in final cell concentration, biofilm production, stress resistance, antibiotic sensitivity, gene expression, host-pathogen interactions, and virulence. Notably, the classic foodborne pathogen Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium displayed increased virulence in animals when cultured in either the spaceflight analogue or true spaceflight environment. Recently, Serratia marcescens also was shown to increase virulence when cultured in the spaceflight environment. In parallel, astronaut studies have characterized a persistent spaceflight-induced dysregulation of the human immune system at multiple levels, which suggests an increased risk of infectious diseases. Moreover, astronauts have some degree of clinical infectious disease incidence. However, the contribution of the microgravity environment on host-pathogen interactions and potential for clinical disease remains understudied and poorly characterized. The goal of this study is to gain insight into the breadth of other medically significant microbial pathogens that may exhibit altered virulence and pathogenesis-related responses when cultured in space flight analogue conditions. Specifically, we are characterizing the effect of spaceflight analogue culture (Low Shear Modeled Microgravity/LSMMG) on microbial pathogenesis-related stress responses, in vitro host-pathogen interactions, gene expression, and virulence potential in animals using five important model bacterial pathogens, Salmonella enterica Enteritidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Burkholderia cepacia, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli. Herein, we present data from one of these pathogens, the foodborne bacterium, S. enterica Enteritidis, which is closely related to S. enterica Typhimurium. Phenotypes evaluated included growth profiles, environmental stress responses(acid, oxidative, bile, and thermal stresses),and in vitro colonization of3-D biomimetic cultures of human intestinal tissue containing immune cells. Transcriptomic profiling and virulence studies are ongoing. We show that S. Enteritidis exhibited key alterations in pathogenic responses to LSMMG culture that suggest increased infection risk, including several responses which were different from those observed in the closely related pathovar S. Typhimurium. This information will provide critical mechanistic insight into the potential impact of microgravity on alterations in microbial virulence and associated infectious disease risk to crew health during spaceflight missions.

C.M. Ott↗