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Effects of oxygen on the adsorption/oxidation of aqueous Sb(III) by Fe-loaded biochar: An X-ray absorption spectroscopy study

Fe-loaded biochar (FeBC) has been considered for Sb(III) adsorption, but the effects of oxygen (O 2 ) on the adsorption need further investigation. Liquid-/solid-phase analyses were conducted to investigate the role of O 2 in the Sb(III) adsorption by FeBC. The adsorption was best described by the pseudo-second-order (PSO) model for kinetic results and by the Langmuir model for thermodynamic results. More than 96.8 % of Sb(III) was adsorbed by FeBC, and available O 2 increased the liquid-phase Sb(III) oxidation efficiency by 2.1–7.5 times. The peak changes at ~1640 and 3450 cm -1 in FTIR spectra indicated the occurrence of inner-sphere complexation between Sb(III)/Sb(V) and hydroxyl (–OH)/carboxyl (–COOH) groups in FeBC under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Fe/Sb X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) analysis results showed aqueous Sb(III) complexed to the edge-sharing Fe(III)-O-Fe(III) in FeBC. Regardless of whether O 2 was available or not, solid-phase edge-sharing Fe(III)-O-Sb(V) complexes (~3.05 Å), which had lower toxicity and migration ability than aqueous Sb(III), formed through a ligand-to-metal charge-transfer (LMCT) process. More than 91 % of adsorbed Sb(III) was oxidized to edge-sharing Fe(III)-O-Sb(V) complexes in 3 h. Additionally, the Sb(V) from liquid-phase oxidation could also directly complex to the Fe(III)-O-Fe(III) and form edge-sharing Fe(III)-O-Sb(V) complexes. Here these results provide evidence to inform further FeBC application for the Sb-contaminated water treatment.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

Materials Data on SbO2 by Materials Project

SbO2 is Fluorite-like structured and crystallizes in the cubic Fd-3m space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are two inequivalent Sb sites. In the first Sb site, Sb is bonded in a body-centered cubic geometry to eight O atoms. There are six shorter (2.17 Å) and two longer (2.29 Å) Sb–O bond lengths. In the second Sb site, Sb is bonded in a body-centered cubic geometry to eight O atoms. There are two shorter (2.29 Å) and six longer (2.43 Å) Sb–O bond lengths. There are three inequivalent O sites. In the first O site, O is bonded to four equivalent Sb atoms to form a mixture of edge and corner-sharing OSb4 tetrahedra. In the second O site, O is bonded to four equivalent Sb atoms to form a mixture of edge and corner-sharing OSb4 tetrahedra. In the third O site, O is bonded to four Sb atoms to form a mixture of edge and corner-sharing OSb4 tetrahedra.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Materials Data on Sb2O5 by Materials Project

Sb2O5 crystallizes in the monoclinic C2/c space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Sb5+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form a mixture of edge and corner-sharing SbO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 43–54°. There are a spread of Sb–O bond distances ranging from 1.93–2.14 Å. There are three inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to two equivalent Sb5+ atoms. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 150 degrees geometry to two equivalent Sb5+ atoms. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to three equivalent Sb5+ atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Materials Data on Sb2O3 by Materials Project

Sb2O3 is diamond structured and crystallizes in the cubic Fd-3m space group. The structure is zero-dimensional and consists of eight tetraantimony hexaoxide molecules. Sb3+ is bonded in a distorted T-shaped geometry to three equivalent O2- atoms. All Sb–O bond lengths are 2.01 Å. O2- is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to two equivalent Sb3+ atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Materials Data on Sb2O3 by Materials Project

Sb2O3 is Antimony trioxide structured and crystallizes in the orthorhombic Pccn space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Sb3+ is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to five O2- atoms. There are a spread of Sb–O bond distances ranging from 2.02–2.63 Å. There are two inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to four equivalent Sb3+ atoms. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to three equivalent Sb3+ atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Materials Data on SbO2 by Materials Project

SbO2 crystallizes in the cubic Fd-3m space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Sb is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to six O atoms. There are three shorter (2.02 Å) and three longer (2.62 Å) Sb–O bond lengths. There are two inequivalent O sites. In the first O site, O is bonded to six equivalent Sb atoms to form edge-sharing OSb6 octahedra. In the second O site, O is bonded in a distorted bent 150 degrees geometry to two equivalent Sb atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Materials Data on SbO2 by Materials Project

SbO2 crystallizes in the orthorhombic Pna2_1 space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are two inequivalent Sb sites. In the first Sb site, Sb is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to five O atoms. There are a spread of Sb–O bond distances ranging from 2.07–2.60 Å. In the second Sb site, Sb is bonded to six O atoms to form corner-sharing SbO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 44–45°. There are a spread of Sb–O bond distances ranging from 1.98–2.05 Å. There are four inequivalent O sites. In the first O site, O is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to three Sb atoms. In the second O site, O is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to three Sb atoms. In the third O site, O is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to three Sb atoms. In the fourth O site, O is bonded in a distorted bent 150 degrees geometry to two equivalent Sb atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Materials Data on SbO2 by Materials Project

SbO2 crystallizes in the orthorhombic Pnna space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are two inequivalent Sb sites. In the first Sb site, Sb is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to six O atoms. There are a spread of Sb–O bond distances ranging from 2.07–2.71 Å. In the second Sb site, Sb is bonded to six O atoms to form corner-sharing SbO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 44°. There are a spread of Sb–O bond distances ranging from 1.99–2.04 Å. There are two inequivalent O sites. In the first O site, O is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to three Sb atoms. In the second O site, O is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to three Sb atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Materials Data on Sb2O3 by Materials Project

Sb2O3 crystallizes in the orthorhombic Pmmn space group. The structure is two-dimensional and consists of one Sb2O3 sheet oriented in the (0, 1, 0) direction. Sb3+ is bonded in a distorted see-saw-like geometry to four O2- atoms. There are a spread of Sb–O bond distances ranging from 2.02–2.50 Å. There are two inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal non-coplanar geometry to three equivalent Sb3+ atoms. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to two equivalent Sb3+ atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Materials Data on Sb2O5 by Materials Project

Sb2O5 crystallizes in the trigonal R-3m space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are two inequivalent Sb5+ sites. In the first Sb5+ site, Sb5+ is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to six O2- atoms. There are three shorter (2.13 Å) and three longer (2.72 Å) Sb–O bond lengths. In the second Sb5+ site, Sb5+ is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to six O2- atoms. There are three shorter (2.13 Å) and three longer (2.72 Å) Sb–O bond lengths. There are six inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded to six O2- atoms to form corner-sharing OO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 38°. All O–O bond lengths are 2.07 Å. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 150 degrees geometry to two Sb5+ and two equivalent O2- atoms. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded to six equivalent Sb5+ atoms to form distorted edge-sharing OSb6 octahedra. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded to six equivalent O2- atoms to form corner-sharing OO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 38°. All O–O bond lengths are 2.08 Å. In the fifth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 150 degrees geometry to two equivalent Sb5+ and two O2- atoms. In the sixth O2- site, O2- is bonded to six Sb5+ atoms to form distorted edge-sharing OSb6 octahedra.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Materials Data on Sb26O53 by Materials Project

Sb26O53 crystallizes in the triclinic P1 space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are twenty-six inequivalent Sb+4.08+ sites. In the first Sb+4.08+ site, Sb+4.08+ is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to five O2- atoms. There are a spread of Sb–O bond distances ranging from 2.05–2.67 Å. In the second Sb+4.08+ site, Sb+4.08+ is bonded to five O2- atoms to form distorted edge-sharing SbO5 trigonal bipyramids. There are a spread of Sb–O bond distances ranging from 1.92–1.98 Å. In the third Sb+4.08+ site, Sb+4.08+ is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to four O2- atoms. There are a spread of Sb–O bond distances ranging from 2.06–2.24 Å. In the fourth Sb+4.08+ site, Sb+4.08+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form corner-sharing SbO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 43–45°. There are a spread of Sb–O bond distances ranging from 2.01–2.04 Å. In the fifth Sb+4.08+ site, Sb+4.08+ is bonded in a distorted rectangular see-saw-like geometry to four O2- atoms. There are a spread of Sb–O bond distances ranging from 2.05–2.26 Å. In the sixth Sb+4.08+ site, Sb+4.08+ is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to five O2- atoms. There are a spread of Sb–O bond distances ranging from 2.03–2.67 Å. In the seventh Sb+4.08+ site, Sb+4.08+ is bonded in a distorted rectangular see-saw-like geometry to four O2- atoms. There are two shorter (2.07 Å) and two longer (2.23 Å) Sb–O bond lengths. In the eighth Sb+4.08+ site, Sb+4.08+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form corner-sharing SbO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 44–45°. There are a spread of Sb–O bond distances ranging from 2.01–2.04 Å. In the ninth Sb+4.08+ site, Sb+4.08+ is bonded in a distorted rectangular see-saw-like geometry to four O2- atoms. There are a spread of Sb–O bond distances ranging from 2.06–2.24 Å. In the tenth Sb+4.08+ site, Sb+4.08+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form corner-sharing SbO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 43–45°. There are a spread of Sb–O bond distances ranging from 2.00–2.05 Å. In the eleventh Sb+4.08+ site, Sb+4.08+ is bonded in a distorted rectangular see-saw-like geometry to four O2- atoms. There are a spread of Sb–O bond distances ranging from 2.07–2.24 Å. In the twelfth Sb+4.08+ site, Sb+4.08+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form corner-sharing SbO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 44–45°. There are a spread of Sb–O bond distances ranging from 2.01–2.03 Å. In the thirteenth Sb+4.08+ site, Sb+4.08+ is bonded in a distorted rectangular see-saw-like geometry to four O2- atoms. There are a spread of Sb–O bond distances ranging from 2.07–2.25 Å. In the fourteenth Sb+4.08+ site, Sb+4.08+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form corner-sharing SbO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 44–45°. There are four shorter (2.01 Å) and two longer (2.05 Å) Sb–O bond lengths. In the fifteenth Sb+4.08+ site, Sb+4.08+ is bonded in a distorted rectangular see-saw-like geometry to four O2- atoms. There are a spread of Sb–O bond distances ranging from 2.05–2.30 Å. In the sixteenth Sb+4.08+ site, Sb+4.08+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form corner-sharing SbO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 44–45°. There are a spread of Sb–O bond distances ranging from 2.01–2.03 Å. In the seventeenth Sb+4.08+ site, Sb+4.08+ is bonded in a distorted rectangular see-saw-like geometry to four O2- atoms. There are a spread of Sb–O bond distances ranging from 2.06–2.25 Å. In the eighteenth Sb+4.08+ site, Sb+4.08+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form corner-sharing SbO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 44–45°. There are four shorter (2.01 Å) and two longer (2.05 Å) Sb–O bond lengths. In the nineteenth Sb+4.08+ site, Sb+4.08+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form corner-sharing SbO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 41–52°. There are a spread of Sb–O bond distances ranging from 1.97–2.08 Å. In the twentieth Sb+4.08+ site, Sb+4.08+ is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to four O2- atoms. There are a spread of Sb–O bond distances ranging from 2.06–2.27 Å. In the twenty-first Sb+4.08+ site, Sb+4.08+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form corner-sharing SbO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 44–45°. There are a spread of Sb–O bond distances ranging from 2.00–2.05 Å. In the twenty-second Sb+4.08+ site, Sb+4.08+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form distorted corner-sharing SbO4 trigonal pyramids. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 26–68°. There are a spread of Sb–O bond distances ranging from 1.99–2.26 Å. In the twenty-third Sb+4.08+ site, Sb+4.08+ is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to five O2- atoms. There are a spread of Sb–O bond distances ranging from 1.94–2.13 Å. In the twenty-fourth Sb+4.08+ site, Sb+4.08+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form corner-sharing SbO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 41–52°. There are a spread of Sb–O bond distances ranging from 1.97–2.15 Å. In the twenty-fifth Sb+4.08+ site, Sb+4.08+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form SbO6 octahedra that share corners with two equivalent SbO4 trigonal pyramids and an edgeedge with one SbO5 trigonal bipyramid. There are a spread of Sb–O bond distances ranging from 1.96–2.15 Å. In the twenty-sixth Sb+4.08+ site, Sb+4.08+ is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to five O2- atoms. There are a spread of Sb–O bond distances ranging from 2.01–2.74 Å. There are fifty-three inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to three Sb+4.08+ atoms. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to three Sb+4.08+ atoms. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to three Sb+4.08+ atoms. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to three Sb+4.08+ atoms. In the fifth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 150 degrees geometry to two Sb+4.08+ atoms. In the sixth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to three Sb+4.08+ atoms. In the seventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to two Sb+4.08+ atoms. In the eighth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 150 degrees geometry to two Sb+4.08+ atoms. In the ninth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a water-like geometry to two Sb+4.08+ atoms. In the tenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to three Sb+4.08+ atoms. In the eleventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to three Sb+4.08+ atoms. In the twelfth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to two Sb+4.08+ and one O2- atom. The O–O bond length is 1.46 Å. In the thirteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 150 degrees geometry to two Sb+4.08+ atoms. In the fourteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to three Sb+4.08+ atoms. In the fifteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 150 degrees geometry to two Sb+4.08+ atoms. In the sixteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 150 degrees geometry to two Sb+4.08+ atoms. In the seventeenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to three Sb+4.08+ atoms. In the eighteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 150 degrees geometry to two Sb+4.08+ atoms. In the nineteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to three Sb+4.08+ atoms. In the twentieth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to three Sb+4.08+ atoms. In the twenty-first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 150 degrees geometry to two Sb+4.08+ atoms. In the twenty-second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to three Sb+4.08+ atoms. In the twenty-third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 150 degrees geometry to two Sb+4.08+ atoms. In the twenty-fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 150 degrees geometry to two Sb+4.08+ atoms. In the twenty-fifth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to three Sb+4.08+ atoms. In the twenty-sixth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 150 degrees geometry to two Sb+4.08+ atoms. In the twenty-seventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to three Sb+4.08+ atoms. In the twenty-eighth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to three Sb+4.08+ atoms. In the twenty-ninth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 150 degrees geometry to two Sb+4.08+ atoms. In the thirtieth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to three Sb+4.08+ atoms. In the thirty-first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 150 degrees geometry to two Sb+4.08+ atoms. In the thirty-second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 150 degrees geometry to two Sb+4.08+ atoms. In the thirty-third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to three Sb+4.08+ atoms. In the thirty-fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 150 degrees geometry to two Sb+4.08+ atoms. In the thirty-fifth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a water-like geometry to two Sb+4.08+ atoms. In the thirty-sixth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to three Sb+4.08+ atoms. In the thirty-seventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to two Sb+4.08+ atoms. In the thirty-eighth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to two Sb+4.08+ atoms. In the thirty-ninth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 150 degrees geometry to two Sb+4.08+ atoms. In the fortieth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to two Sb+4.08+ atoms. In the forty-first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to three Sb+4.08+ atoms. In the forty-second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 150 degrees geometry to two Sb+4.08+ atoms. In the forty-third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to one Sb+4.08+ and one O2- atom. In the forty-fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to three Sb+4.08+ atoms. In the forty-fifth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 150 degrees geometry to three Sb+4.08+ atoms. In the forty-sixth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal non-coplanar geometry to three Sb+4.08+ atoms. In the forty-seventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to three Sb+4.08+ atoms. In the forty-eighth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 150 degrees geometry to two Sb+4.08+ atoms. In the forty-ninth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to three Sb+4.08+ atoms. In the fiftieth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a trigonal non-coplanar geometry to three Sb+4.08+ atoms. In the fifty-first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a water-like geometry to two Sb+4.08+ atoms. In the fifty-second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a water-like geometry to two Sb+4.08+ atoms. In the fifty-third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to three Sb+4.08+ atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Materials Data on SbO2 by Materials Project

SbO2 is Cyanogen Chloride-derived structured and crystallizes in the hexagonal P6_3/mmc space group. The structure is zero-dimensional and consists of two antimony;dihydrate molecules. Sb is bonded in a linear geometry to two equivalent O atoms. Both Sb–O bond lengths are 1.87 Å. O is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Sb atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Materials Data on SbO2 by Materials Project

SbO2 crystallizes in the trigonal R-3m space group. The structure is two-dimensional and consists of three SbO2 sheets oriented in the (0, 0, 1) direction. Sb is bonded to six equivalent O atoms to form distorted edge-sharing SbO6 octahedra. All Sb–O bond lengths are 2.19 Å. O is bonded in a trigonal non-coplanar geometry to three equivalent Sb atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Materials Data on Sb2O5 by Materials Project

Sb2O5 crystallizes in the orthorhombic Pbam space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Sb5+ is bonded to five O2- atoms to form distorted corner-sharing SbO5 trigonal bipyramids. There are a spread of Sb–O bond distances ranging from 1.92–2.01 Å. There are three inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to two equivalent Sb5+ atoms. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to two equivalent Sb5+ atoms. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a linear geometry to two equivalent Sb5+ atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Materials Data on SbO2 by Materials Project

SbO2 crystallizes in the triclinic P1 space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are eight inequivalent Sb sites. In the first Sb site, Sb is bonded to five O atoms to form edge-sharing SbO5 trigonal bipyramids. There are a spread of Sb–O bond distances ranging from 1.93–2.04 Å. In the second Sb site, Sb is bonded in a tetrahedral geometry to four O atoms. There are a spread of Sb–O bond distances ranging from 1.89–1.94 Å. In the third Sb site, Sb is bonded in a tetrahedral geometry to four O atoms. There are a spread of Sb–O bond distances ranging from 1.89–1.93 Å. In the fourth Sb site, Sb is bonded in a distorted T-shaped geometry to three O atoms. There is two shorter (1.97 Å) and one longer (1.99 Å) Sb–O bond length. In the fifth Sb site, Sb is bonded in a distorted T-shaped geometry to three O atoms. There is two shorter (1.97 Å) and one longer (1.98 Å) Sb–O bond length. In the sixth Sb site, Sb is bonded to five O atoms to form edge-sharing SbO5 trigonal bipyramids. There are a spread of Sb–O bond distances ranging from 1.94–2.04 Å. In the seventh Sb site, Sb is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to four O atoms. There are a spread of Sb–O bond distances ranging from 2.00–2.27 Å. In the eighth Sb site, Sb is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to four O atoms. There are a spread of Sb–O bond distances ranging from 2.00–2.26 Å. There are sixteen inequivalent O sites. In the first O site, O is bonded in a linear geometry to two Sb atoms. In the second O site, O is bonded in a distorted bent 150 degrees geometry to two Sb atoms. In the third O site, O is bonded in a distorted linear geometry to two Sb atoms. In the fourth O site, O is bonded in a water-like geometry to two Sb atoms. In the fifth O site, O is bonded in a water-like geometry to two Sb atoms. In the sixth O site, O is bonded in a linear geometry to two Sb atoms. In the seventh O site, O is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to two Sb atoms. In the eighth O site, O is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to two Sb atoms. In the ninth O site, O is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to two Sb atoms. In the tenth O site, O is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to two Sb atoms. In the eleventh O site, O is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to two Sb atoms. In the twelfth O site, O is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to two Sb atoms. In the thirteenth O site, O is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to two Sb atoms. In the fourteenth O site, O is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to two Sb atoms. In the fifteenth O site, O is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to two Sb atoms. In the sixteenth O site, O is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to two Sb atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Materials Data on SbO2 by Materials Project

SbO2 crystallizes in the monoclinic C2/c space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are two inequivalent Sb sites. In the first Sb site, Sb is bonded to six O atoms to form edge-sharing SbO6 octahedra. There are two shorter (1.99 Å) and four longer (2.07 Å) Sb–O bond lengths. In the second Sb site, Sb is bonded to six O atoms to form distorted edge-sharing SbO6 octahedra. There are four shorter (2.34 Å) and two longer (2.40 Å) Sb–O bond lengths. There are two inequivalent O sites. In the first O site, O is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to three Sb atoms. In the second O site, O is bonded in a distorted trigonal non-coplanar geometry to three Sb atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Materials Data on SbO2 by Materials Project

SbO2 crystallizes in the cubic Fd-3m space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Sb is bonded to six equivalent O atoms to form edge-sharing SbO6 octahedra. All Sb–O bond lengths are 2.19 Å. O is bonded in a distorted trigonal non-coplanar geometry to three equivalent Sb atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Materials Data on Sb2O5 by Materials Project

Sb2O5 crystallizes in the orthorhombic Pmmn space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Sb5+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form a mixture of edge and corner-sharing SbO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 4–29°. There are a spread of Sb–O bond distances ranging from 1.92–2.13 Å. There are three inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a linear geometry to two equivalent Sb5+ atoms. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a linear geometry to two equivalent Sb5+ atoms. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to three equivalent Sb5+ atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗