Engineering Papers⌕ Search

SEARCH · Engineering Papers

Results for “Noise Variance”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 19 records
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1994

Effects of noise variance model on optimal feedback design and actuator placement

In optimal placement of actuators for stochastic systems, it is commonly assumed that the actuator noise variances are not related to the feedback matrix and the actuator locations. In this paper, we will discuss the limitation of that assumption and develop a more practical noise variance model. Various properties associated with optimal actuator placement under the assumption of this noise variance model are discovered through the analytical study of a second order system.

Ruan, Mifang↗
NASA NTRS1982

The effects of multiplicative motor noise on the optimal human operator model

The effects of a multiplicative motor noise model on the optimal-control human operator model were analyzed. A study of the interaction between multiplicative motor noise variance, plant dynamics, and predicted operator response behavior shows that, in general, an increase in motor noise variance produces a decrease in operator gain and a decrease in high-frequency remnant. An increase in multiplicative motor noise variance is also reflected by an increase in the effective motor time constant; in the absence of a cost penalty on commanded control, the motor time constant equals the motor noise variance.

Caglayan, A. K.↗
NASA NTRS1987

Discrete filtering techniques applied to sequential GPS range measurements

The basic navigation solution is described for position and velocity based on range and delta range (Doppler) measurements from NAVSTAR Global Positioning System satellites. The application of discrete filtering techniques is examined to reduce the white noise distortions on the sequential range measurements. A second order (position and velocity states) Kalman filter is implemented to obtain smoothed estimates of range by filtering the dynamics of the signal from each satellite separately. Test results using a simulated GPS receiver show a steady-state noise reduction, the input noise variance divided by the output noise variance, of a factor of four. Recommendations for further noise reduction based on higher order Kalman filters or additional delta range measurements are included.

Vangraas, Frank↗
NASA NTRS1986

Digital Filter Separates Signal From Noise

Variance of signal-estimation error minimized. Mathematical technique extracts best estimates of signal component from periodic digital samples of signal plus noise. Technique combines Kalman- and smoothingfilter algorithms to minimize mean-square estimation error based on past, present, and predicted samples of signal plus noise. Technique useful in image analysis and other applications involving processing of noisy signals.

Lear, W. M.↗
NASA NTRS1991

Channel assignments and array gain bounds for the Ka-band array feed compensation system

The performance of a real-time digital combining system for use with array feeds was considered previously. The purpose of the combining operation is to recover signal to noise ratio (SNR) losses due to antenna deformations and atmospheric effects. Previously, arbitrary signal powers and noise variances were assumed, but no attempt was made to match the receiver channels to the available signal powers. It is shown that for any signal power and noise variance distribution, a best channel assignment exists that maximizes the combined SNR in the limit of vanishingly small combining losses. This limit can be approached in practice by observing sufficiently many samples. Specific signal power and noise variance distributions are considered, and it is shown that even relatively noisy channels can be used effectively to recover SNR losses resulting from signals diverted out of a high-quality channel by antenna deformations.

Vilnrotter, V. A.↗
NASA NTRS2004

Spacecraft methods and structures with enhanced attitude control that facilitates gyroscope substitutions

Methods and structures are provided that enhance attitude control during gyroscope substitutions by insuring that a spacecraft's attitude control system does not drive its absolute-attitude sensors out of their capture ranges. In a method embodiment, an operational process-noise covariance Q of a Kalman filter is temporarily replaced with a substantially greater interim process-noise covariance Q. This replacement increases the weight given to the most recent attitude measurements and hastens the reduction of attitude errors and gyroscope bias errors. The error effect of the substituted gyroscopes is reduced and the absolute-attitude sensors are not driven out of their capture range. In another method embodiment, this replacement is preceded by the temporary replacement of an operational measurement-noise variance R with a substantially larger interim measurement-noise variance R to reduce transients during the gyroscope substitutions.

Li, Rongsheng↗
NASA NTRS2000

Capacity of Pulse-Position Modulation (PPM) on Gaussian and Webb Channels

This article computes the capacity of various idealized soft-decision channels modeling an optical channel using an avalanche photodiode detector (APD) and pulse-position modulation (PPM). The capacity of this optical channel depends in a complicated way on the physical parameters of the APD and the constraints imposed by the PPM orthogonal signaling set. This article attempts to identify and separate the effects of several fundamental parameters on the capacity of the APD-detected optical PPM channel. First, an overall signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) parameter is de ned such that the capacity as a function of a bit-normalized version of this SNR drops precipitously toward zero at quasi-brick-wall limits on bit SNR that are numerically the same as the well-understood brick-wall limits for the standard additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel. A second parameter is used to quantify the effects on capacity of one unique facet of the optical PPM channel (as compared with the standard AWGN channel) that causes the noise variance to be higher in signal slots than in nonsignal slots. This nonuniform noise variance yields interesting capacity effects even when the channel model is AWGN. A third parameter is used to measure the effects on capacity of the difference between an AWGN model and a non-Gaussian model proposed by Webb (see reference in [2]) for approximating the statistics of the APD-detected optical channel. Finally, a fourth parameter is used to quantify the blending of a Webb model with a pure AWGN model to account for thermal noise. Numerical results show that the capacity of M-ary orthogonal signaling on the Webb channel exhibits the same brick-wall Shannon limit, (M ln 2)=(M 1), as on the AWGN channel ( 1:59 dB for large M). Results also compare the capacity obtained by hard- and soft-output channels and indicate that soft-output channels o er a 3-dB advantage.

Dolinar, S.↗
NASA NTRS1998

Investigation of Different Constituent Encoders in a Turbo-code Scheme for Reduced Decoder Complexity

A large number of papers have been published attempting to give some analytical basis for the performance of Turbo-codes. It has been shown that performance improves with increased interleaver length. Also procedures have been given to pick the best constituent recursive systematic convolutional codes (RSCC's). However testing by computer simulation is still required to verify these results. This thesis begins by describing the encoding and decoding schemes used. Next simulation results on several memory 4 RSCC's are shown. It is found that the best BER performance at low E(sub b)/N(sub o) is not given by the RSCC's that were found using the analytic techniques given so far. Next the results are given from simulations using a smaller memory RSCC for one of the constituent encoders. Significant reduction in decoding complexity is obtained with minimal loss in performance. Simulation results are then given for a rate 1/3 Turbo-code with the result that this code performed as well as a rate 1/2 Turbo-code as measured by the distance from their respective Shannon limits. Finally the results of simulations where an inaccurate noise variance measurement was used are given. From this it was observed that Turbo-decoding is fairly stable with regard to noise variance measurement.

Kwatra, S. C.↗
NASA NTRS2012

Combining Ratio Estimation for Low Density Parity Check (LDPC) Coding

The Low Density Parity Check (LDPC) Code decoding algorithm make use of a scaled receive signal derived from maximizing the log-likelihood ratio of the received signal. The scaling factor (often called the combining ratio) in an AWGN channel is a ratio between signal amplitude and noise variance. Accurately estimating this ratio has shown as much as 0.6 dB decoding performance gain. This presentation briefly describes three methods for estimating the combining ratio: a Pilot-Guided estimation method, a Blind estimation method, and a Simulation-Based Look-Up table. The Pilot Guided Estimation method has shown that the maximum likelihood estimates of signal amplitude is the mean inner product of the received sequence and the known sequence, the attached synchronization marker (ASM) , and signal variance is the difference of the mean of the squared received sequence and the square of the signal amplitude. This method has the advantage of simplicity at the expense of latency since several frames worth of ASMs. The Blind estimation method s maximum likelihood estimator is the average of the product of the received signal with the hyperbolic tangent of the product combining ratio and the received signal. The root of this equation can be determined by an iterative binary search between 0 and 1 after normalizing the received sequence. This method has the benefit of requiring one frame of data to estimate the combining ratio which is good for faster changing channels compared to the previous method, however it is computationally expensive. The final method uses a look-up table based on prior simulated results to determine signal amplitude and noise variance. In this method the received mean signal strength is controlled to a constant soft decision value. The magnitude of the deviation is averaged over a predetermined number of samples. This value is referenced in a look up table to determine the combining ratio that prior simulation associated with the average magnitude of the deviation. This method is more complicated than the Pilot-Guided Method due to the gain control circuitry, but does not have the real-time computation complexity of the Blind Estimation method. Each of these methods can be used to provide an accurate estimation of the combining ratio, and the final selection of the estimation method depends on other design constraints.

Mahmoud, Saad↗
NASA NTRS1984

An intercomparison of SAGE and SBUV ozone observations for March and April 1979

Thirty-eight latitudinal cross sections of stratospheric ozone observed by the SAGE (Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment) and SBUV (Solar Backscattered Ultraviolet) satellite instruments on the same days in March and April 1979 and at approximately the same latitude are compared. Differences in the zonal-mean mixing ratios are found. At pressures less than 5 mbar, SAGE gives approximately 20 percent larger mixing ratios at tropical latitudes (after a correction has been applied for the expected diurnal variation of ozone). The uncorrelated portion of the SBUV variances are smaller than the SAGE noise variances at altitudes above 10 mbar, which indicates that the SBUV experiment should provide excellent detectability of longitudinal ozone variations.

Cunnold, D. M.↗
NASA NTRS2017

Improved Reference Sampling and Subtraction: A Technique for Reducing the Read Noise of Near-Infrared Detector Systems

Near-infrared array detectors, like the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) NIRSpec's Teledyne's H2RGs, often provide reference pixels and a reference output. These are used to remove correlated noise. Improved reference sampling and subtraction (IRS(exp 2)) is a statistical technique for using this reference information optimally in a leastsquares sense. Compared with the traditional H2RG readout, IRS(exp 2) uses a different clocking pattern to interleave many more reference pixels into the data than is otherwise possible. Compared with standard reference correction techniques, IRS(exp 2) subtracts the reference pixels and reference output using a statistically optimized set of frequency dependent weights. The benefits include somewhat lower noise variance and much less obvious correlated noise. NIRSpec's IRS(exp 2) images are cosmetically clean, with less 1/f banding than in traditional data from the same system. This article describes the IRS(exp 2) clocking pattern and presents the equations needed to use IRS(exp 2) in systems other than NIRSpec. For NIRSpec, applying these equations is already an option in the calibration pipeline. As an aid to instrument builders, we provide our prototype IRS(exp 2) calibration software and sample JWST NIRSpec data. The same techniques are applicable to other detector systems, including those based on Teledyne's H4RG arrays. The H4RG's interleaved reference pixel readout mode is effectively one IRS(exp 2) pattern.

Methods-statistical↗
NASA NTRS1995

Optical Logarithmic Transformation of Speckle Images with Bacteriorhodopsin Films

The application of logarithmic transformations to speckle images is sometimes desirable in converting the speckle noise distribution into an additive, constant-variance noise distribution. The optical transmission properties of some bacteriorhodopsin films are well suited to implement such a transformation optically in a parallel fashion. I present experimental results of the optical conversion of a speckle image into a transformed image with signal-independent noise statistics, using the real-time photochromic properties of bacteriorhodopsin. The original and transformed noise statistics are confirmed by histogram analysis.

Downie, John D.↗
NASA NTRS1990

Measurement of Allan variance and phase noise at fractions of a millihertz

Although the measurement of Allan variance of oscillators is well documented, there is a need for a simplified system for finding the degradation of phase noise and Allan variance step-by-step through a system. This article describes an instrumentation system for simultaneous measurement of additive phase noise and degradation in Allan variance through a transmitter system. Also included are measurements of a 20-kW X-band transmitter showing the effect of adding a pass tube regulator.

Conroy, Bruce L.↗
NASA NTRS1993

Interferometry of Cyg A and Cas A - Source noise at 327 MHz

Interferometric observations of Cyg A and Cas A at 327 MHz confirm predictions for the characteristics of noise in synthesis images of very bright sources. On a single baseline, the noise variances of the real and imaginary components of the complex visibility are not equal. The noise in an image is larger for positions on-source than off-source. The on-source noise is scattered into the off-source region by the sidelobes of the synthesized beam. Part of this contribution to the off-source noise can be removed by judicious deconvolution.

Mccullough, Peter R.↗
NASA NTRS1983

A fast approach to identification using deconvolution

In this paper, we propose a fast approach to impulse response and noise-variance identification for a finite-order, linear, time-invariant, single-input/single-output system, whose input driving noise is white (stationary or nonstationary) and measurement noise is stationary, white and Gaussian. Our algorithm is an iterative block component method that includes two stages, deconvolution and prediction-error identification. Experiences with our method indicate that it works well and saves about an order of magnitude in computation. Analyses and examples are given in this paper to support this claim.

Chi, C.-Y.↗