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Materials Data on NaLiS by Materials Project

NaLiS is Matlockite structured and crystallizes in the tetragonal P4/nmm space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Na1+ is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to five equivalent S2- atoms. There are one shorter (2.83 Å) and four longer (2.99 Å) Na–S bond lengths. Li1+ is bonded to four equivalent S2- atoms to form a mixture of edge and corner-sharing LiS4 tetrahedra. All Li–S bond lengths are 2.47 Å. S2- is bonded in a 9-coordinate geometry to five equivalent Na1+ and four equivalent Li1+ atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Materials Data on NaLi(AsS2)2 by Materials Project

NaLi(AsS2)2 crystallizes in the triclinic P1 space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Na1+ is bonded to six S2- atoms to form NaS6 octahedra that share corners with two equivalent LiS6 octahedra, corners with four equivalent NaS6 octahedra, and edges with four equivalent LiS6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 11–16°. There are a spread of Na–S bond distances ranging from 2.78–3.07 Å. Li1+ is bonded to six S2- atoms to form LiS6 octahedra that share corners with two equivalent NaS6 octahedra, corners with four equivalent LiS6 octahedra, and edges with four equivalent NaS6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 11–16°. There are a spread of Li–S bond distances ranging from 2.72–2.89 Å. There are two inequivalent As3+ sites. In the first As3+ site, As3+ is bonded in a distorted trigonal non-coplanar geometry to three S2- atoms. There are a spread of As–S bond distances ranging from 2.20–2.38 Å. In the second As3+ site, As3+ is bonded in a distorted trigonal non-coplanar geometry to three S2- atoms. There are a spread of As–S bond distances ranging from 2.20–2.37 Å. There are four inequivalent S2- sites. In the first S2- site, S2- is bonded to two equivalent Na1+, two equivalent Li1+, and one As3+ atom to form a mixture of edge and corner-sharing SNa2Li2As square pyramids. In the second S2- site, S2- is bonded to two equivalent Na1+, two equivalent Li1+, and one As3+ atom to form a mixture of edge and corner-sharing SNa2Li2As square pyramids. In the third S2- site, S2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to one Na1+, one Li1+, and two As3+ atoms. In the fourth S2- site, S2- is bonded in a distorted see-saw-like geometry to one Na1+, one Li1+, and two As3+ atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Layer spacing gradient (NaLi) 1–x CoO 2 for electrochemical Li extraction

Designing materials with high Li to Na selectivity is the key for direct extraction of Li from unconventional sources, such as seawater, without complex separations. However, material discovery is hindered by an insufficient understanding on how a material's composition and structure relate to Li selectivity during electrochemical co-intercalation. Here, we synthesized a core-shell structured (NaLi) 1-x CoO 2 with a core Li phase (Li 0.94 CoO 2 ), a shell Na phase (Na 0.51 CoO 2 ), and a transition intermediate phase via Na ion-exchange of parent Li 1-x CoO 2 . We reveal that the chemical compositions and spatial relation of these phases play critical roles in governing high Li to Na selectivity. The core Li phase restricts large layer spacing expansion and inhibits Na intercalation. The shell Na phase serves to maintain the electrode stability against further Na ion exchange. With the layer spacing gradient design, we achieved a high Li selectivity of 1.5 x 10 5 with a recovery of similar to 7.6:1 Li to Na from 1:20,000 initial ratio.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Signatures of Non-universal Quantum Dynamics of Ultracold Chemical Reactions of Polar Alkali Dimer Molecules with Alkali Metal Atoms: Li( 2 S) + NaLi( a 3 Σ + ) → Na( 2 S) + Li 2 ( a 3 Σ u + )

Ultracold chemical reactions of weakly bound triplet-state alkali metal dimer molecules have recently attracted much experimental interest. Here we perform rigorous quantum scattering calculations with a new ab initio potential energy surface to explore the chemical reaction of spin-polarized NaLi(a 3 Σ + ) and Li( 2 S) to form Li 2 (a 3 Σ u + ) and Na( 2 S). The reaction is exothermic and proceeds readily at ultralow temperatures. Significantly, we observe strong sensitivity of the total reaction rate to small variations of the three-body part of the Li 2 Na interaction at short range, which we attribute to a relatively small number of open Li 2 (a 3 Σ u + ) product channels populated in the reaction. This provides the first signature of highly non-universal dynamics seen in rigorous quantum reactive scattering calculations of an ultracold exothermic insertion reaction involving a polar alkali dimer molecule, opening up the possibility of probing microscopic interactions in atom+molecule collision complexes via ultracold reactive scattering experiments.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

Materials Data on Na3Li3N2 by Materials Project

NaLi(NaLiN)2 crystallizes in the tetragonal P-4m2 space group. The structure is two-dimensional and consists of one NaLi sheet oriented in the (0, 0, 1) direction and one NaLiN sheet oriented in the (0, 0, 1) direction. In the NaLi sheet, Na1+ is bonded in a square co-planar geometry to four equivalent Li1+ atoms. All Na–Li bond lengths are 2.69 Å. Li1+ is bonded in a square co-planar geometry to four equivalent Na1+ atoms. In the NaLiN sheet, Na1+ is bonded in a distorted water-like geometry to two equivalent N3- atoms. Both Na–N bond lengths are 2.46 Å. There are two inequivalent Li1+ sites. In the first Li1+ site, Li1+ is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to four equivalent N3- atoms. All Li–N bond lengths are 2.10 Å. In the second Li1+ site, Li1+ is bonded to four equivalent N3- atoms to form distorted corner-sharing LiN4 tetrahedra. All Li–N bond lengths are 2.10 Å. N3- is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Na1+ and four Li1+ atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Unlocking anionic redox activity in O3-type sodium 3 d layered oxides via Li substitution

Sodium ion batteries, because of their sustainability attributes, could be an attractive alternative to Li-ion technology for specific applications. However, it remains challenging to design high energy density and moisture stable Na-based positive electrodes. Here, we report an O3-type NaLi 1/3 Mn 2/3 O 2 phase showing anionic redox activity, obtained through a ceramic process by carefully adjusting synthesis conditions and stoichiometry. This phase shows a sustained reversible capacity of 190 mAh g -1 that is rooted in cumulative oxygen and manganese redox processes as deduced by combined spectroscopy techniques. Unlike many other anionic redox layered oxides so far reported, O3-NaLi 1/3 Mn 2/3 O 2 electrodes do not show discernible voltage fade on cycling. This finding, rationalized by density functional theory, sheds light on the role of inter- versus intralayer 3d cationic migration in ruling voltage fade in anionic redox electrodes. Another practical asset of this material stems from its moisture stability, hence facilitating its handling and electrode processing. Altogether, this work offers future directions towards designing highly performing sodium electrodes for advanced Na-ion batteries.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗

High methylation potential of mercury complexed with mixed thiolate ligands by Geobacter sulfurreducens PCA

We report some thiols, such as cysteine (CYS) at moderate concentrations (10–500 µM), can enhance methylmercury (MeHg) formation by Geobacter sulfurreducens PCA, whereas others such as dithiol 2,3-dimercaptopropanesulfonate (DMPS) and 2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) abolish mercury [Hg(II)] methylation. Little is known, however, about whether Hg(II) methylation could be enhanced or inhibited by the presence of mixed thiol ligands at low concentrations observed in the environment. Surprisingly we found that mixing CYS (1 µM) with DMPS (0.025–0.5 µM) or DMSA (0.025–1 µM) substantially increased MeHg production by 1.5–3.5-fold, compared to the no-thiol control, whereas complexation with a single DMPS, or DMSA, or CYS (1 µM) strongly inhibited Hg(II) methylation. Pre-equilibration between Hg(II) and thiols before the addition of cells was necessary to observe enhanced methylation. Spectroscopic analyses indicated the formation of mixed or heteroleptic coordinated Hg(II)-S 3 /S 4 complexes, which likely facilitated exchange of Hg(II) with cells and its uptake and internal transfer to the HgcAB proteins required for methylation. These results suggest that the effects of thiols on Hg(II) methylation were more complex than previously thought (using a single thiol) and thus underscore the importance of understanding how mixed thiols and their interactions with Hg(II) may ultimately influence MeHg production in the natural environment.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

Mercury Reduction, Uptake, and Species Transformation by Freshwater Alga Chlorella vulgaris under Sunlit and Dark Conditions

As a major entry point of mercury (Hg) to aquatic food webs, algae play an important role in taking up and transforming Hg species in aquatic ecosystems. However, little is known how and to what extent Hg reduction, uptake, and species transformations are mediated by algal cells and their exudates, algal organic matter (AOM), under either sunlit or dark conditions. In this study, using Chlorella vulgaris (CV) as one of the most prevalent freshwater model algal species, we show that solar irradiation could enhance the reduction of mercuric Hg(II) to elemental Hg(0) by both CV cells and AOM. AOM reduced more Hg(II) than algal cells themselves due to cell surface adsorption and uptake of Hg(II) inside the cells under solar irradiation. Synchrotron radiation X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy (SR-XANES) analyses indicate that sunlight facilitated the transformation of Hg to less bioavailable species, such as β-HgS and Hg-phytochelatins, compared to Hg(Cysteine) 2 -like species formed in algal cells in the dark. These findings highlight important functional roles and potential mechanisms of algae in Hg reduction and immobilization under varying lighting conditions and how these processes may modulate Hg cycling and bioavailability in the aquatic environment.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

Light-independent phytoplankton degradation and detoxification of methylmercury in water

Phytoplankton serves as a key entry point for the trophic transfer and bioaccumulation of the neurotoxin methylmercury (MeHg) in aquatic food webs. However, it is unclear whether and how phytoplankton itself may degrade and metabolize MeHg in the dark. Here, using several strains of the freshwater alga Chlorella vulgaris, the marine diatom Chaetoceros gracilis and two cyanobacteria (or blue-green algae), we report a light-independent pathway of MeHg degradation in water by phytoplankton, rather than its associated bacteria. About 36–85% of MeHg could be degraded intracellularly to inorganic Hg(II) and/or Hg(0) via dark reactions. Furthermore, endogenic reactive oxygen species, particularly singlet oxygen, were identified as the main driver of MeHg demethylation. Given the increasing incidence of algal blooms in lakes and marine systems globally, these findings underscore the potential roles of phytoplankton demethylation and detoxification of MeHg in aquatic ecosystems and call for improved modelling and assessment of MeHg bioaccumulation and environmental risks.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗