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Materials Data on Na3Sb(PO4)2 by Materials Project

Na3Sb(PO4)2 crystallizes in the monoclinic P2_1/c space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are six inequivalent Na1+ sites. In the first Na1+ site, Na1+ is bonded in a 7-coordinate geometry to seven O2- atoms. There are a spread of Na–O bond distances ranging from 2.33–2.89 Å. In the second Na1+ site, Na1+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form distorted NaO6 octahedra that share a cornercorner with one SbO5 square pyramid, corners with six PO4 tetrahedra, and a faceface with one SbO5 square pyramid. There are a spread of Na–O bond distances ranging from 2.31–2.60 Å. In the third Na1+ site, Na1+ is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to six O2- atoms. There are a spread of Na–O bond distances ranging from 2.33–2.51 Å. In the fourth Na1+ site, Na1+ is bonded in a 7-coordinate geometry to seven O2- atoms. There are a spread of Na–O bond distances ranging from 2.29–2.74 Å. In the fifth Na1+ site, Na1+ is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to six O2- atoms. There are a spread of Na–O bond distances ranging from 2.31–2.66 Å. In the sixth Na1+ site, Na1+ is bonded in a 7-coordinate geometry to seven O2- atoms. There are a spread of Na–O bond distances ranging from 2.34–2.79 Å. There are two inequivalent Sb3+ sites. In the first Sb3+ site, Sb3+ is bonded to five O2- atoms to form distorted SbO5 square pyramids that share a cornercorner with one NaO6 octahedra, corners with five PO4 tetrahedra, and a faceface with one NaO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 87°. There are a spread of Sb–O bond distances ranging from 2.11–2.59 Å. In the second Sb3+ site, Sb3+ is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to five O2- atoms. There are a spread of Sb–O bond distances ranging from 2.11–2.51 Å. There are four inequivalent P5+ sites. In the first P5+ site, P5+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form PO4 tetrahedra that share corners with three equivalent NaO6 octahedra and corners with two equivalent SbO5 square pyramids. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 11–39°. There are a spread of P–O bond distances ranging from 1.52–1.63 Å. In the second P5+ site, P5+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form PO4 tetrahedra that share corners with two equivalent NaO6 octahedra and corners with two equivalent SbO5 square pyramids. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 46–64°. There are a spread of P–O bond distances ranging from 1.53–1.60 Å. In the third P5+ site, P5+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form PO4 tetrahedra that share a cornercorner with one NaO6 octahedra and a cornercorner with one SbO5 square pyramid. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 69°. There are a spread of P–O bond distances ranging from 1.53–1.61 Å. In the fourth P5+ site, P5+ is bonded in a tetrahedral geometry to four O2- atoms. There are a spread of P–O bond distances ranging from 1.52–1.62 Å. There are sixteen inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to three Na1+, one Sb3+, and one P5+ atom. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to three Na1+, one Sb3+, and one P5+ atom. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to four Na1+ and one P5+ atom. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted linear geometry to one Na1+ and one P5+ atom. In the fifth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to two Na1+, one Sb3+, and one P5+ atom. In the sixth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to three Na1+ and one P5+ atom. In the seventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to two Na1+, one Sb3+, and one P5+ atom. In the eighth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to one Na1+, one Sb3+, and one P5+ atom. In the ninth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to two Na1+, one Sb3+, and one P5+ atom. In the tenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to one Na1+, one Sb3+, and one P5+ atom. In the eleventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to three Na1+, one Sb3+, and one P5+ atom. In the twelfth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to three Na1+ and one P5+ atom. In the thirteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to three Na1+, one Sb3+, and one P5+ atom. In the fourteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to three Na1+, one Sb3+, and one P5+ atom. In the fifteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted linear geometry to one Na1+ and one P5+ atom. In the sixteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to four Na1+ and one P5+ atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Materials Data on Na3Sb by Materials Project

Na3Sb is Sodium arsenide structured and crystallizes in the hexagonal P6_3/mmc space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are two inequivalent Na1+ sites. In the first Na1+ site, Na1+ is bonded to four equivalent Sb3- atoms to form a mixture of distorted face, edge, and corner-sharing NaSb4 tetrahedra. There are one shorter (3.18 Å) and three longer (3.49 Å) Na–Sb bond lengths. In the second Na1+ site, Na1+ is bonded in a trigonal planar geometry to three equivalent Sb3- atoms. All Na–Sb bond lengths are 3.10 Å. Sb3- is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to eleven Na1+ atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Materials Data on Na3SbS4O9 by Materials Project

Na3Sb(SO3)3S crystallizes in the cubic P2_13 space group. The structure is three-dimensional and consists of four hydrogen sulfide molecules and one Na3Sb(SO3)3 framework. In the Na3Sb(SO3)3 framework, there are three inequivalent Na1+ sites. In the first Na1+ site, Na1+ is bonded in a distorted hexagonal planar geometry to six O2- atoms. There are three shorter (2.52 Å) and three longer (2.59 Å) Na–O bond lengths. In the second Na1+ site, Na1+ is bonded in a distorted T-shaped geometry to three equivalent O2- atoms. All Na–O bond lengths are 2.29 Å. In the third Na1+ site, Na1+ is bonded in a distorted trigonal non-coplanar geometry to three equivalent O2- atoms. All Na–O bond lengths are 2.37 Å. Sb3+ is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to three equivalent O2- atoms. All Sb–O bond lengths are 1.97 Å. S3+ is bonded in a trigonal non-coplanar geometry to three O2- atoms. There are a spread of S–O bond distances ranging from 1.49–1.75 Å. There are three inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to two Na1+ and one S3+ atom. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted T-shaped geometry to two Na1+ and one S3+ atom. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to one Sb3+ and one S3+ atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Stable all-solid-state sodium-sulfur batteries for low-temperature operation enabled by sodium alloy anode and confined sulfur cathode

All-solid-state sodium-sulfur (Na-S) batteries are promising for stationary energy storage devices because of their low operating temperatures (less than 100 °C), improved safety, and low-cost fabrication. Using Na alloy instead of Na metal as an anode in Na-S batteries can prevent dendrite growth and improve interfacial stability between the anode and solid electrolytes to achieve long-cycling stability. A high-sulfur content cathode possessing high sulfur utilization is also important to enable an energy-dense Na-S battery. In this work, we studied Na-Sb and Na- Sn alloy anodes and demonstrated the superiority of Na 3 Sb alloy undergoing a stable Na alloying/dealloying process at 0.04 mA cm -2 for over 500 hours. Combining the optimized Na3Sb alloy anode with sulfur-carbon composites prepared by the vapor deposition approach, the full cell shows a high sulfur specific capacity and improved rate performance. Moreover, the all-solid-state Na alloy-S battery can deliver a high initial discharge specific capacity of 1377 mAh g -1 and maintain good capacity retention of 70 % after 180 cycles at 60 °C. Further, post-cycle characterizations show that both the anode and cathode perform a reversible discharge/charge process after the 1st cycle, and the cathode undergoes significantly rearranged distributions of carbon and solid-state electrolytes after 180 cycles due to severe volume change induced by repeated sodiation/desodiation process.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗