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Materials Data on Na15Sn4 by Materials Project

Na15Sn4 crystallizes in the cubic I-43d space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are two inequivalent Na sites. In the first Na site, Na is bonded to eight equivalent Na and four equivalent Sn atoms to form NaNa8Sn4 cuboctahedra that share corners with eight equivalent SnNa12 cuboctahedra, edges with eight equivalent NaNa8Sn4 cuboctahedra, and faces with four equivalent SnNa12 cuboctahedra. There are four shorter (3.39 Å) and four longer (3.45 Å) Na–Na bond lengths. All Na–Sn bond lengths are 3.56 Å. In the second Na site, Na is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Na and three equivalent Sn atoms. There are a spread of Na–Sn bond distances ranging from 3.23–3.52 Å. Sn is bonded to twelve Na atoms to form distorted SnNa12 cuboctahedra that share corners with six equivalent NaNa8Sn4 cuboctahedra, edges with six equivalent SnNa12 cuboctahedra, faces with three equivalent NaNa8Sn4 cuboctahedra, and faces with five equivalent SnNa12 cuboctahedra.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Mechanistic origin of solvent-dependent thermal stability in sodiated Sn anodes for sodium-ion batteries

Understanding the thermal stability of high-energy density alloy anodes is critical for the safe deployment of sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). Here, accelerating rate calorimetry (ARC), post-mortem characterizations, and density functional theory (DFT) calculations are combined to understand the thermal reactivity of fully sodiated Sn, Sn-hard carbon (HC) blends, and HC anodes in carbonate- and ether-based electrolytes. ARC measurements show that propylene carbonate (PC) causes earlier self-heating rate (SHR) onset and higher reactivity than tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether (TEGDME), indicating inferior thermal stability. Sodiated Sn exhibits better thermal stability than sodiated HC, while Sn-HC blends show intermediate behavior that improves with increasing Sn content. Post-ARC analyses reveal desodiation of Na15Sn4 to metallic Sn with particle coalescence, whereas Sn-HC blends and HC retain finer morphologies. PC promotes Sn oxidation to SnO, while TEGDME suppresses oxide formation; NaPF6-containing electrolytes additionally form NaF. DFT calculations show that PC adsorption lowers Na extraction energy and enhances interfacial electronic interactions, facilitating Na release and reductive decomposition. These results establish a direct correlation between solvent-dependent reaction pathways and thermal stability in SIB alloy anodes.

Accelerating rate calorimetry↗