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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 19 records
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2024

Enhancing Acute Migraine Treatment: Exploring Solid Lipid Nanoparticles and Nanostructured Lipid Carriers for the Nose-to-Brain Route

Migraine has a high prevalence worldwide and is one of the main disabling neurological diseases in individuals under the age of 50. In general, treatment includes the use of oral analgesics or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for mild attacks, and, for moderate or severe attacks, triptans or 5-HT1B/1D receptor agonists. However, the administration of antimigraine drugs in conventional oral pharmaceutical dosage forms is a challenge, since many molecules have difficulty crossing the blood-brain barrier (BBB) to reach the brain, which leads to bioavailability problems. Efforts have been made to find alternative delivery systems and/or routes for antimigraine drugs. In vivo studies have shown that it is possible to administer drugs directly into the brain via the intranasal (IN) or the nose-to-brain route, thus avoiding the need for the molecules to cross the BBB. In this field, the use of lipid nanoparticles, in particular solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC), has shown promising results, since they have several advantages for drugs administered via the IN route, including increased absorption and reduced enzymatic degradation, improving bioavailability. Furthermore, SLN and NLC are capable of co-encapsulating drugs, promoting their simultaneous delivery to the site of therapeutic action, which can be a promising approach for the acute migraine treatment. This review highlights the potential of using SLN and NLC to improve the treatment of acute migraine via the nose-to-brain route. First sections describe the pathophysiology and the currently available pharmacological treatment for acute migraine, followed by an outline of the mechanisms underlying the nose-to-brain route. Afterwards, the main features of SLN and NLC and the most recent in vivo studies investigating the use of these nanoparticles for the treatment of acute migraine are presented.

Torres, Joana (ORCID:0000000327276229)↗
DOE OSTI2024

Additive manufacturing system with at least one electronic nose

An additive manufacturing system comprising at least one electronic nose (e-nose) is provided. The e-nose may comprise a housing and gas sensors. The housing may have an air channel. The active sensor portion of the sensors are positioned in the air channel. The housing may be mounted to an extruder head of an additive manufacturing device. The system may also comprise a processor. The processor may determine whether there is an abnormality in an additive manufacturing process based on one or more combinations of outputs from the gas sensors received during the additive manufacturing process input into a deployed machine learning model; and generate a report for the additive manufacturing process containing the determination.

Ivanov, Ilia N.↗
DOE OSTI2024

Chemical detection system with at least one electronic nose

A system for predicting one or more analytes based on outputs from thin film gas sensors is provided. The system may comprise an electronic nose (e-nose). The e-nose may comprise the gas sensors and a first processor. The system may further comprise a second processor. The second processor may be configured to receive the output from each of the gas sensors, evaluate a prediction accuracy using an evaluation parameter of each of a plurality of models which are trained and tested and select a model from among the plurality of models to deploy based on a comparison of the evaluation parameter for each of the plurality of models and use the same. The second processor may also receive, an output of each of the gas sensors caused by unknown one or more analytes; and predict, using the deployed model, the one or more analytes that causes the output.

Ivanov, Ilia N.↗
DOE OSTI2022

Dimensionless parameters for ballistic performance evaluation of ceramic-faced bicomponent targets against sharp-nosed projectiles

Two dimensionless parameters are proposed to give first-order approximations for the ballistic performance of ceramic-faced bicomponent armor plates impacted by conical-nosed steel projectiles. The current work collates expansive experimental data from Wilkins and Mayseless covering a broad range of material and mechanical properties, target construction, and projectile dimensions, the data is collapsed using the Hugoniot elastic limit of the ceramic strike face as a strength metric. We find that within datasets where experimental conditions are kept constant, a singular cubic curve can be generated, but variations in experimental conditions for the ballistic limit test between datasets can result in differences in the predictive curve coefficients.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2022

Rate-Dependent Dynamic Cylindrical Cavity Expansion Equations for Conical- and Ogival-Nosed Projectiles

The dynamic cylindrical cavity expansion of rate-dependent materials was previously derived by Warren to examine the effects of strain-rate sensitivity on the radial stress acting on a perforating projectile. However, the equations presented were largely analytical and were not further applied to predict the ballistic performance of ductile target plates. The current work expands on Warren’s derivation to model the dynamics of conical and ogival geometries, and the rate-dependent model is compared to prior experimental results of 7.62-mm APM2 rounds impacting 6061-T6511 aluminum alloy plates. The results show that including rate effects improves the ballistic performance prediction, even for a marginally strain-rate sensitive material such as Al6061-T651. However, existing semi-empirical variations of the cavity expansion model can provide the same degree of accuracy if target material rate-sensitivity parameters are not readily available.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2021

Air Blast Mesh Sensitivity and Pressure Mapping Study

Nose cone structural and aerodynamic characteristics are essential for intelligent design of aircraft, spacecraft, and ballistic systems. Finite element analysis can be used to help understand the structural integrity and flight characteristics of different nose cones. A mesh sensitivity study was undertaken for a particular nose cone geometry that was used in tests at LANL facilities in order to confirm the integrity of the meshed geometry. A simple cone that best matched closed-form theoretical solutions was modeled, and received good correlation to the theory. Complexity was then added back to the nose cone. Parameters applied to the simple cone were then implemented in the nose cone geometry giving assurance of accuracy after the geometry was changed. Nose cone results averaged 6.3% error for radial displacement when compared with the theoretical. Hoop stress averaged 6.0% error and meridional stress averaged 5.7% error at the finest mesh level. Meshes showed signs of convergence when compared to all three theoretical solutions. Finally, pressure time-history data from LANL computational fluid dynamics simulations was applied to the surface of the final nose cone geometry. The pressure data was interpolated from pressure gauge locations onto nearby meshed elements, which allowed for FEA software to run simulations on the cone with the pressure data as a loading condition. The pressure mapping resulted in the ability to understand the nose cone’s rigid body motion that in turn can inform design of future nose cones.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2022

Smart detection of indoor occupant thermal state via infrared thermography, computer vision, and machine learning

The ability to measure occupants’ thermal state in real time will enable major advances in the control of air conditioning systems. This study proposes predicting occupant thermal state by a combination of infrared thermography, computer vision, and machine learning. The approach (1) uses cheek, nose, and hand temperatures because they are least subject to blockage by hair, glasses, and clothing; (2) measures the distribution of skin temperatures within geometrically defined sub-areas of the face and hand; and (3) uses temperature differences within and between these areas to eliminate the effects of calibration drift that are unavoidable in thermal infrared (TIR) cameras. Two series of tests were conducted, respectively in an outdoor carport and an indoor environmental chamber, collecting a total of 48,422 sets of cheek, nose, and hand skin temperatures using a TIR camera and computer-vision technology, coupled with 715 subjective responses of thermal sensations. To predict occupant thermal state, Random Forest classification models were built using either absolute skin temperatures (the maximum and median temperatures of cheek and hand segments, and the temperature of the central spot on the nose), or intra- and inter-segment temperature differences of cheeks, hands, and nose. These measurements were found to accurately predict occupant thermal state. Using the maximum and median temperatures for cheek and nose, or for cheek and hand, predicts thermal state with an accuracy of 92–96%. In conclusion, using only the intra- and inter-segment temperature differences from cheek and nose is 83% accurate; adding the hand temperature differences increases the accuracy to 96%.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2023

Additively manufactured radial turbine rotor with cooling manifolds

A turbine rotor includes a base and a plurality of blades. A central nose is radially inward of the blades and defines an axis of rotation. A plurality of cooling manifolds is disposed within the turbine rotor and includes impingement cooling jets extending through a rear surface of the turbine rotor. An internal cooling manifold extends radially inward of the impingement cooling jets and extends between the base and the rear surface of the turbine rotor. A central nose cooling manifold extends into the central nose and is fluidically connected to the internal cooling manifold. A base cooling manifold is fluidically connected to the central nose manifold and extends radially outward from the central nose cooling manifold. A blade cooling manifold is fluidically connected to the base cooling manifold and extends within the blade. Trailing edge jets extend from the blade cooling manifold and through the trailing edge of blades.

Dai, Zhongtao↗
DOE OSTI2024

Additively manufactured radial turbine rotor with cooling manifolds

A turbine rotor includes a base and a plurality of blades. A central nose is radially inward of the blades and defines an axis of rotation. A plurality of cooling manifolds is disposed within the turbine rotor and includes impingement cooling jets extending through a rear surface of the turbine rotor. An internal cooling manifold extends radially inward of the impingement cooling jets and extends between the base and the rear surface of the turbine rotor. A central nose cooling manifold extends into the central nose and is fluidically connected to the internal cooling manifold. A base cooling manifold is fluidically connected to the central nose manifold and extends radially outward from the central nose cooling manifold. A blade cooling manifold is fluidically connected to the base cooling manifold and extends within the blade. Trailing edge jets extend from the blade cooling manifold and through the trailing edge of blades.

Dai, Zhongtao↗
DOE OSTI2023

Differential transcriptomic alterations in nasal versus lung tissue of acrolein-exposed rats

Introduction: Acrolein is a significant component of anthropogenic and wildfire emissions, as well as cigarette smoke. Although acrolein primarily deposits in the upper respiratory tract upon inhalation, patterns of site-specific injury in nasal versus pulmonary tissues are not well characterized. This assessment is critical in the design of in vitro and in vivo studies performed for assessing health risk of irritant air pollutants. Methods: In this study, male and female Wistar-Kyoto rats were exposed nose-only to air or acrolein. Rats in the acrolein exposure group were exposed to incremental concentrations of acrolein (0, 0.1, 0.316, 1 ppm) for the first 30 min, followed by a 3.5 h exposure at 3.16 ppm. In the first cohort of male and female rats, nasal and bronchoalveolar lavage fluids were analyzed for markers of inflammation, and in a second cohort of males, nasal airway and left lung tissues were used for mRNA sequencing. Results: Protein leakage in nasal airways of acrolein-exposed rats was similar in both sexes; however, inflammatory cells and cytokine increases were more pronounced in males when compared to females. No consistent changes were noted in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of males or females except for increases in total cells and IL-6. Acrolein-exposed male rats had 452 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in nasal tissue versus only 95 in the lung. Pathway analysis of DEGs in the nose indicated acute phase response signaling, Nrf2-mediated oxidative stress, unfolded protein response, and other inflammatory pathways, whereas in the lung, xenobiotic metabolism pathways were changed. Genes associated with glucocorticoid and GPCR signaling were also changed in the nose but not in the lung. Discussion: These data provide insights into inhaled acrolein-mediated sex-specific injury/inflammation in the nasal and pulmonary airways. The transcriptional response in the nose reflects acrolein-induced acute oxidative and cytokine signaling changes, which might have implications for upper airway inflammatory disease susceptibility.

Alewel, Devin I.↗
DOE OSTI2025

Simulations suggest offshore wind farms modify low-level jets

Abstract. Offshore wind farms are scheduled to be constructed along the East Coast of the US in the coming years. Low-level jets (LLJs) – layers of relatively fast winds at low altitudes – also occur frequently in this region. Because LLJs provide considerable wind resources, it is important to understand how LLJs might change with turbine construction. LLJs also influence moisture and pollution transport; thus, the effects of wind farms on LLJs could also affect the region’s meteorology. In the absence of observations or significant wind farm construction as yet, we compare 1 year of simulations from the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model with and without wind farms incorporated, focusing on locations chosen by their proximity to future wind development areas. We develop and present an algorithm to detect LLJs at each hour of the year at each of these locations. We validate the algorithm to the extent possible by comparing LLJs identified by lidar, constrained to the lowest 200 m, to WRF simulations of these very low LLJs (vLLJs). In the NOW-WAKES simulation data set, we find offshore LLJs in this region occur about 25 % of the time, most frequently at night, in the spring and summer months, in stably stratified conditions, and when a southwesterly wind is blowing. LLJ wind speed maxima range from 10 m s−1 to over 40 m s−1. The altitude of maximum wind speed, or the jet “nose”, is typically 300 m above the surface, above the height of most profiling lidars, although several hours of vLLJs occur in each month in the data set. The diurnal cycle for vLLJs is less pronounced than for all LLJs. Wind farms erode LLJs, as LLJs occur less frequently (19 %–20 % of hours) in the wind farm simulations than in the no-wind-farm (NWF) simulation (25 % of hours). When LLJs do occur in the simulation with wind farms, their noses are higher than in the NWF simulation: the LLJ nose has a mean altitude near 300 m for the NWF jets, but that nose height moves higher in the presence of wind farms, to a mean altitude near 400 m. Rotor region (30–250 m) wind veer is reduced across almost all months of the year in the wind farm simulations, while rotor region wind shear is similar in both simulations.

17 WIND ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2023

Lagrangian dynamics of particle transport in oral and nasal breathing

Here, we present a large-eddy simulation (LES) of saliva particle transport during normal human breathing through the nose and mouth. The flow of the air–saliva mixture is modeled using an Eulerian LES that is coupled with a Lagrangian particle tracking module to obtain trajectories of saliva particles in a room with stagnant air conditions. The coupled Eulerian–Lagrangian simulation yields novel insights into the intricate dynamics of Lagrangian coherent structures (LCS) and fundamental material lines that emerge from the saliva particles' trajectories during several breathing cycles. Further, we systematically compare the quantitative LCS diagnostics of mouth breathing with those of mouth and nose normal breathing. Analyzing the simulation results of human breathing from the mouth and nose, we show that, soon after the first breathing cycle, saliva particles form a series of roll-up vortex rings that propagate forward. The forward propagation of these vortex rings leads to the formation of an asymmetrical primary forefront vortex. The individual vortex rings continuously propagate forward, merging with the forefront vortex, and ascending along the limb of the leading vortex.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2022

A Coupled Small and Wide-Angle X-Ray Scattering Study of Phase Transformation Mechanisms in U-6Wt Pct Nb

The elevated temperature phase transformation kinetics of U-6wt%Nb in both wrought and cast conditions were investigated using in-situ high energy synchrotron X-ray scattering. The evolution of the phase content, γ-phase composition, and microstructure morphology was determined through the analysis of simultaneously collected wide-angle diffraction and small-angle scattering (SAXS) data. The results of the wide-angle scattering analysis, especially the phase fractions and average composition of the γ-phase, provide model parameters to enable a quantitative analysis using the SAXS data. Greater clarity regarding the kinetics of different precipitation mechanisms, namely the continuous precipitation (CP) of α-U within the γ-phase matrix and the discontinuous (DP) grain boundary precipitation of a lamellar microstructure, consisting of α-U and Nb-rich γ-phase are obtained from the coupled measurement modes. These results indicate that the CP mechanism is responsible for the initial precipitation of α-U at all temperatures considered. Near the nose in the time-temperature-transformation (TTT) diagram at ~798 K, both mechanisms are active during the early stages of phase transformation. However, the DP mechanism has an increasingly long incubation period with decreasing temperature below the TTT nose. In conclusion, the average interlamellar spacing obtained from the SAXS analysis increases with time, providing further evidence of the so-called divergent DP behavior previously observed in U-6wt%Nb alloys.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2025

Reticular Structural Diversification of Zirconium Metal–Organic Frameworks Through Angular Ligand Configuration Control

Reticular chemistry offers practical guidelines for enlarging and enriching the arsenal of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs). However, reticular expansion to access mesoporous structures remains challenging due to limitations in achieving precise control over both the size and configuration during building units’ extension. Herein, we combine ligand isomerization and functionalization strategies to regulate the ligand configuration by systematically replacing aryl C–H groups with N atoms, resulting in angular dicarboxylate ligands with various symmetries. The assembly between a 4,4′-(pyridine-2,6-diyl)dibenzoic acid ligand (1N, C 2 symmetry) and 12-connected Zr 6 cluster leads to the formation of a pseudo ftw topology framework (NU-2611), where one pair of nose-to-nose 1N ligands resembles a tetra-topic ligand. When a 6,6′-(1,3-phenylene)dinicotinic acid ligand (2N, C S symmetry) was used, another pseudo ftw network NU-2612 was obtained with a 2-fold framework interpenetration. Interestingly, the planar [2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine]-5,5″-dicarboxylic acid ligand (3N, C 2V symmetry) yielded an intriguing mesoporous Zr-MOF with kag topology. NU-2613 represents the first example of kag Zr-MOF designed to include large, well-defined mesopores. The diversity of these MOFs was further enhanced through post-synthetic metalation of linkers. Particularly, metalation of the chelating 3N ligand with Fe 3+ in NU-2613 enables efficient catalytic transformation within the functionalized channels. This work contributes insight into the reticular expansion of Zr-MOFs by finely-tuning the ligand planarity, advancing the structure diversification of mesoporous frameworks for specific applications.

Cluster chemistry↗
DOE OSTI2021

Long-term patterns of cave-exiting activity of hibernating bats in western North America

Understanding frequency and variation of cave-exiting activity after arousal from torpor of hibernating bats is important for bat ecology and conservation, especially considering white-nose syndrome. In winter from 2011 to 2018, we acoustically monitored, and counted in hibernacula, two species of conservation concern—western small-footed myotis ( Myotis ciliolabrum ) and Townsend’s big-eared bats ( Corynorhinus townsendii )—in 9 caves located in important habitat for these species in western North America. We investigated if cave-exiting activity differed by species, cave, number of hibernating bats, moon phase, and weather variables. Both species exited hibernacula during all winter months, but most activity occurred in March followed by November. Although we counted almost 15 times more Townsend’s big-eared bats during hibernacula surveys, we documented western small-footed myotis exiting caves 3 times more than Townsend’s big-eared bats. Cave-exiting activity increased with increasing number of hibernating bats, but more so for western small-footed myotis. Both species of bats were active during warm weather and low wind speeds. Western small-footed myotis were more active during colder temperatures, higher wind speeds, and greater change in barometric pressure than Townsend’s big-eared bats. Our results provide a long-term dataset of cave-exiting activity after arousal from torpor during hibernation for these species before the arrival of white-nose syndrome.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2024

Multiparameter optical fiber sensing for energy infrastructure through nanoscale light–matter interactions: From hardware to software, science to commercial opportunities

Monitoring of energy infrastructure through robust yet economical sensing platforms is becoming an area of increased importance, with ubiquitous applications including the electrical grid, natural gas and oil transportation pipelines, H2 infrastructure (storage and transportation), carbon storage, power generation, and subsurface environments. Plasmonic and functional nanomaterial enabled fiber optic sensors show excellent promise for a wide range of sensing applications due to their versatility to be engineered for specific analytes of interest while retaining inherent advantages of the optical fiber sensor platform. Through the design of novel sensing layers, the optical transduction mechanism and wavelength dependence can also be tailored for ease of integration with low-cost interrogation systems enabling an inexpensive yet highly functional optical fiber sensing platform. In addition, recent advances in artificial intelligence and machine learning theoretical methods have been leveraged to simultaneously extract multiple parameters through multi-wavelength interrogation such that unique wavelengths can also serve as unique sensing elements, analogous to electronic nose sensor technologies. The concept of an optical fiber based “photonic nose” via multiple interrogation wavelengths and/or sensor nodes offers a compelling platform technology to realize multiparameter speciation of chemical analytes within complex gas mixtures. In this Perspective, we further generalize the notion of multiparameter sensing through the novel “photonic nervous system” concept based upon low-cost, functionalized optical fiber sensor probes monitoring a variety of distinct analyte classes (physical, chemical, electromagnetic, etc.) simultaneously to provide broad situational awareness via integrated sensors.

Su, Yang-Duan (ORCID:0000000214820902)↗
DOE OSTI2021

New Approach Methodology for Assessing Inhalation Risks of a Contact Respiratory Cytotoxicant: Computational Fluid Dynamics-Based Aerosol Dosimetry Modeling for Cross-Species and In Vitro Comparisons

Regulatory agencies are considering alternative approaches to assessing inhalation toxicity that utilizes in vitro studies with human cells and in silico modeling in lieu of additional animal studies. In support of this goal, computational fluid-particle dynamics models were developed to estimate site-specific deposition of inhaled aerosols containing the fungicide, chlorothalonil, in the rat and human for comparisons to prior rat inhalation studies and new human in vitro studies. Under bioassay conditions, the deposition was predicted to be greatest at the front of the rat nose followed by the anterior transitional epithelium and larynx corresponding to regions most sensitive to local contact irritation and cytotoxicity. For humans, simulations of aerosol deposition covering potential occupational or residential exposures (1–50 µm diameter) were conducted using nasal and oral breathing. Aerosols in the 1–5 µm range readily penetrated the deep region of the human lung following both oral and nasal breathing. Under actual use conditions (aerosol formulations >10 µm), the majority of deposited doses were in the upper conducting airways. Beyond the nose or mouth, the greatest deposition in the pharynx, larynx, trachea, and bronchi was predicted for aerosols in the 10–20 µm size range. Only small amounts of aerosols >20 µm penetrated past the pharyngeal region. Using the ICRP clearance model, local retained tissue dose metrics including maximal concentrations and areas under the curve were calculated for each airway region following repeated occupational exposures. These results are directly comparable with benchmark doses from in vitro toxicity studies in human cells leading to estimated human equivalent concentrations that reduce the reliance on animals for risk assessments.

63 RADIATION, THERMAL, AND OTHER ENVIRON. POLLUTAN↗