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All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Mg(SnO2)2 by Materials Project

Mg(SnO2)2 crystallizes in the orthorhombic Pnma space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Mg2+ is bonded to five O2- atoms to form distorted MgO5 trigonal bipyramids that share corners with four equivalent SnO6 octahedra and edges with two equivalent MgO5 trigonal bipyramids. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 55–74°. There are a spread of Mg–O bond distances ranging from 2.04–2.16 Å. There are two inequivalent Sn3+ sites. In the first Sn3+ site, Sn3+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form SnO6 octahedra that share corners with four equivalent MgO5 trigonal bipyramids and edges with four equivalent SnO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Sn–O bond distances ranging from 2.07–2.16 Å. In the second Sn3+ site, Sn3+ is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to five O2- atoms. There are a spread of Sn–O bond distances ranging from 2.24–2.78 Å. There are four inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a square co-planar geometry to two equivalent Mg2+ and two equivalent Sn3+ atoms. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to one Mg2+ and two equivalent Sn3+ atoms. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to four Sn3+ atoms. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Mg2+ and three Sn3+ atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Mg(SnO2)2 by Materials Project

Mg(SnO2)2 is Spinel structured and crystallizes in the triclinic P-1 space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Mg2+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form MgO4 tetrahedra that share corners with twelve SnO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 48–61°. There are a spread of Mg–O bond distances ranging from 2.02–2.26 Å. There are four inequivalent Sn3+ sites. In the first Sn3+ site, Sn3+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form SnO6 octahedra that share corners with six equivalent MgO4 tetrahedra and edges with six SnO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Sn–O bond distances ranging from 2.08–2.22 Å. In the second Sn3+ site, Sn3+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form SnO6 octahedra that share corners with six equivalent MgO4 tetrahedra and edges with six SnO6 octahedra. There are four shorter (2.40 Å) and two longer (2.45 Å) Sn–O bond lengths. In the third Sn3+ site, Sn3+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form SnO6 octahedra that share corners with six equivalent MgO4 tetrahedra and edges with six SnO6 octahedra. There are two shorter (2.08 Å) and four longer (2.22 Å) Sn–O bond lengths. In the fourth Sn3+ site, Sn3+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form SnO6 octahedra that share corners with six equivalent MgO4 tetrahedra and edges with six SnO6 octahedra. There are four shorter (2.43 Å) and two longer (2.46 Å) Sn–O bond lengths. There are four inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted rectangular see-saw-like geometry to one Mg2+ and three Sn3+ atoms. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted rectangular see-saw-like geometry to one Mg2+ and three Sn3+ atoms. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted rectangular see-saw-like geometry to one Mg2+ and three Sn3+ atoms. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted rectangular see-saw-like geometry to one Mg2+ and three Sn3+ atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Mg(SnO2)2 by Materials Project

Mg(SnO2)2 is Spinel-like structured and crystallizes in the monoclinic Cm space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are six inequivalent Mg2+ sites. In the first Mg2+ site, Mg2+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form MgO4 tetrahedra that share corners with three MgO6 octahedra and corners with six SnO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 54–57°. There are a spread of Mg–O bond distances ranging from 2.03–2.46 Å. In the second Mg2+ site, Mg2+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form distorted MgO6 octahedra that share corners with six SnO4 tetrahedra, edges with two MgO6 octahedra, and edges with four SnO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Mg–O bond distances ranging from 2.23–2.27 Å. In the third Mg2+ site, Mg2+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form MgO6 octahedra that share corners with two equivalent MgO4 tetrahedra, corners with three SnO4 tetrahedra, an edgeedge with one MgO6 octahedra, and edges with four equivalent SnO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Mg–O bond distances ranging from 2.06–2.30 Å. In the fourth Mg2+ site, Mg2+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form distorted MgO6 octahedra that share corners with six SnO4 tetrahedra, edges with two MgO6 octahedra, and edges with four SnO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Mg–O bond distances ranging from 2.18–2.25 Å. In the fifth Mg2+ site, Mg2+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form MgO6 octahedra that share corners with six SnO4 tetrahedra, edges with two MgO6 octahedra, and edges with four equivalent SnO6 octahedra. There are two shorter (2.10 Å) and four longer (2.23 Å) Mg–O bond lengths. In the sixth Mg2+ site, Mg2+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form MgO6 octahedra that share a cornercorner with one MgO4 tetrahedra, corners with three SnO4 tetrahedra, an edgeedge with one MgO6 octahedra, and edges with four equivalent SnO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Mg–O bond distances ranging from 2.11–2.37 Å. There are nine inequivalent Sn3+ sites. In the first Sn3+ site, Sn3+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form SnO6 octahedra that share corners with two equivalent MgO4 tetrahedra, corners with three SnO4 tetrahedra, edges with two equivalent SnO6 octahedra, and edges with three MgO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Sn–O bond distances ranging from 2.07–2.21 Å. In the second Sn3+ site, Sn3+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form SnO4 tetrahedra that share corners with six MgO6 octahedra and corners with six SnO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 56–68°. There are a spread of Sn–O bond distances ranging from 2.19–2.63 Å. In the third Sn3+ site, Sn3+ is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to six O2- atoms. There are a spread of Sn–O bond distances ranging from 2.31–2.75 Å. In the fourth Sn3+ site, Sn3+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form SnO6 octahedra that share corners with six SnO4 tetrahedra, edges with two equivalent SnO6 octahedra, and edges with four MgO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Sn–O bond distances ranging from 2.09–2.15 Å. In the fifth Sn3+ site, Sn3+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form SnO4 tetrahedra that share corners with six MgO6 octahedra and corners with six SnO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 59–66°. There are a spread of Sn–O bond distances ranging from 2.22–2.57 Å. In the sixth Sn3+ site, Sn3+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form SnO6 octahedra that share a cornercorner with one MgO4 tetrahedra, corners with three SnO4 tetrahedra, edges with two equivalent SnO6 octahedra, and edges with three MgO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Sn–O bond distances ranging from 2.07–2.18 Å. In the seventh Sn3+ site, Sn3+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form SnO4 tetrahedra that share corners with six MgO6 octahedra and corners with six SnO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 56–69°. There are a spread of Sn–O bond distances ranging from 2.20–2.52 Å. In the eighth Sn3+ site, Sn3+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form SnO4 tetrahedra that share corners with six MgO6 octahedra and corners with six SnO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 57–69°. There are a spread of Sn–O bond distances ranging from 2.20–2.48 Å. In the ninth Sn3+ site, Sn3+ is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to four O2- atoms. There are a spread of Sn–O bond distances ranging from 2.12–2.75 Å. There are eighteen inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to two Mg2+ and two Sn3+ atoms. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded to one Mg2+ and three Sn3+ atoms to form distorted corner-sharing OMgSn3 tetrahedra. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to one Mg2+ and three Sn3+ atoms. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded to two Mg2+ and two Sn3+ atoms to form OMg2Sn2 tetrahedra that share corners with twelve OMgSn3 tetrahedra and edges with three OMg2Sn2 tetrahedra. In the fifth O2- site, O2- is bonded to one Mg2+ and three Sn3+ atoms to form OMgSn3 tetrahedra that share corners with eight OMgSn3 tetrahedra and edges with two equivalent OMg2Sn2 tetrahedra. In the sixth O2- site, O2- is bonded to one Mg2+ and three Sn3+ atoms to form a mixture of distorted edge and corner-sharing OMgSn3 tetrahedra. In the seventh O2- site, O2- is bonded to two Mg2+ and two Sn3+ atoms to form a mixture of distorted edge and corner-sharing OMg2Sn2 tetrahedra. In the eighth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to one Mg2+ and three Sn3+ atoms. In the ninth O2- site, O2- is bonded to one Mg2+ and three Sn3+ atoms to form distorted OMgSn3 tetrahedra that share corners with twelve OMgSn3 tetrahedra and edges with three OMg2Sn2 tetrahedra. In the tenth O2- site, O2- is bonded to two Mg2+ and two Sn3+ atoms to form distorted OMg2Sn2 tetrahedra that share corners with eight OMgSn3 tetrahedra, a cornercorner with one OSn4 trigonal pyramid, and edges with two OMg2Sn2 tetrahedra. In the eleventh O2- site, O2- is bonded to one Mg2+ and three Sn3+ atoms to form a mixture of edge and corner-sharing OMgSn3 tetrahedra. In the twelfth O2- site, O2- is bonded to two Mg2+ and two Sn3+ atoms to form distorted OMg2Sn2 tetrahedra that share corners with twelve OMg2Sn2 tetrahedra and edges with three OMgSn3 tetrahedra. In the thirteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to two Mg2+ and two equivalent Sn3+ atoms. In the fourteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded to one Mg2+ and three Sn3+ atoms to form distorted OMgSn3 tetrahedra that share corners with twelve OMg2Sn2 tetrahedra and edges with three OMgSn3 tetrahedra. In the fifteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded to one Mg2+ and three Sn3+ atoms to form OMgSn3 tetrahedra that share corners with eight OMgSn3 tetrahedra, corners with two equivalent OSn4 trigonal pyramids, and edges with two equivalent OMg2Sn2 tetrahedra. In the sixteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded to four Sn3+ atoms to form distorted OSn4 trigonal pyramids that share corners with four OMg2Sn2 tetrahedra and an edgeedge with one OMgSn3 tetrahedra. In the seventeenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to one Mg2+ and three Sn3+ atoms. In the eighteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded to one Mg2+ and three Sn3+ atoms to form distorted OMgSn3 tetrahedra that share corners with nine OMg2Sn2 tetrahedra and an edgeedge with one OSn4 trigonal pyramid.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Mg(SnO2)2 by Materials Project

Mg(SnO2)2 is Ilmenite-like structured and crystallizes in the monoclinic Cm space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are eight inequivalent Mg2+ sites. In the first Mg2+ site, Mg2+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form MgO4 tetrahedra that share corners with three MgO6 octahedra and corners with six SnO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 54–59°. There are a spread of Mg–O bond distances ranging from 2.03–2.74 Å. In the second Mg2+ site, Mg2+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form MgO6 octahedra that share corners with two equivalent MgO4 tetrahedra and edges with five SnO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Mg–O bond distances ranging from 2.08–2.22 Å. In the third Mg2+ site, Mg2+ is bonded in a distorted trigonal non-coplanar geometry to four O2- atoms. There are a spread of Mg–O bond distances ranging from 1.99–2.80 Å. In the fourth Mg2+ site, Mg2+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form MgO6 octahedra that share corners with three SnO4 tetrahedra, an edgeedge with one MgO6 octahedra, and edges with five SnO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Mg–O bond distances ranging from 2.04–2.30 Å. In the fifth Mg2+ site, Mg2+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form MgO6 octahedra that share corners with six SnO4 tetrahedra, edges with two MgO6 octahedra, and edges with four equivalent SnO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Mg–O bond distances ranging from 2.08–2.24 Å. In the sixth Mg2+ site, Mg2+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form distorted MgO6 octahedra that share corners with six SnO4 tetrahedra, edges with two MgO6 octahedra, and edges with four SnO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Mg–O bond distances ranging from 2.26–2.32 Å. In the seventh Mg2+ site, Mg2+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form MgO6 octahedra that share a cornercorner with one MgO4 tetrahedra, corners with three SnO4 tetrahedra, an edgeedge with one MgO6 octahedra, and edges with four equivalent SnO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Mg–O bond distances ranging from 2.11–2.35 Å. In the eighth Mg2+ site, Mg2+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form distorted MgO6 octahedra that share corners with six SnO4 tetrahedra, edges with two MgO6 octahedra, and edges with four SnO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Mg–O bond distances ranging from 2.22–2.32 Å. There are twelve inequivalent Sn3+ sites. In the first Sn3+ site, Sn3+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form SnO6 octahedra that share corners with two equivalent MgO4 tetrahedra, edges with two equivalent MgO6 octahedra, and edges with three SnO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Sn–O bond distances ranging from 2.06–2.20 Å. In the second Sn3+ site, Sn3+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form distorted SnO6 octahedra that share edges with two MgO6 octahedra and edges with four SnO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Sn–O bond distances ranging from 2.32–2.70 Å. In the third Sn3+ site, Sn3+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form SnO4 tetrahedra that share corners with six MgO6 octahedra and corners with six SnO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 56–69°. There are a spread of Sn–O bond distances ranging from 2.19–2.71 Å. In the fourth Sn3+ site, Sn3+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form SnO6 octahedra that share corners with three SnO4 tetrahedra, edges with three MgO6 octahedra, and edges with three SnO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Sn–O bond distances ranging from 2.06–2.21 Å. In the fifth Sn3+ site, Sn3+ is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to four O2- atoms. There are a spread of Sn–O bond distances ranging from 2.11–2.79 Å. In the sixth Sn3+ site, Sn3+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form SnO4 tetrahedra that share corners with six MgO6 octahedra and corners with six SnO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 58–66°. There are a spread of Sn–O bond distances ranging from 2.21–2.67 Å. In the seventh Sn3+ site, Sn3+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form SnO6 octahedra that share corners with six SnO4 tetrahedra, edges with two equivalent SnO6 octahedra, and edges with four MgO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Sn–O bond distances ranging from 2.08–2.16 Å. In the eighth Sn3+ site, Sn3+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form SnO4 tetrahedra that share corners with six MgO6 octahedra and corners with six SnO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 55–70°. There are a spread of Sn–O bond distances ranging from 2.20–2.59 Å. In the ninth Sn3+ site, Sn3+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form SnO6 octahedra that share a cornercorner with one MgO4 tetrahedra, corners with three SnO4 tetrahedra, edges with two equivalent SnO6 octahedra, and edges with three MgO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Sn–O bond distances ranging from 2.08–2.16 Å. In the tenth Sn3+ site, Sn3+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form SnO4 tetrahedra that share corners with six MgO6 octahedra and corners with six SnO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 56–71°. There are a spread of Sn–O bond distances ranging from 2.20–2.55 Å. In the eleventh Sn3+ site, Sn3+ is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to six O2- atoms. There are a spread of Sn–O bond distances ranging from 2.32–2.73 Å. In the twelfth Sn3+ site, Sn3+ is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to three O2- atoms. There are two shorter (2.12 Å) and one longer (2.19 Å) Sn–O bond lengths. There are twenty-four inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded to two Mg2+ and two Sn3+ atoms to form a mixture of distorted corner and edge-sharing OMg2Sn2 trigonal pyramids. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to two Mg2+ and two equivalent Sn3+ atoms. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to one Mg2+ and three Sn3+ atoms. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded to four Sn3+ atoms to form distorted corner-sharing OSn4 trigonal pyramids. In the fifth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted rectangular see-saw-like geometry to two Mg2+ and two Sn3+ atoms. In the sixth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to one Mg2+ and three Sn3+ atoms. In the seventh O2- site, O2- is bonded to one Mg2+ and three Sn3+ atoms to form distorted corner-sharing OMgSn3 tetrahedra. In the eighth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to one Mg2+ and two equivalent Sn3+ atoms. In the ninth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted rectangular see-saw-like geometry to one Mg2+ and three Sn3+ atoms. In the tenth O2- site, O2- is bonded to two Mg2+ and two Sn3+ atoms to form a mixture of corner and edge-sharing OMg2Sn2 tetrahedra. In the eleventh O2- site, O2- is bonded to one Mg2+ and three Sn3+ atoms to form OMgSn3 tetrahedra that share corners with eight OMgSn3 tetrahedra and edges with two equivalent OMg2Sn2 tetrahedra. In the twelfth O2- site, O2- is bonded to two Mg2+ and two Sn3+ atoms to form a mixture of corner and edge-sharing OMg2Sn2 tetrahedra. In the thirteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded to one Mg2+ and three Sn3+ atoms to form a mixture of distorted corner and edge-sharing OMgSn3 tetrahedra. In the fourteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to one Mg2+ and three Sn3+ atoms. In the fifteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded to one Mg2+ and three Sn3+ atoms to form OMgSn3 tetrahedra that share corners with twelve OMgSn3 tetrahedra and edges with three OMg2Sn2 tetrahedra. In the sixteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded to one Mg2+ and three Sn3+ atoms to form a mixture of corner and edge-sharing OMgSn3 tetrahedra. In the seventeenth O2- site, O2- is bonded to two Mg2+ and two Sn3+ atoms to form a mixture of corner and edge-sharing OMg2Sn2 tetrahedra. In the eighteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded to two Mg2+ and two Sn3+ atoms to form a mixture of corner and edge-sharing OMg2Sn2 tetrahedra. In the nineteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to two Mg2+ and two equivalent Sn3+ atoms. In the twentieth O2- site, O2- is bonded to one Mg2+ and three Sn3+ atoms to form a mixture of distorted corner and edge-sharing OMgSn3 tetrahedra. In the twenty-first O2- site, O2- is bonded to one Mg2+ and three Sn3+ atoms to form OMgSn3 tetrahedra that share corners with eight OMgSn3 tetrahedra and edges with two equivalent OMg2Sn2 tetrahedra. In the twenty-second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to four Sn3+ atoms. In the twenty-third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to one Mg2+ and three Sn3+ atoms. In the twenty-fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded to one Mg2+ and three Sn3+ atoms to form distorted corner-sharing OMgSn3 tetrahedra.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Ba2Mg3Tl2(SnO3)4 by Materials Project

(BaMgTlSnO4)2Mg(SnO2)2 crystallizes in the tetragonal I4/mmm space group. The structure is two-dimensional and consists of two BaMgTlSnO4 sheets oriented in the (0, 0, 1) direction and two Mg(SnO2)2 sheets oriented in the (0, 0, 1) direction. In each BaMgTlSnO4 sheet, Ba2+ is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to five O2- atoms. There are one shorter (2.34 Å) and four longer (3.05 Å) Ba–O bond lengths. Mg2+ is bonded in a distorted see-saw-like geometry to four equivalent O2- atoms. All Mg–O bond lengths are 2.20 Å. Tl1+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form distorted TlO6 octahedra that share corners with four equivalent TlO6 octahedra, a cornercorner with one SnO5 trigonal bipyramid, and edges with eight equivalent TlO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 6°. There are a spread of Tl–O bond distances ranging from 2.34–3.35 Å. Sn3+ is bonded to five O2- atoms to form distorted SnO5 trigonal bipyramids that share a cornercorner with one TlO6 octahedra and corners with four equivalent SnO5 trigonal bipyramids. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 0°. There are one shorter (2.00 Å) and four longer (2.17 Å) Sn–O bond lengths. There are three inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded to two equivalent Mg2+ and two equivalent Sn3+ atoms to form a mixture of distorted edge and corner-sharing OMg2Sn2 trigonal pyramids. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded to one Ba2+ and five equivalent Tl1+ atoms to form a mixture of edge and corner-sharing OBaTl5 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 6°. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to four equivalent Ba2+, one Tl1+, and one Sn3+ atom. In each Mg(SnO2)2 sheet, Mg2+ is bonded in a body-centered cubic geometry to eight equivalent O2- atoms. All Mg–O bond lengths are 2.58 Å. Sn3+ is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to four equivalent O2- atoms. All Sn–O bond lengths are 2.07 Å. O2- is bonded in a distorted see-saw-like geometry to two equivalent Mg2+ and two equivalent Sn3+ atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Tailoring SnO 2 , (Mg,Zn)O, and Ga:(Mg,Zn)O electro-optical properties and stability for solar cells

The electron density, mobility, bandgap, and band alignment of transparent conducting oxides (TCOs) can be tailored by adjusting composition and stoichiometry, thereby enabling interface engineering for diverse semiconductor applications. For example, solar cell efficiency can change enormously by adjusting TCO properties. At the same time, these TCO properties can shift during the deposition of other layers, anneals, and device operation. An ideal TCO should have tunable but stable electro-optical properties. Here, we deposit SnO 2 , (Mg,Zn)O (MZO), and Ga:(Mg,Zn)O (GMZO) films on glass and measure electro-optical characteristics before and after reducing, inert, oxidizing, and CdCl2 anneals over a range of temperatures. Electron density generally increases in the progression from oxidizing to inert and reducing ambients. SnO 2 is relatively stable compared to MZO but has less flexibility for interface engineering. We investigate GMZO as a similar but more stable alternative to MZO.The addition of Ga to MZO has significant effects on electron density and improves electro-optical stability, which can be advantageous for semiconductor applications. Furthermore, we demonstrate that GMZO can be readily incorporated into solar cells.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗