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Mg(NO3)2 crystallizes in the cubic Pa-3 space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Mg2+ is bonded in a distorted octahedral geometry to six equivalent O2- atoms. All Mg–O bond lengths are 2.13 Å. N5+ is bonded in a trigonal planar geometry to three equivalent O2- atoms. All N–O bond lengths are 1.26 Å. O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to one Mg2+ and one N5+ atom.
Mg(NO3)2 crystallizes in the orthorhombic Pca2_1 space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are two inequivalent Mg2+ sites. In the first Mg2+ site, Mg2+ is bonded in a distorted octahedral geometry to six O2- atoms. There are a spread of Mg–O bond distances ranging from 2.09–2.18 Å. In the second Mg2+ site, Mg2+ is bonded in a distorted octahedral geometry to six O2- atoms. There are a spread of Mg–O bond distances ranging from 2.11–2.18 Å. There are four inequivalent N5+ sites. In the first N5+ site, N5+ is bonded in a trigonal planar geometry to three O2- atoms. There is two shorter (1.26 Å) and one longer (1.27 Å) N–O bond length. In the second N5+ site, N5+ is bonded in a trigonal planar geometry to three O2- atoms. All N–O bond lengths are 1.26 Å. In the third N5+ site, N5+ is bonded in a trigonal planar geometry to three O2- atoms. All N–O bond lengths are 1.26 Å. In the fourth N5+ site, N5+ is bonded in a trigonal planar geometry to three O2- atoms. There is two shorter (1.26 Å) and one longer (1.27 Å) N–O bond length. There are twelve inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to one Mg2+ and one N5+ atom. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to one Mg2+ and one N5+ atom. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to one Mg2+ and one N5+ atom. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to one Mg2+ and one N5+ atom. In the fifth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to one Mg2+ and one N5+ atom. In the sixth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 150 degrees geometry to one Mg2+ and one N5+ atom. In the seventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 150 degrees geometry to one Mg2+ and one N5+ atom. In the eighth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to one Mg2+ and one N5+ atom. In the ninth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to one Mg2+ and one N5+ atom. In the tenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to one Mg2+ and one N5+ atom. In the eleventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to one Mg2+ and one N5+ atom. In the twelfth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 150 degrees geometry to one Mg2+ and one N5+ atom.
Mg(NO3)2 crystallizes in the trigonal R-3 space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are four inequivalent Mg2+ sites. In the first Mg2+ site, Mg2+ is bonded in an octahedral geometry to six O2- atoms. There are a spread of Mg–O bond distances ranging from 2.06–2.16 Å. In the second Mg2+ site, Mg2+ is bonded in an octahedral geometry to six equivalent O2- atoms. All Mg–O bond lengths are 2.10 Å. In the third Mg2+ site, Mg2+ is bonded in an octahedral geometry to six O2- atoms. There are a spread of Mg–O bond distances ranging from 2.10–2.15 Å. In the fourth Mg2+ site, Mg2+ is bonded in an octahedral geometry to six O2- atoms. There are three shorter (2.08 Å) and three longer (2.15 Å) Mg–O bond lengths. There are six inequivalent N5+ sites. In the first N5+ site, N5+ is bonded in a trigonal planar geometry to three equivalent O2- atoms. All N–O bond lengths are 1.26 Å. In the second N5+ site, N5+ is bonded in a trigonal planar geometry to three O2- atoms. All N–O bond lengths are 1.26 Å. In the third N5+ site, N5+ is bonded in a trigonal planar geometry to three equivalent O2- atoms. All N–O bond lengths are 1.26 Å. In the fourth N5+ site, N5+ is bonded in a trigonal planar geometry to three equivalent O2- atoms. All N–O bond lengths are 1.26 Å. In the fifth N5+ site, N5+ is bonded in a trigonal planar geometry to three O2- atoms. All N–O bond lengths are 1.26 Å. In the sixth N5+ site, N5+ is bonded in a trigonal planar geometry to three O2- atoms. There is two shorter (1.26 Å) and one longer (1.27 Å) N–O bond length. There are twelve inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to one Mg2+ and one N5+ atom. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to one Mg2+ and one N5+ atom. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 150 degrees geometry to one Mg2+ and one N5+ atom. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to one Mg2+ and one N5+ atom. In the fifth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to one Mg2+ and one N5+ atom. In the sixth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to one Mg2+ and one N5+ atom. In the seventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 150 degrees geometry to one Mg2+ and one N5+ atom. In the eighth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to one Mg2+ and one N5+ atom. In the ninth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to one Mg2+ and one N5+ atom. In the tenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to one Mg2+ and one N5+ atom. In the eleventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to one Mg2+ and one N5+ atom. In the twelfth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to one Mg2+ and one N5+ atom.
Mg(H2O)6(NO3)2 crystallizes in the monoclinic P2_1/c space group. The structure is zero-dimensional and consists of two magnesium;hexahydrate molecules and four nitric acid molecules.
MgO6(NO3)2 crystallizes in the monoclinic P2_1/c space group. The structure is zero-dimensional and consists of four nitric acid molecules and two MgO6 clusters. In each MgO6 cluster, Mg is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to six O atoms. There are a spread of Mg–O bond distances ranging from 1.93–2.60 Å. There are three inequivalent O sites. In the first O site, O is bonded in an L-shaped geometry to one Mg and one O atom. The O–O bond length is 1.25 Å. In the second O site, O is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Mg atom. In the third O site, O is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to one Mg and one O atom.
(Mg(H2O)6)3(La(NO3)6)2(H2O)6 is Brookite-derived structured and crystallizes in the trigonal R-3 space group. The structure is zero-dimensional and consists of nine magnesium;hexahydrate molecules, eighteen water molecules, and six La(NO3)6 clusters. In each La(NO3)6 cluster, La is bonded in a cuboctahedral geometry to twelve O atoms. There are a spread of La–O bond distances ranging from 2.67–2.71 Å. There are two inequivalent N sites. In the first N site, N is bonded in a trigonal planar geometry to three O atoms. There is one shorter (1.24 Å) and two longer (1.28 Å) N–O bond length. In the second N site, N is bonded in a trigonal planar geometry to three O atoms. There are a spread of N–O bond distances ranging from 1.24–1.29 Å. There are six inequivalent O sites. In the first O site, O is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one La and one N atom. In the second O site, O is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one La and one N atom. In the third O site, O is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one N atom. In the fourth O site, O is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one La and one N atom. In the fifth O site, O is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one La and one N atom. In the sixth O site, O is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one N atom.
MgC4H8(NO3)2 crystallizes in the monoclinic P2_1/c space group. The structure is two-dimensional and consists of two MgC4H8(NO3)2 sheets oriented in the (0, 0, 1) direction. there are two inequivalent Mg2+ sites. In the first Mg2+ site, Mg2+ is bonded in an octahedral geometry to six O2- atoms. There are a spread of Mg–O bond distances ranging from 2.09–2.14 Å. In the second Mg2+ site, Mg2+ is bonded in an octahedral geometry to six O2- atoms. There are a spread of Mg–O bond distances ranging from 2.08–2.13 Å. There are four inequivalent C2+ sites. In the first C2+ site, C2+ is bonded in a trigonal planar geometry to one H1+ and two O2- atoms. The C–H bond length is 1.11 Å. Both C–O bond lengths are 1.27 Å. In the second C2+ site, C2+ is bonded in a trigonal planar geometry to one H1+ and two O2- atoms. The C–H bond length is 1.11 Å. There is one shorter (1.26 Å) and one longer (1.27 Å) C–O bond length. In the third C2+ site, C2+ is bonded in a trigonal planar geometry to one N3-, one H1+, and one O2- atom. The C–N bond length is 1.32 Å. The C–H bond length is 1.10 Å. The C–O bond length is 1.26 Å. In the fourth C2+ site, C2+ is bonded in a trigonal planar geometry to one N3-, one H1+, and one O2- atom. The C–N bond length is 1.32 Å. The C–H bond length is 1.10 Å. The C–O bond length is 1.26 Å. There are two inequivalent N3- sites. In the first N3- site, N3- is bonded in a trigonal planar geometry to one C2+ and two H1+ atoms. There is one shorter (1.02 Å) and one longer (1.03 Å) N–H bond length. In the second N3- site, N3- is bonded in a trigonal planar geometry to one C2+ and two H1+ atoms. There is one shorter (1.02 Å) and one longer (1.03 Å) N–H bond length. There are eight inequivalent H1+ sites. In the first H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one N3- atom. In the second H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one N3- atom. In the third H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one N3- atom. In the fourth H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one N3- atom. In the fifth H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one C2+ atom. In the sixth H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one C2+ atom. In the seventh H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one C2+ atom. In the eighth H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one C2+ atom. There are six inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to one Mg2+ and one C2+ atom. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to one Mg2+ and one C2+ atom. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to one Mg2+ and one C2+ atom. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 150 degrees geometry to one Mg2+ and one C2+ atom. In the fifth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to one Mg2+ and one C2+ atom. In the sixth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 150 degrees geometry to one Mg2+ and one C2+ atom.
MgH4S2(NO3)2(CF2)2(CH4O3F4)2(H2O)2(SO)2 crystallizes in the monoclinic P2_1/c space group. The structure is zero-dimensional and consists of four difluoromethane molecules, four sulfur monoxide molecules, four water molecules, four CH4O3F4 clusters, and two MgH4S2(NO3)2 clusters. In each CH4O3F4 cluster, C4+ is bonded in a tetrahedral geometry to one H1+ and three F1- atoms. The C–H bond length is 1.10 Å. There is two shorter (1.36 Å) and one longer (1.37 Å) C–F bond length. There are four inequivalent H1+ sites. In the first H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a linear geometry to one O2- and one F1- atom. The H–O bond length is 1.35 Å. The H–F bond length is 1.04 Å. In the second H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one C4+ atom. In the third H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O2- atom. The H–O bond length is 0.98 Å. In the fourth H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O2- atom. The H–O bond length is 1.00 Å. There are three inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to one O2- and one F1- atom. The O–O bond length is 1.23 Å. The O–F bond length is 2.98 Å. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted linear geometry to one O2- and one F1- atom. The O–F bond length is 2.80 Å. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a trigonal non-coplanar geometry to three H1+ atoms. There are four inequivalent F1- sites. In the first F1- site, F1- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one C4+ and one O2- atom. In the second F1- site, F1- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one H1+ and one O2- atom. In the third F1- site, F1- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one C4+ atom. In the fourth F1- site, F1- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one C4+ atom. In each MgH4S2(NO3)2 cluster, Mg2+ is bonded in a square co-planar geometry to four O2- atoms. There are two shorter (2.02 Å) and two longer (2.19 Å) Mg–O bond lengths. N5+ is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to one H1+ and one S atom. The N–H bond length is 1.05 Å. The N–S bond length is 1.55 Å. There are two inequivalent H1+ sites. In the first H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one N5+ atom. In the second H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one S atom. The H–S bond length is 1.38 Å. S is bonded in a trigonal non-coplanar geometry to one N5+, one H1+, and one O2- atom. The S–O bond length is 1.53 Å. There are three inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted linear geometry to one Mg2+ and one S atom. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to one Mg2+ and one O2- atom. The O–O bond length is 1.26 Å. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one O2- atom.
MgO8Th(NO3)6 crystallizes in the monoclinic P2_1/c space group. The structure is zero-dimensional and consists of two MgO8 clusters and two Th(NO3)6 clusters. In each MgO8 cluster, Mg is bonded in a distorted octahedral geometry to six O atoms. There are two shorter (2.08 Å) and four longer (2.16 Å) Mg–O bond lengths. There are four inequivalent O sites. In the first O site, O is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to two O atoms. Both O–O bond lengths are 1.31 Å. In the second O site, O is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Mg atom. In the third O site, O is bonded in an L-shaped geometry to one Mg and one O atom. In the fourth O site, O is bonded in an L-shaped geometry to one Mg and one O atom. In each Th(NO3)6 cluster, Th is bonded in a cuboctahedral geometry to twelve O atoms. There are a spread of Th–O bond distances ranging from 2.56–2.64 Å. There are three inequivalent N sites. In the first N site, N is bonded in a trigonal planar geometry to three O atoms. There are a spread of N–O bond distances ranging from 1.22–1.30 Å. In the second N site, N is bonded in a trigonal planar geometry to three O atoms. There is one shorter (1.25 Å) and two longer (1.27 Å) N–O bond length. In the third N site, N is bonded in a trigonal planar geometry to three O atoms. There are a spread of N–O bond distances ranging from 1.23–1.29 Å. There are nine inequivalent O sites. In the first O site, O is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one Th and one N atom. In the second O site, O is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one N atom. In the third O site, O is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one Th and one N atom. In the fourth O site, O is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one Th and one N atom. In the fifth O site, O is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one Th and one N atom. In the sixth O site, O is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one N atom. In the seventh O site, O is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one Th and one N atom. In the eighth O site, O is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one N atom. In the ninth O site, O is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one Th and one N atom.
MgO6(Hg3O)2(NO3)6 crystallizes in the triclinic P-1 space group. The structure is zero-dimensional and consists of one magnesium;dihydroxide;tetrahydrate molecule, six nitric acid molecules, and two Hg3O clusters. In each Hg3O cluster, there are three inequivalent Hg sites. In the first Hg site, Hg is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O atom. The Hg–O bond length is 2.15 Å. In the second Hg site, Hg is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O atom. The Hg–O bond length is 2.15 Å. In the third Hg site, Hg is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O atom. The Hg–O bond length is 2.15 Å. O is bonded in a trigonal planar geometry to three Hg atoms.
MgO8Ce(NO3)6 is alpha Niobium phosphide-like structured and crystallizes in the monoclinic P2_1/c space group. The structure is zero-dimensional and consists of two Ce(NO3)6 clusters and two MgO8 clusters. In each Ce(NO3)6 cluster, Ce is bonded in a cuboctahedral geometry to twelve O atoms. There are a spread of Ce–O bond distances ranging from 2.53–2.62 Å. There are three inequivalent N sites. In the first N site, N is bonded in a trigonal planar geometry to three O atoms. There are a spread of N–O bond distances ranging from 1.23–1.29 Å. In the second N site, N is bonded in a trigonal planar geometry to three O atoms. There are a spread of N–O bond distances ranging from 1.24–1.28 Å. In the third N site, N is bonded in a trigonal planar geometry to three O atoms. There are a spread of N–O bond distances ranging from 1.24–1.29 Å. There are nine inequivalent O sites. In the first O site, O is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one Ce and one N atom. In the second O site, O is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one N atom. In the third O site, O is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one Ce and one N atom. In the fourth O site, O is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one Ce and one N atom. In the fifth O site, O is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one Ce and one N atom. In the sixth O site, O is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one N atom. In the seventh O site, O is bonded in a distorted water-like geometry to one Ce and one N atom. In the eighth O site, O is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one N atom. In the ninth O site, O is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one Ce and one N atom. In each MgO8 cluster, Mg is bonded in an octahedral geometry to six O atoms. There are a spread of Mg–O bond distances ranging from 2.08–2.22 Å. There are four inequivalent O sites. In the first O site, O is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O atom. The O–O bond length is 1.24 Å. In the second O site, O is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to one Mg and one O atom. The O–O bond length is 1.30 Å. In the third O site, O is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to one Mg and one O atom. In the fourth O site, O is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to one Mg and one O atom.
The electrochemical nitrate reduction reaction (NO3RR) offers a pathway to produce NH3 for fuel and fertilizer from waste NO3-. In this work, a polycrystalline vanadium sulfide (VSx), which is derived from solvothermally grown and annealed VS2, is shown to exhibit excellent NO3RR activity (2.3 +- 0.6 mg.cm-2 geo..h-1 @ -0.92 VRHE) and Faradaic efficiency to NH4+ (69 +- 6% at -0.69 VRHE) in buffered neutral pH electrolyte containing 0.1 M NO3-. A variety of characterization techniques are leveraged to support the VSx assignment, including X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy, selected area electron diffraction, and X-ray diffraction measurements. The VS2 annealing step reduces the oxide character and generates VSx, which, based on the improved NO3RR activity, results in the creation of active sites for NO3- binding. To help shed light on NO3RR on VSx, VS2 is used as a model system, and a grand-canonical density functional theory (GC-DFT) investigation of VS2 shows strong evidence that S vacancies are active sites for NO3RR, where NO3- outcompetes H+ for adsorption at the S-vacancy sites. Moreover, GC-DFT results highlight a thermodynamically favorable reaction to generate NH4+ in an aqueous electrolyte at relevant cathodic potentials. As an annealed material, VSx may contain undersaturated V sites, which show an electronic structure similar to the theoretically calculated S-vacancy site of VS2, and these sites may contribute to the observed increase in NO3RR activity and selectivity for NH4+ on VSx versus unannealed VS2. Finally, kinetic isotope effect measurements suggest that the kinetic rate-limiting step of the NO3RR on VSx is not proton-coupled, indicating it may be the first electron transfer to adsorbed NO3*.