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At least 19 records
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2025

AmeriFlux FLUXNET-1F CA-Mer Ontario - Eastern Peatland, Mer Bleue

This is the AmeriFlux Management Project (AMP) created FLUXNET-1F version of the carbon flux data for the site CA-Mer Ontario - Eastern Peatland, Mer Bleue. This is the FLUXNET version of the carbon flux data for the site CA-Mer Ontario - Eastern Peatland, Mer Bleue produced by applying the standard ONEFlux (1F) software. Site Description - The Mer Bleue peatland is primarily a large ombrotrophic bog located in the Ottawa River Valley, 10 km east of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (45.40º N lat., 75.50º W long.). Mean annual temperature is 6.3ºC ranging from -10.5ºC in January to 21.0ºC in July. Mean annual precipitation is 943 mm, 268 mm of which falls during the summer months (Environment Canada; climate normals). Peat began to form approximately 8500 years ago, but the bog phase began later, about 6400 years ago (Lafleur et al., 2003; Richard, pers. comm.). The peat depth now ranges from 2 m at the edge to >5 m in the middle. Beaver ponds are found at the lagg margin of the bog. The bog is dominated by plant communities comprised primarily of the ericaceous shrubs Chamaedaphne calyculata (L.) Moench, Ledum groenlandicum Oeder, and Kalmia angustifolia L. Clusters of the deciduous shrub Vaccinium myrtilloides Michx. and the tufted sedge Eriophorum vaginatum L. are fairly common across the bog. The most common tree species found in the bog are Larix laricina (Duroi) K. Koch., Betula populifolia Marshall and Picea mariana (Miller) BSP occurring less frequently. In the poor fen, located to the north of the bog proper, community composition is primarily composed of the ericaceous shrubs listed above, including higher densities of K. angustifolia and Andromeda glaucophylla Link. The primary sedge in this area is Carex oligosperma Michx. All sites are dominated by an under story of bryophytes, mainly Sphagnum magellanicum Brid., Sphagnum capillifolium (Ehrh.) Hedw., and Polytrichum strictum Brid. in the bog, with Sphagnum papillosum Lindb., and Sphagnum fallax (Klinggr.) Klinggr. common in the wetter portions of the poor fen

Humphreys, Elyn [Carleton University]↗
DOE OSTI2024

AmeriFlux CA-Mer Ontario - Eastern Peatland, Mer Bleue

This is the AmeriFlux version of the carbon flux data for the site CA-Mer Ontario - Eastern Peatland, Mer Bleue. Site Description - The Mer Bleue peatland is primarily a large ombrotrophic bog located in the Ottawa River Valley, 10 km east of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (45.40º N lat., 75.50º W long.). Mean annual temperature is 6.3ºC ranging from -10.5ºC in January to 21.0ºC in July. Mean annual precipitation is 943 mm, 268 mm of which falls during the summer months (Environment Canada; climate normals). Peat began to form approximately 8500 years ago, but the bog phase began later, about 6400 years ago (Lafleur et al., 2003; Richard, pers. comm.). The peat depth now ranges from 2 m at the edge to >5 m in the middle. Beaver ponds are found at the lagg margin of the bog. The bog is dominated by plant communities comprised primarily of the ericaceous shrubs Chamaedaphne calyculata (L.) Moench, Ledum groenlandicum Oeder, and Kalmia angustifolia L. Clusters of the deciduous shrub Vaccinium myrtilloides Michx. and the tufted sedge Eriophorum vaginatum L. are fairly common across the bog. The most common tree species found in the bog are Larix laricina (Duroi) K. Koch., Betula populifolia Marshall and Picea mariana (Miller) BSP occurring less frequently. In the poor fen, located to the north of the bog proper, community composition is primarily composed of the ericaceous shrubs listed above, including higher densities of K. angustifolia and Andromeda glaucophylla Link. The primary sedge in this area is Carex oligosperma Michx. All sites are dominated by an under story of bryophytes, mainly Sphagnum magellanicum Brid., Sphagnum capillifolium (Ehrh.) Hedw., and Polytrichum strictum Brid. in the bog, with Sphagnum papillosum Lindb., and Sphagnum fallax (Klinggr.) Klinggr. common in the wetter portions of the poor fen

Humphreys, Elyn↗
DOE OSTI2024

Horizontal gene transfer of the Mer operon is associated with large effects on the transcriptome and increased tolerance to mercury in nitrogen-fixing bacteria

Abstract Background Mercury (Hg) is highly toxic and has the potential to cause severe health problems for humans and foraging animals when transported into edible plant parts. Soil rhizobia that form symbiosis with legumes may possess mechanisms to prevent heavy metal translocation from roots to shoots in plants by exporting metals from nodules or compartmentalizing metal ions inside nodules. Horizontal gene transfer has potential to confer immediate de novo adaptations to stress. We used comparative genomics of high quality de novo assemblies to identify structural differences in the genomes of nitrogen-fixing rhizobia that were isolated from a mercury (Hg) mine site that show high variation in their tolerance to Hg. Results Our analyses identified multiple structurally conserved merA homologs in the genomes of Sinorhizobium medicae and Rhizobium leguminosarum but only the strains that possessed a Mer operon exhibited 10-fold increased tolerance to Hg. RNAseq analysis revealed nearly all genes in the Mer operon were significantly up-regulated in response to Hg stress in free-living conditions and in nodules. In both free-living and nodule environments, we found the Hg-tolerant strains with a Mer operon exhibited the fewest number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the genome, indicating a rapid and efficient detoxification of Hg from the cells that reduced general stress responses to the Hg-treatment. Expression changes in S. medicae while in bacteroids showed that both rhizobia strain and host-plant tolerance affected the number of DEGs. Aside from Mer operon genes, nif genes which are involved in nitrogenase activity in S. medicae showed significant up-regulation in the most Hg-tolerant strain while inside the most Hg-accumulating host-plant. Transfer of a plasmid containing the Mer operon from the most tolerant strain to low-tolerant strains resulted in an immediate increase in Hg tolerance, indicating that the Mer operon is able to confer hyper tolerance to Hg. Conclusions Mer operons have not been previously reported in nitrogen-fixing rhizobia. This study demonstrates a pivotal role of the Mer operon in effective mercury detoxification and hypertolerance in nitrogen-fixing rhizobia. This finding has major implications not only for soil bioremediation, but also host plants growing in mercury contaminated soils.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2023

Singleton Sieving: Overcoming the Memory/Speed Trade-Off in Exascale k-mer Analysis

Traditional filter data structures, such as Bloom filters, do not offer necessary features that modern high-performance data analytics applications need in order to efficiently perform complex data analysis tasks. For example, MetaHipMer, a de novo metagenome assembler, can use filters to weed out singleton k-mers and reduce memory usage by 30%-70%. However, the filter needs the ability to associate values with k-mers in order to perform the analysis in a single communication pass. Bloom filters do not support value associations and cause the application to perform an extra communication pass, thereby increasing the run time. Therefore, MetaHipMer faces a trade off between memory and speed due to the limited capabilities of traditional filters. In this paper, we overcome the memory and speed trade off in MetaHipMer by integrating a GPU-based feature-rich filter, the Two-Choice filter (TCF), in the MetaHipMer pipeline. The TCF uses key-value association to approximately store k-mers with extensions. This allows MetaHipMer to perform k-mer analysis on the GPUs in a single communication pass. Our empirical analysis shows a 50% reduction in memory usage in k-mer analysis on each node in MetaHipMer without any effect on the overall run time or assembly quality. The memory reduction in turn results in a 43% reduction in the number of nodes required to assemble datasets and enables MetaHipMer to scale to much larger datasets.

McCoy, Hunter↗
DOE OSTI2026

Directed evolution of a stem-helix–targeting antibody enables MERS-CoV cross-neutralization through enhanced binding affinity

Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) targeting conserved regions of the betacoronavirus spike are important for pan-betacoronavirus protection and pandemic preparedness. Here, we report the isolation of a human monoclonal antibody, CC65.1, from a SARS-CoV-2 convalescent donor that targets the conserved S2 stem helix region. CC65.1 neutralizes various sarbecoviruses, including SARS-CoV-2, and binds to the MERS-CoV spike but lacks MERS-CoV-neutralizing activity due to insufficient binding affinity. We utilized directed evolution to enhance the binding affinity of CC65.1 for the MERS-CoV S2 stem helix, yielding engineered antibody variants with newly acquired MERS-CoV-neutralizing activity. High-resolution structural analysis reveals key paratope mutations that enhance binding and stabilize epitope engagement. Our findings demonstrate the potential of in vitro affinity maturation to expand the neutralization breadth of stem-helix-targeting antibodies across divergent betacoronaviruses. This work supports the development of engineered bnAbs for broadly protective betacoronavirus countermeasures and provides a strategy for achieving cross-lineage neutralization.

Zhou, Panpan↗
DOE OSTI2020

Small Particle Aerosol Exposure of African Green Monkeys to MERS-CoV as a Model for Highly Pathogenic Coronavirus Infection

Emerging coronaviruses are a global public health threat because of the potential for person-to-person transmission and high mortality rates. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) emerged in 2012, causing lethal respiratory disease in $\gg$35% of cases. Primate models of coronavirus disease are needed to support development of therapeutics, but few models exist that recapitulate severe disease. For initial development of a MERS-CoV primate model, 12 African green monkeys were exposed to 10 3 , 10 4 , or 10 5 PFU target doses of aerosolized MERS-CoV. We observed a dose-dependent increase of respiratory disease signs, although all 12 monkeys survived for the 28-day duration of the study. This study describes dosedependent effects of MERS-CoV infection of primates and uses a route of infection with potential relevance to MERSCoV transmission. Aerosol exposure of African green monkeys might provide a platform approach for the development of primate models of novel coronavirus diseases.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2020

3C-like protease inhibitors block coronavirus replication in vitro and improve survival in MERS-CoV–infected mice

Pathogenic coronaviruses are a major threat to global public health, as exemplified by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and the newly emerged SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We describe herein the structure-guided optimization of a series of inhibitors of the coronavirus 3C-like protease (3CLpro), an enzyme essential for viral replication. The optimized compounds were effective against several human coronaviruses including MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 in an enzyme assay and in cell-based assays using Huh-7 and Vero E6 cell lines. Two selected compounds showed antiviral effects against SARS-CoV-2 in cultured primary human airway epithelial cells. In a mouse model of MERS-CoV infection, administration of a lead compound 1 day after virus infection increased survival from 0 to 100% and reduced lung viral titers and lung histopathology. These results suggest that this series of compounds has the potential to be developed further as antiviral drugs against human coronaviruses.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2021

A quantitative model used to compare within-host SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV dynamics provides insights into the pathogenesis and treatment of SARS-CoV-2

The scientific community is focused on developing antiviral therapies to mitigate the impacts of the ongoing novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak. This will be facilitated by improved understanding of viral dynamics within infected hosts. Here, using a mathematical model in combination with published viral load data, we compare within-host viral dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 with analogous dynamics of MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV. Our quantitative analyses using a mathematical model revealed that the within-host reproduction number at symptom onset of SARS-CoV-2 was statistically significantly larger than that of MERS-CoV and similar to that of SARS-CoV. In addition, the time from symptom onset to the viral load peak for SARS-CoV-2 infection was shorter than those of MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV. These findings suggest the difficulty of controlling SARS-CoV-2 infection by antivirals. We further used the viral dynamics model to predict the efficacy of potential antiviral drugs that have different modes of action. The efficacy was measured by the reduction in the viral load area under the curve (AUC). Our results indicate that therapies that block de novo infection or virus production are likely to be effective if and only if initiated before the viral load peak (which appears 2–3 days after symptom onset), but therapies that promote cytotoxicity of infected cells are likely to have effects with less sensitivity to the timing of treatment initiation. Furthermore, combining a therapy that promotes cytotoxicity and one that blocks de novo infection or virus production synergistically reduces the AUC with early treatment. Our unique modeling approach provides insights into the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 and may be useful for development of antiviral therapies.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2021

Omics Lethal Human Viruses Project Profiling of the Host Response to MERS-CoV Infection, Processed Experimental Dataset Catalog

Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is classified as a Category C priority pathogen (Coronaviridae) by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), and is known to cause severe respiratory disease with high mortality rates in humans. Lethal host-pathogen invasion mechanisms and the cellular intricacies behind these fatal infections still remain unclear. The NIAID Modeling Host Responses to Understand Severe Human Virus Infections Research Program project (2013-2018) aimed to develop an improved comprehensive understanding of the host response to a suite of viruses causing lethal infections leveraging a systems biology approach. Herein, PNNL sub-projects provide a never before released comprehensive infectious disease collection of primary and secondary transformation multi-Omics data profiling a series of priority pathogen primary experimental studies for enhanced open-access to viral Omics datasets and project lifecycle metadata. Secondary host-pathogen viral dataset downloads contain one or more statistically processed (normalization data transformation) quantitative dataset collections resulting in qualitative expression analyses of primary host-pathogen experimental study designs. Leveraging unique high-resolution Omics capabilities for proteomics (P), metabolomics (M), lipidomics (L), and transcriptomics (T) dataset downloads each have a direct relationship to a primary sample submission corresponding to a specific MERS-CoV [NCBITAXON:1335626] experimental infection study. Host sample types include human lung adenocarcinoma cells ["Calu-3", BTO:0002750], human bronchial epithelial cells ["Calu-3 clone 2B4"; BTO:0002022], primary human fibroblasts ["FB"; BTO:0000452], primary human airway epithelial cells ["HAE"; BTO:0005571], human microvascular endothelial cells ["HMVE"; BTO:0003123], and whole mouse lung [BTO:0000763] tissue collections.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2021

Omics-Lethal Human Viruses, MERS-CoV Experiment MFB001

The purpose of this experiment was to evaluate the human host response to wild-type MERS-CoV (icMERS-CoV) virus infection. Sample data was obtained from primary human fibroblasts and processed for mRNA, miRNA, proteomics, metabolomics, and lipidomics expression analysis. econdary host-associated viral dataset downloads contain one or more statistically processed (normalization data transformation) quantitative dataset collections resulting in qualitative expression analyses of primary host-pathogen experimental study designs. Leveraging unique high-resolution Omics capabilities for proteomics, metabolomics, lipidomics, and transcriptomics dataset downloads each have a direct relationship to a primary sample submission corresponding to a specific MERS-CoV virus infection.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2021

Omics-Lethal Human Viruses, MERS-CoV Experiment MM001

The purpose of this experiment was to evaluate the host response to wild-type Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) virus infection. Sample data was obtained from primary mouse lung for mRNA, proteomics, lipidomics, and metabolomics expression analysis. Secondary host-associated viral dataset downloads contain one or more statistically processed (normalization data transformation) quantitative dataset collections resulting in qualitative expression analyses of primary host-pathogen experimental study designs. Leveraging unique high-resolution Omics capabilities for proteomics, metabolomics, lipidomics, and transcriptomics dataset downloads each have a direct relationship to a primary sample submission corresponding to a specific MERS-CoV virus infection.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2023

Structure-guided design of direct-acting antivirals that exploit the gem-dimethyl effect and potently inhibit 3CL proteases of severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) and middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV)

The high morbidity and mortality associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection, the etiological agent of COVID-19, has had a major impact on global public health. Significant progress has been made in the development of an array of vaccines and biologics, however, the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants and breakthrough infections are an ongoing major concern. Furthermore, there is an existing paucity of small-molecule host and virus-directed therapeutics and prophylactics that can be used to counter the spread of SARS-CoV-2, and any emerging and re-emerging coronaviruses. Here, we describe herein our efforts to address this urgent need by focusing on the structure-guided design of potent broad-spectrum inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 3C-like protease (3CL pro or Main protease), an enzyme essential for viral replication. The inhibitors exploit the directional effects associated with the presence of a gem-dimethyl group that allow the inhibitors to optimally interact with the S4 subsite of the enzyme. Several compounds were found to potently inhibit SARS-CoV-2 and MERS-CoV 3CL proteases in biochemical and cell-based assays. Specifically, the EC50 values of aldehyde 1c and its corresponding bisulfite adduct 1d against SARS-CoV-2 were found to be 12 and 10 nM, respectively, and their CC50 values were >50 μM. Furthermore, deuteration of these compounds yielded compounds 2c/2d with EC50 values 11 and 12 nM, respectively. Replacement of the aldehyde warhead with a nitrile (CN) or an α-ketoamide warhead or its corresponding bisulfite adduct yielded compounds 1g, 1e and 1f with EC50 values 60, 50 and 70 nM, respectively. High-resolution cocrystal structures have identified the structural determinants associated with the binding of the inhibitors to the active site of the enzyme and, furthermore, have illuminated the mechanism of action of the inhibitors. Overall, the high Safety Index (SI) (SI=CC50/EC50) displayed by these compounds suggests that they are well-suited to conducting further preclinical studies.

3-Chymotrypsin-like protease (3CLpro)↗
DOE OSTI2021

A k-mer based approach for classifying viruses without taxonomy identifies viral associations in human autism and plant microbiomes

Viruses are an underrepresented taxa in the study and identification of microbiome constituents; however, they play an essential role in health, microbiome regulation, and transfer of genetic material. Only a few thousand viruses have been isolated, sequenced, and assigned a taxonomy, which limits the ability to identify and quantify viruses in the microbiome. Additionally, the vast diversity of viruses represents a challenge for classification, not only in constructing a viral taxonomy, but also in identifying similarities between a virus’ genotype and its phenotype. However, the diversity of viral sequences can be leveraged to classify their sequences in metagenomic and metatranscriptomic samples, even if they do not have a taxonomy. To identify and quantify viruses in transcriptomic and genomic samples, we developed a dynamic programming algorithm for creating a classification tree out of 715,672 metagenome viruses. To create the classification tree, we clustered proportional similarity scores generated from the k-mer profiles of each of the metagenome viruses to create a database of metagenomic viruses. The resulting Kraken2 database of the metagenomic viruses can be found here: https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1615774 and is compatible with Kraken2. We then integrated the viral classification database with databases created with genomes from NCBI for use with ParaKraken (a parallelized version of Kraken provided in Supplemental Zip 1), a metagenomic/transcriptomic classifier. To illustrate the breadth of our utility for classifying metagenome viruses, we analyzed data from a plant metagenome study identifying genotypic and compartment specific differences between two Populus genotypes in three different compartments. We also identified a significant increase in abundance of eight viral sequences in post mortem brains in a human metatranscriptome study comparing Autism Spectrum Disorder patients and controls. We also show the potential accuracy for classifying viruses by utilizing both the JGI and NCBI viral databases to identify the uniqueness of viral sequences. Finally, we validate the accuracy of viral classification with NCBI databases containing viruses with taxonomy to identify pathogenic viruses in known COVID-19 and cassava brown streak virus infection samples. Our method represents the compulsory first step in better understanding the role of viruses in the microbiome by allowing for a more complete identification of sequences without taxonomy. Better classification of viruses will improve identifying associations between viruses and their hosts as well as viruses and other microbiome members. Despite the lack of taxonomy, this database of metagenomic viruses can be used with any tool that utilizes a taxonomy, such as Kraken, for accurate classification of viruses.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2021

Omics-Lethal Human Viruses, MERS-CoV Experiment MCL001

The purpose of this experiment was to evaluate the human host response to wild-type Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (icMERS) and icMERS-CoV mutants icMERS-CoV-RFP, icMERS-CoV-dNSP16, icMERS-CoV-d4B, and icMERS-CoV-d3 virus infection. Sample data was obtained from human bronchial epithelial cells (Calu-3 clone 2B4) for mRNA and miRNA transcriptome expression analysis. Secondary host-associated viral dataset downloads contain one or more statistically processed (normalization data transformation) quantitative dataset collections resulting in qualitative expression analyses of primary host-pathogen experimental study designs. Transcriptomics dataset downloads each have a direct relationship to a primary sample submission corresponding to a specific MERS-CoV virus infection.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2021

Omics-Lethal Human Viruses, MERS-CoV Experiment MCL002

The purpose of this experiment was to evaluate the human host response to wild-type Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (icMERS) and icMERS-CoV mutants icMERS-RFP, icMERS-DNSP16, and icMERS-d4B virus infection. Sample data was obtained from human bronchial epithelial cells (Calu-3 clone 2B4) for proteome, metabolome, and lipidome expression analysis. Secondary host-associated viral dataset downloads contain one or more statistically processed (normalization data transformation) quantitative dataset collections resulting in qualitative expression analyses of primary host-pathogen experimental study designs. Leveraging unique high-resolution Omics capabilities for proteomics, metabolomics, and lipidomics dataset download each have a direct relationship to a primary sample submission corresponding to a specific MERS-CoV virus infection.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2021

Omics-Lethal Human Viruses, MERS-CoV Experiment MCL003

The purpose of this experiment was to evaluate the human host response to wild-type icMERS-CoV virus infection and mockulum. Sample data was obtained from human lung adenocarcinoma cells (Calu-3) for proteome, metabolome, and lipidome expression analysis. Resulting quantitative data profiles were evaluated for extreme outlier behavior using MPLEX protocol. Secondary host-associated viral dataset downloads contain one or more statistically processed (normalization data transformation) quantitative dataset collections resulting in qualitative expression analyses of primary host-pathogen experimental study designs. Leveraging unique high-resolution Omics capabilities for proteomics, metabolomics, and lipidomics dataset download each have a direct relationship to a primary sample submission corresponding to a specific MERS-CoV virus infection.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2021

Omics-Lethal Human Viruses, MERS-CoV Experiment MFB002

The purpose of this experiment was to evaluate the human host response to wild-type Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (icMERS-CoV, EMC2012) and mutant virus infection. Sample data was obtained from primary human fibroblasts for mRNA, miRNA, proteomics, lipidomics, and metabolomics expression analysis. Secondary host-associated viral dataset downloads contain one or more statistically processed (normalization data transformation) quantitative dataset collections resulting in qualitative expression analyses of primary host-pathogen experimental study designs. Leveraging unique high-resolution Omics capabilities for proteomics, metabolomics, lipidomics, and transcriptomics dataset downloads each have a direct relationship to a primary sample submission corresponding to a specific MERS-CoV virus infection.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2021

Omics-Lethal Human Viruses, MERS-CoV Experiment MFB003

The purpose of this experiment was to evaluate the human host response to wild-type Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (icMERS-CoV, EMC2012) virus infection. Sample data was obtained from primary human fibroblasts for mRNA, miRNA, proteomics, lipidomics, and metabolomics expression analysis. Secondary host-associated viral dataset downloads contain one or more statistically processed (normalization data transformation) quantitative dataset collections resulting in qualitative expression analyses of primary host-pathogen experimental study designs. Leveraging unique high-resolution Omics capabilities for proteomics, metabolomics, lipidomics, and transcriptomics dataset downloads each have a direct relationship to a primary sample submission corresponding to a specific MERS-CoV virus infection.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗