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At least 19 records
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2024

Quantum Monte Carlo Calculations of Magnetic Form Factors in Light Nuclei

Here, we present Quantum Monte Carlo calculations of magnetic form factors in A = 6-10 nuclei, based on Norfolk two- and three-nucleon interactions, and associated one- and two-body electromagnetic currents. Agreement with the available experimental data for 6 Li, 7 Li, 9 Be and 10 B up to values of momentum transfer q ~ 3 fm -1 is achieved when two-nucleon currents are accounted for. We present a set of predictions for the magnetic form factors of 7 Be, 8 Li, 9 Li, and 9 C. In these systems, two body currents account for ~ 40-60% of the total magnetic strength. Measurements in any of these radioactive systems would provide valuable insights on the nuclear magnetic structure emerging from the underlying many-nucleon dynamics. A particularly interesting case is that of 7 Be, as it would enable investigations of the magnetic structure of mirror nuclei

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2025

Precision Measurement of the Neutron Magnetic Form Factor via the Ratio Method at Jefferson Lab Hall A

Protons and neutrons, collectively known as nucleons, are composed of quarks and gluons. The Sachs electromagnetic form factors encode information about the spatial distributions of charge and magnetization in the nucleon, particularly at low momentum transfer. In particular, the neutron magnetic form factor (GMn) provides crucial information about the distribution of magnetization inside the neutron and helps constrain theoretical models of nucleon structure. Quasi-elastic electron scattering from deuterium was measured up to Q^2=13.5 GeV^2 using the Super BigBite Spectrometer in Hall A at Jefferson Lab. In this work, the neutron magnetic form factor GMn was extracted at Q^2 = 3.0 GeV^2 and Q^2=4.5 GeV^2 using the Ratio Method. These results represent a subset of the full dataset collected in this experiment, which extended to significantly higher Q^2. The extracted GMn values agree with the existing global fit within approximately two standard deviations at Q^2=3.0 and show excellent agreement at Q^2=4.5. The measurements achieved systematic uncertainties of about 2% and statistical uncertainties below 0.5%, among the most precise determinations of GMn at these kinematics. These results demonstrate the robustness of the experimental technique and provide an important validation point for future extractions at higher Q^2, where data remain scarce. In addition, the GRINCH heavy gas Cherenkov detector—a key component of the experimental apparatus—was commissioned and achieved an electron detection efficiency of approximately 97%, supporting reliable particle identification. Together, the analysis presented here advances both our understanding of nucleon structure and the validation of the experimental methods and instrumentation used to access it.

Satnik, Maria [College of William and Mary, Willia↗
DOE OSTI2024

Measurement of the Neutron Magnetic Form Factor at Large Momentum Transfer Using the Super-Bigbite Apparatus in Jefferson Lab Hall-A

The nucleon elastic electromagnetic form factors help us study the electromagnetic structure of the nucleon, benchmark theoretical models, and improve our understanding of non-perturbative quantum chromodynamics and confinement. The Nobel Prize-winning electron-nucleon scattering experiments by Robert Hofstadter and collaborators in the 1950s at Stanford High Energy Physics Lab were the first nucleon form factor measurements performed using leptonic probes. The Super Bigbite Spectrometer (SBS) program at Hall-A of Jefferson Lab represents the latest efforts to measure nucleon form factors. This ambitious program aims to significantly extend the current data set in terms of square momentum transfer (Q2) with high precision. The advent of novel detector technologies, like Gas Electron Multipliers (GEM), which provide excellent position resolution (< 100 ?m) while withstanding high background particle rates (several hundred MHz/cm2) over a large active area, has paved the way for open-geometry, moderate solid angle spectrometers, which are central to all form factor experiments in the SBS program. The first experimental run group in SBS ran successfully between September 2021 and February 2022, collecting data for the measurement of the magnetic form factor of the neutron Gn M at five squared momentum-transfer values: 3.0, 4.5, 7.5, 9.8, and 13.5 (GeV /c)2. This extends the existing high-precision data for Gn M by about a factor of four. The ratio technique was used, which involved the simultaneous measurement of exclusive quasielastic scattering of D(e,e?n)p and D(e,e?p)n from a deuterium target. Pre-preliminary results for D(e,e?n)p and D(e,e?p)n quasi-elastic ratio, and the neutron magnetic form factor Gn M , for Q2 points 3.0, 9.8, and 13.5 (GeV /c)2 are presented.

Mudiyanselage, Anuruddha Rathnayake↗
DOE OSTI2024

Precision Measurements of the Neutron Magnetic Form Factor to High Momentum Transfer using Durand's Method

Protons and neutrons, collectively known as nucleons, along with electrons, constitute the funda- mental building blocks of the visible universe. Understanding their internal structure is crucial for addressing key scientific questions about our origin and existence. Elastic electron-nucleon scatter- ing provides insights into the spatial distributions of charge and current within nucleons through their electromagnetic form factors. Accurate knowledge of these form factors over a broad range of Q2, the squared four-momentum transfer in the scattering process, reveals details about the nucleon’s internal structure. However, high-Q2 data of the nucleon electromagnetic form factor is scarce due to the challenges associated with such measurements. This thesis reports preliminary results from high-precision measurements of the neutron magnetic form factor (Gn M ) to unprecedented Q2 using Durand’s method, also known as the “ratio” method. Systematic errors are greatly reduced by extracting Gn M from the ratio of neutron-coincident (D(e, e'n)) to proton-coincident (D(e, e'p)) quasi-elastic electron scattering from deuteron. The scattered electrons were detected in the BigBite spectrometer, which features multiple Gas Elec- tron Multiplier (GEM) layers with large active area for high-precision tracking at very high rates. Simultaneous nucleon detection was performed by the Super BigBite spectrometer, which utilizes a dipole magnet with large solid angle acceptance at forward angles and a novel hadron calorimeter with very high and comparable detection efficiencies for both protons and neutrons. This setup could handle very high luminosity, making high-Q2 measurements feasible. Data were collected at five Q2 points: 3, 4.5, 7.4, 9.9, and 13.6 (GeV/c)2. Preliminary results are reported for all, with the lowest two Q2 points in good agreement with existing world data, while the higher points significantly extend the Q2 range in which Gn M is known accurately. The precision of the highest Q2 point is expected to remain unmatched for years to come.

Datta, Provakar↗
DOE OSTI2024

Precision Measurements of the Neutron Magnetic Form Factor to High Momentum Transfer using Durand’s Method

Protons and neutrons, collectively known as nucleons, along with electrons, constitute the fundamental building blocks of the visible universe. Understanding their internal structure is crucial for addressing key scientific questions about our origin and existence. Elastic electron-nucleon scattering provides insights into the spatial distributions of charge and current within nucleons through their electromagnetic form factors. Accurate knowledge of these form factors over a broad range of Q2, the squared four-momentum transfer in the scattering process, reveals details about the nucleon's internal structure. However, high-Q2 data of the nucleon electromagnetic form factor is scarce due to the challenges associated with such measurements. This thesis reports preliminary results from high-precision measurements of the neutron magnetic form factor (GMn) to unprecedented Q2 using Durand's method, also known as the "ratio" method. Systematic errors are greatly reduced by ext

Datta, Provakar↗
DOE OSTI2026

Calculation of nuclear magnetic form factors [Slides]

The knowledge of how electron and neutrinos interact in nuclei is critical to an understanding of finite nucle and of astrophysical environments like neutron stars and supernovae. Within this project we are studying nuclear magnetic form factors that reflect how electrons interact with nuclei at low momenta. We implemented realistic treatments of many-nucleon correlations and currents to enable high-precision studies of electron physics.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2025

Single-Crystal Diffuse Neutron Scattering Study of the Dipole-Octupole Quantum Spin-Ice Candidate Ce 2⁢ Zr 2 ⁢O 7 : No Apparent Octupolar Correlations Above 𝑇 = 0.05 K

The insulating magnetic pyrochlore Ce 2 ⁢Zr 2 ⁢O 7 has gained attention as a quantum spin-ice candidate with dipole-octupole character that arises from the crystal-electric-field ground-state doublet for the Ce 3+ Kramers ion. This dipole-octupole character permits both spin-ice phases based on magnetic dipoles and those based on more-exotic octupoles. This work reports low-temperature neutron diffraction measurements on single-crystal Ce 2 ⁢Zr 2⁢ O 7 with 𝑄 coverage both at low 𝑄, where the magnetic form factor for dipoles is near maximal, and at high 𝑄, covering the region where the magnetic form factor for Ce 3+ octupoles is near maximal. This study was motivated by recent powder neutron diffraction studies of other Ce-based dipole-octupole pyrochlores, Ce 2 ⁢Sn 2 ⁢O 7 and Ce 2 ⁢Hf 2 ⁢O 7 , which each showed temperature-dependent diffuse diffraction at high 𝑄, interpreted as arising from octupolar correlations. Our measurements use an optimized single-crystal diffuse scattering instrument that allows us to screen against strong Bragg scattering from Ce 2 ⁢Zr 2 ⁢O 7 . The temperature-difference neutron diffraction reveals a low-𝑄 peak consistent with dipolar spin-ice correlations reported in previous work, and an alternation between positive and negative net intensity at higher 𝑄. These features are consistent with our numerical-linked-cluster calculations using pseudospin interaction parameters previously reported for Ce 2 ⁢Zr 2⁢ O 7 , Ce 2 ⁢Sn 2 ⁢O 7 , and Ce 2 ⁢Hf 2 ⁢O 7 . Importantly, neither the measured data nor any of the NLC calculations show evidence for increased scattering at high 𝑄 resulting from octupolar correlations. We conclude that at the lowest attainable temperature for our measurements (𝑇 = 0.05 K), scattering from octupolar correlations in Ce 2 ⁢Zr 2 ⁢O 7 is not present in the neutron diffraction signal on the level of our observation threshold of around 0.1% of the low-𝑄 dipole scattering. We compare these results to those obtained earlier on powder Ce 2 ⁢Sn 2 ⁢O 7 and Ce 2⁢ Hf 2⁢ O 7 , and to low-energy inelastic neutron scattering from single-crystal Ce 2 ⁢Zr 2 ⁢O 7 .

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2025

A Measurement of the Neutron Electromagnetic Form Factor Ratio from a Rosenbluth Technique with Simultaneous Detection of Neutrons and Protons

The internal structure of protons and neutrons provides insight into both the dynamical behavior of the constitute quarks and gluons, and emergent properties of the nucleons (such as mass, spin, and electromagnetic distributions). Elastic electron-nucleon scattering can probe the elastic electromagnetic form factors of the nucleon. The electric and magnetic form factors, respectively, encode information about the internal charge and magnetization distributions within the nucleon. Precision data for these form factors, over a broad range of the four-momentum transfer squared, Q^2, can benchmark theoretical models describing the strong interaction of nuclear physics. The Super BigBite Spectrometer (SBS) program in Hall A at Jefferson Lab, is a series of high-precision experiments which seek to significantly extend the Q^2 reach of previous data for the nucleon electromagnetic form factors. The first two experiments of this program are known as G_M^n and the neutron Two Photon Exchange (nTPE) and the data were collected from October 2021 to February 2022. Both experiments were conducted with the simultaneous measurement of D(e,e'n) and D(e,e'p) reactions for quasi-elastic electron-deuteron scattering. The scattered electrons were detected in the BigBite Spectrometer, which features multiple large-acceptance Gas Electron Multiplier (GEM) detectors. The Super BigBite Spectrometer provided simultaneous detection of scattered nucleons, and utilized a large acceptance dipole magnet and Hadron Calorimeter (HCal). The G_M^n experiment provides precision measurements of the neutron magnetic form factor, via the ratio method, over a Q^2 range of 3.0 to 13.5 (GeV/c)2. From this data analysis, preliminary values for G_M^n/µ_n G_D are extracted. For Q^2=4.48 (GeV/c)2 we find G_M^n/µ_n G_D=0.9546±0.0132 and for Q^2=4.476 (GeV/c)2 we find G_M^n/µ_n G_D=0.9563±0.0110. These preliminary G_M^n/µ_n G_D values are more precise than existing world data in this Q^2 regime and are consistent with the most recent parameterization of the G_M^n/µ_n G_D world data. The nTPE experiment provides a first measurement of the neutron Rosenbluth Slope and seeks to quantify the two-photon exchange(TPE) contribution to elastic electron-neutron scattering at a fixed Q^2=4.5 (GeV/c)2 with two different beam energies and scattering angle values. For data of the proton form factor ratio, µ_p G_E^p/G_M^p, significant discrepancies exist between values obtained from Rosenbluth Separation and polarization transfer measurement, particularly at large Q^2, and TPE contributions are thought to resolve this discrepancy. The impacts of TPE contributions have not yet been experimentally established for the neutron. From the data analysis presented in this dissertation, a preliminary result for the neutron Rosenbluth Slope is found as S^n=(G_E^n )^2/t_n (G_M^n )^2=0.0916±0.0476 for Q^2=4.48 (GeV/c)2. This value of the neutron Rosenbluth Slope is consistent with the world data extrapolation and the absence of large TPE corrections.

Wertz, Ezekiel [Thomas Jefferson National Accelera↗
DOE OSTI2025

Competing and Anisotropic Exchange Interactions in the Kagome Lattice Ferromagnet Co 3 Sn 2 S 2

The kagome lattice ferromagnet, Co 3 Sn 2 S 2 , serves as template for a host of materials that exhibit exotic topological states, as well as a giant anomalous Hall state—a momentous realization in condensed matter physics. The anisotropic exchange interactions are probed by applying external magnetic fields in various directions along major crystal axes and the magneto-optical response is recorded. When magnetic fields are applied along the a–b plane, long-range magnetism forms and grows with increasing temperature. This counterintuitive behavior does not take place when the magnetic field is applied at a slight angle off the a–b plane. In fact, the opposite effect is observed for this exact configuration, as well as for other fields arrangements. Ab initio theoretical calculations reveal that anisotropic exchange interactions are the underlying mechanism leading to this peculiar behavior. Furthermore, the long-range ferromagnetic order along the c-axis is thought to coexist with an antiferromagnetic, or spin glass, state in the a–b plane, before becoming paramagnetic above the Curie temperature (T c ). These two coexisting magnetic states are thought to compete as the temperature approaches T c , with the antiferromagnetic state gaining strength compared to the ferromagnetic order.

Barua, Arup [University of South Florida, Tampa, F↗
DOE OSTI2025

Magnetically responsive nanocultures for direct microbial assessment in soil environments

Cultivating microorganisms in native-like conditions is vital for bioprospecting and accessing now unculturable species. However, there remains a gap in scalable tools that can both mimic native microenvironments and enable targeted recovery of microbes from complex settings. Such approaches are essential to advance our understanding of microbial ecology, predict community functions, and discover previously unidentified biotherapeutics. We present magnetic nanocultures—a high-throughput microsystem for isolating and growing environmental microbes under near-native conditions. These nanoliter-scale bioreactors are encapsulated in semipermeable membranes that form magnetic polymeric microcapsules using iron oxide nanoparticles within polydimethylsiloxane-based shells. This design offers mechanical stability and magnetic actuation, enabling efficient retrieval from soil-like environments. The nanocultures are optimized for optical and biological properties to support microbial encapsulation, growth, and sorting. Our study demonstrates the feasibility of using magnetically responsive microenvironments to cultivate elusive microbes, offering a promising platform for bioprospecting previously uncultured or unknown microbial species.

Usman, Huda [Department of Chemical Engineering, C↗
DOE OSTI2025

Rosenbluth-like separation of the $J/ψ$ near-threshold photoproduction: An access to the gluon gravitational form factors at high t

Here, we perform analysis of the near-threshold $J/\psi $ photoproduction data off the proton based on two theoretical approaches, GPD \cite{Guo3} and holographic \cite{Zahed2}, that represent the differential cross sections as powers of the skewness parameter with coefficients that depend only on the momentum transfer $t$. This allows to separate kinematically the corresponding coefficient functions, in much the same way as this is done for the electric and magnetic form factors using the Rosenbluth separation. We examine the independence of the extracted functions with the photon beam energy. These functions, under additional assumptions, are related to the proton's gluon Gravitational Form Factors (gGFFs). We compare the extracted functions with lattice calculations of the gGFFs in the region of $0.5<|t|<2$~GeV$^{2}$, where they overlap. Such analysis demonstrates the possibility of extracting some combinations of the gGFFs from the data at high $t$, complementary to the lattice calculations available in the low $t$ region. However, higher statistics are needed to more accurately check the predicted scaling behavior of the data and compare with the lattice results, thus testing and comparing the theoretical assumptions used in the GPD and holographic models.

Pentchev, Lubomir [Thomas Jefferson National Accel↗
DOE OSTI2026

Predictions of m/n = 2/1 neoclassical tearing mode stabilization via high field side lower hybrid current drive on the DIII-D tokamak

Neoclassical tearing modes (NTMs) are a class of resistive instabilities that arise in tokamaks at rational surfaces and form magnetic islands. These islands flatten the pressure gradient, reducing plasma performance and may lead to disruptions if they grow large enough. Driving current within the island can stabilize the NTM, which has been achieved with electron cyclotron current drive (ECCD) on multiple devices. An alternative to ECCD is lower hybrid current drive (LHCD), which offers the advantages of increased current drive efficiency and reduced system cost. LHCD has been viewed as poorly suited for NTM suppression due to the large spatial extent of the driven current when in the multi-pass absorption regime (as has been the case in all past LHCD experiments). However, the driven current is more localized when in the single pass absorption regime, as is predicted for the DIII-D high field side (HFS) LHCD experiment. This work evaluates the feasibility of NTM suppression with HFS LHCD on DIII-D by predicting the island growth rate for a set of representative DIII-D plasmas via the modified Rutherford equation with and without the application of LHCD. In these plasmas, NTM suppression is achieved at reasonable power levels, even with finite misalignment between LH current and the island. The effect of current condensation was included and found to be most significant at smaller island sizes, assuming an experimentally typical temperature perturbation amplitude of 10%.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2025

Noninvertible chiral symmetry and axions under electromagnetic duality

We study the implications of noninvertible chiral symmetry in a four-dimensional U(1) gauge theory coupled to massless fermions with electromagnetic 𝑆⁢𝐿⁡(2,ℤ) duality. This is done by deriving the Adler-Bell-Jackiw anomaly of massless QED in the dual frame that is used to explicitly construct the symmetry defect operator as well as the conserved two-form symmetry current. As expected, the noninvertible chiral symmetry is covariant under the duality transformation. This has implications for understanding the nature of kinetic and topological terms in the dual frame and for axion electrodynamics. In particular, we show that to generate an axion potential from a dyon loop, the one-form magnetic symmetry must be explicitly broken by a mutually nonlocal charged state with nonzero pairwise helicity.

Anomalies↗
DOE OSTI2024

Single spin asymmetries in electron-nucleon scattering at low and intermediate energies

The target normal single-spin asymmetry in electron nucleon scattering is studied in the framework of the 1/Nc expansion of QCD, which allows for a rigorous description in the energy range that includes the Δ resonance and below the second baryon resonance region. The asymmetry is driven by the absorptive part of the two-photon exchange component of the scattering amplitude, being therefore the most unambiguous two-photon exchange effect. Such amplitude is shown to be described up to the next to leading order in the 1/Nc expansion only in terms of the charge and magnetic form factors of the nucleons, consequence of the approximate SU(4) spin flavor symmetry valid in the large Nc limit for baryons. A discussion is provided of the 1/Nc expansion framework along with the results for the asymmetries in elastic (e−N↑→e−N ), inelastic (e−N↑→e−Δ ), and inclusive scattering.

Goity, Jose Luis↗
DOE OSTI2024

Magnetic structure of A ≤ 10 nuclei using the Norfolk nuclear models with quantum Monte Carlo methods

Here we present quantum Monte Carlo calculations of magnetic moments, form factors, and densities of A ≤ 10 nuclei within a chiral effective field theory approach. We use the Norfolk two- and three-body chiral potentials and their consistent electromagnetic one- and two-nucleon current operators. We find that two-body contributions to the magnetic moment can be large (up to ≈ 33% in A = 9 systems). We study the model dependence of these observables and place particular emphasis on investigating their sensitivity to using different cutoffs to regulate the many-nucleon operators. Calculations of elastic magnetic form factors for A ≤ 10 nuclei show excellent agreement with the data out to momentum transfers q ≈ 3 fm -1 .

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2025

Magnetic Solitons and Thickness‐Dependent Magnetization Reversal in Interconnected Helical Nanowire Arrays

By expanding magnetic nanostructures into the third dimension, it is possible to introduce new interactions and realize new forms of magnetic textures and emergent phenomena. Consequently, this unlocks new opportunities for applications in data storage, unconventional computing and sensing by utilizing 3D devices with enhanced functionalities. Connected magnetic nanowires offer a unique platform for applications such as neuromorphic computing due to their tunability and the presence of multiple transport pathways. However to realize this promise, it is necessary to further our understanding of how to locally control the magnetization in 3D, nanowire-based geometries. In this work we show the formation of magnetic domain walls, vortices, anti-vortices, and linked vortex-anti-vortex pairs in interconnected helical nanowire arrays. We show how wire diameter and 3D geometric design can control the states that form and reveal the magnetization reversal mechanism. Hence, we demonstrate this to be a highly tunable system, where the magnetization can be readily reconfigured by an external magnetic field.

3D Nanomagnetism↗
DOE OSTI2024

Inducing a tunable skyrmion-antiskyrmion system through ion beam modification of FeGe films

Abstract Skyrmions and antiskyrmions are nanoscale swirling textures of magnetic moments formed by chiral interactions between atomic spins in magnetic noncentrosymmetric materials and multilayer films with broken inversion symmetry. These quasiparticles are of interest for use as information carriers in next-generation, low-energy spintronic applications. To develop skyrmion-based memory and logic, we must understand skyrmion-defect interactions with two main goals—determining how skyrmions navigate intrinsic material defects and determining how to engineer disorder for optimal device operation. Here, we introduce a tunable means of creating a skyrmion-antiskyrmion system by engineering the disorder landscape in FeGe using ion irradiation. Specifically, we irradiate epitaxial B20-phase FeGe films with 2.8 MeV Au 4+ ions at varying fluences, inducing amorphous regions within the crystalline matrix. Using low-temperature electrical transport and magnetization measurements, we observe a strong topological Hall effect with a double-peak feature that serves as a signature of skyrmions and antiskyrmions. These results are a step towards the development of information storage devices that use skyrmions and antiskyrmions as storage bits, and our system may serve as a testbed for theoretically predicted phenomena in skyrmion-antiskyrmion crystals.

74 ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2025

Harnessing ferro-valleytricity in pentalayer rhombohedral graphene for memory and compute

Two-dimensional materials with multiple degrees of freedom, including spin, valleys, and orbitals, open up an exciting avenue for engineering multifunctional devices. Beyond spintronics, these degrees of freedom can lead to novel quantum effects such as valley-dependent Hall effects and orbital magnetism, which could revolutionize next-generation electronics. However, achieving independent control over valley polarization and orbital magnetism has been a challenge due to the need for large electric fields. A recent breakthrough involving pentalayer rhombohedral graphene has demonstrated the ability to individually manipulate anomalous Hall signals and orbital magnetic hysteresis, forming what is known as a valley-magnetic quartet. Here, we leverage the electrically tunable ferro-valleytricity of pentalayer rhombohedral graphene to develop nonvolatile memory and in-memory computation applications. We propose an architecture for a dense, scalable, and selector-less nonvolatile memory array that harnesses the electrically tunable ferro-valleytricity. In our designed array architecture, nondestructive read and write operations are conducted by sensing the valley state through two different pairs of terminals, allowing for independent optimization of read/write peripheral circuits. The power consumption of our PRG-based array is remarkably low, with only ∼6 nW required per write operation and ∼2.3 nW per read operation per cell. This consumption is orders of magnitude lower than that of the majority of state-of-the-art cryogenic memories. Additionally, we engineer in-memory computation by implementing majority logic operations within our proposed nonvolatile memory array without modifying the peripheral circuitry. In conclusion, our framework presents a promising pathway toward achieving ultra-dense cryogenic memory and in-memory computation capabilities.

2D materials↗