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At least 19 records

An extensive numerical survey of the correlation between outflow dynamics and accretion disk magnetization

We investigate the accretion–ejection process of jets from magnetized accretion disks. We apply a novel approach to the jet-launching problem in order to obtain correlations between the physical properties of the jet and the underlying disk. We extend and confirm the previous works of Tzeferacos et al. and Murphy et al. by scanning a large parameter range for the disk magnetization, μ{sub D}=10{sup −3.5}...10{sup −0.7}. We disentangle the disk magnetization at the foot point of the outflow as the main parameter that governs the properties of the outflow. We show how the four jet integrals known from steady-state MHD are correlated to the disk magnetization at the jet foot point. This agrees with the usual findings of the steady-state theory, however, here we obtain these correlations from time-dependent simulations that include the dynamical evolution of the disk in the treatment. In particular, we obtain robust correlations between the local disk magnetization and (i) the outflow velocity, (ii) the jet mass loading, (iii) the jet angular momentum, and (iv) the local mass accretion rate. Essentially, we find that strongly magnetized disks launch more energetic and faster jets and, due to a larger Alfvén lever arm, these jets extract more angular momentum from the underlying disk. These kinds of disk–jet systems have, however, a smaller mass loading parameter and a lower mass ejection–accretion ratio. The jets are launched at the disk surface where the magnetization is μ(r,z)≃0.1. The magnetization rapidly increases vertically providing the energy reservoir for subsequent jet acceleration. We find indications of a critical disk magnetization μ{sub D}≃0.01 that separates the regimes of magneto-centrifugally driven and magnetic pressure-driven jets.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

DETECTION OF A MAGNETIZED DISK AROUND A VERY YOUNG PROTOSTAR

We present subarcsecond resolution polarimetric observations of the 878 μm thermal dust continuum emission obtained with the Submillimeter Array toward the IRAS 16293–2422 protostellar binary system. We report the detection of linearly polarized dust emission arising from the circumstellar disk associated with the IRAS 16293–2422 B protostar. The fractional polarization of ≅ 1.4% is only slightly lower than that expected from theoretical calculations in such disks. The magnetic field structure on the plane of the sky derived from the dust polarization suggests a complex magnetic field geometry in the disk, possibly associated with a rotating disk that is wrapping the field lines as expected from the simulations. The polarization around IRAS 16293–2422 A at subarcsecond angular resolution is only marginally detected.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

Periodicity of the solar full-disk magnetic fields

A full-disk solar magnetogram has been measured each day since 1970 January 19, and the daily Magnetic Plage Strength Index (MPSI) and the daily Mount Wilson Sunspot Index (MWSI) were calculated for each magnetogram at the Mount Wilson Observatory. The MPSI and MWSI are used to investigate the periodicity of the solar full-disk magnetic activity through autocorrelation analyses. Just two periods, the solar cycle and the rotation cycle, are determined in both the MPSI (the solar full-disk weak magnetic field activity) and MWSI (the solar full-disk strong magnetic field activity) with no annual signal found. The solar cycle for MPSI (10.83 yr) is found to be obviously longer than that for MWSI (9.77 yr). The rotation cycle is determined to be 26.8 ± 0.63 sidereal days for MPSI and 27.4 ± 2.4 sidereal days for MWSI. The rotation cycle length for MPSI is found to fluctuate around 27 days within a very small amplitude, but for MWSI it obviously temporally varies with a rather large amplitude. The rotation cycle for MWSI seems longer near solar minimum than at solar maximum. Cross-correlation analyses of daily MPSI and MWSI are carried out, and it is inferred that the MPSI components partly come from relatively early MWSI measurements.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

Non-linear radial spinwave modes in thin magnetic disks

We present an experimental investigation of radial spin-wave modes in magnetic nano-disks with a vortex ground state. The spin-wave amplitude was measured using a frequency-resolved magneto-optical spectrum analyzer, allowing for high-resolution resonance curves to be recorded. It was found that with increasing excitation amplitude up to about 10 mT, the lowest-order mode behaves strongly non-linearly as the mode frequency redshifts and the resonance peak strongly deforms. This behavior was quantitatively reproduced by micromagnetic simulations. Micromagnetic simulations showed that at higher excitation amplitudes, the spinwaves are transformed into a soliton by self-focusing, and collapse onto the vortex core, dispersing the energy in short-wavelength spinwaves. Additionally, this process can lead to switching of the vortex polarization through the injection of a Bloch point.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

Type I planet migration in a magnetized disk. II. Effect of vertical angular momentum transport

We study the effects of a large-scale, ordered magnetic field in protoplanetary disks on Type I planet migration using a linear perturbation analysis in the ideal-magnetohydrodynamic limit. We focus on wind-driving disks, in which a magnetic torque ∝B{sub 0z}∂B{sub 0φ}/∂z (where B{sub 0z} and B{sub 0φ} are the equilibrium vertical and azimuthal field components) induces vertical angular momentum transport. We derive the governing differential equation for the disk response and identify its resonances and turning points. For a disk containing a slightly subthermal, pure-B{sub 0z} field, the total three-dimensional torque is close to its value in the two-dimensional (2D) limit, but remains lower than the hydrodynamic torque. In contrast with the 2D pure-B{sub 0φ} field model considered by Terquem, inward migration is not reduced when the field amplitude decreases with radius. The presence of a subdominant B{sub 0φ} component whose amplitude increases from zero at z = 0 has little effect on the torque when acting alone, but in conjunction with a B{sub 0z} component it gives rise to a strong torque that speeds up the inward migration by a factor ≳200. This factor could, however, be reduced in a real disk by dissipation and magnetic diffusivity effects. Unlike all previously studied disk migration models, in the B{sub 0z}+∂B{sub 0φ}/∂z case the dominant contributions to the torque add with the same sign from the two sides of the planet. We attribute this behavior to a new mode of interaction wherein a planet moves inward by plugging into the disk’s underlying angular momentum transport mechanism.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

Type I planet migration in a magnetized disk. I. Effect of large-scale vertical and azimuthal field components

We study the effects of a large-scale, ordered magnetic field in protoplanetary disks on Type I planet migration using a combination of numerical simulations in 2D and 3D and a linear perturbation analysis. Steady-state models of such disks require the inclusion of magnetic diffusivity. To make progress using ideal MHD, we focus on simplified field configurations, involving purely vertical (B{sub z}) and azimuthal (B{sub φ}) field components and a combination of the two. For each of the models we calculate the locations of the relevant resonances and of the turning points, which delineate the propagation regions of the MHD waves that transport angular momentum from the planet to the disk. We use both numerical and semianalytic methods to evaluate the cumulative back torque acting on the planet, and explore the effect of spatial gradients in the disk’s physical variables on the results. We conclude that, under realistic (3D) circumstances, a large-scale magnetic field can slow down the inward migration that characterizes the underlying unmagnetized disk—by up to a factor of ∼2 when the magnetic pressure approaches the thermal pressure—but it cannot reverse it. A previous inference that a pure-B{sub ϕ} field whose amplitude decreases fast enough with radius leads to outward migration applies only in 2D. In fact, we find that, in 3D, a pure-B{sub ϕ} disk undergoes a rapid transition to turbulence on account of a magnetorotational instability that is triggered by the planet-induced appearance of a weak B{sub z} component.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

STABILITY OF MAGNETIZED DISKS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR PLANET FORMATION

This paper considers gravitational perturbations in geometrically thin disks with rotation curves dominated by a central object, but with substantial contributions from magnetic pressure and tension. The treatment is general, but the application is to the circumstellar disks that arise during the gravitational collapse phase of star formation. We find the dispersion relation for spiral density waves in these generalized disks and derive the stability criterion for axisymmetric (m = 0) disturbances (the analog of the Toomre parameter Q{sub T}) for any radial distribution of the mass-to-flux ratio {lambda}. The magnetic effects work in two opposing directions: on one hand, magnetic tension and pressure stabilize the disk against gravitational collapse and fragmentation; on the other hand, they also lower the rotation rate making the disk more unstable. For disks around young stars the first effect generally dominates, so that magnetic fields allow disks to be stable for higher surface densities and larger total masses. These results indicate that magnetic fields act to suppress the formation of giant planets through gravitational instability. Finally, even if gravitational instability can form a secondary body, it must lose an enormous amount of magnetic flux in order to become a planet; this latter requirement represents an additional constraint for planet formation via gravitational instability and places a lower limit on the electrical resistivity.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

CONFRONTING THREE-DIMENSIONAL TIME-DEPENDENT JET SIMULATIONS WITH HUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPE OBSERVATIONS

We perform state-of-the-art, three-dimensional, time-dependent simulations of magnetized disk winds, carried out to simulation scales of 60 AU, in order to confront optical Hubble Space Telescope observations of protostellar jets. We 'observe' the optical forbidden line emission produced by shocks within our simulated jets and compare these with actual observations. Our simulations reproduce the rich structure of time-varying jets, including jet rotation far from the source, an inner (up to 400 km s{sup -1}) and outer (less than 100 km s{sup -1}) component of the jet, and jet widths of up to 20 AU in agreement with observed jets. These simulations when compared with the data are able to constrain disk wind models. In particular, models featuring a disk magnetic field with a modest radial spatial variation across the disk are favored.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

Magnetic Turbulence in Post-Merger Accretion Disks

Magnetic Field in the azimuthal (orbital) direction in an accretion disk formed after the in-spiral and merger of two neutron stars. Color is magnetic field strength (in code units). X-axis is time in seconds and y-axis is dimensionless height in the disk, in units of scale height. The characteristic butterfly pattern indicates onset of the magnetohydrodynamic dynamo and the magnetorotational instability. Simulations performed by graduate student Kelsey Lund working with LANL scientists Jonah Miller and Matt Mumpower and PhD advisor Gail McLaughlin at North Carolina State University

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

Winds and Disk Turbulence Exert Equal Torques on Thick Magnetically Arrested Disks

Abstract The conventional accretion disk lore is that magnetized turbulence is the principal angular momentum transport process that drives accretion. However, when dynamically important large-scale magnetic fields thread an accretion disk, they can produce mass and angular momentum outflows, known as winds,that also drive accretion. Yet, the relative importance of turbulent and wind-driven angular momentum transport is still poorly understood. To probe this question, we analyze a long-duration (1.2 × 10 5 r g /c) simulation of a rapidly rotating (a= 0.9) black hole feeding from a thick (H/r∼ 0.3), adiabatic, magnetically arrested disk (MAD), whose dynamically important magnetic field regulates mass inflow and drives both uncollimated and collimated outflows (i.e., winds and jets, respectively). By carefully disentangling the various angular momentum transport processes within the system, we demonstrate the novel result that disk winds and disk turbulence both extract roughly equal amounts of angular momentum from the disk. We find cumulative angular momentum and mass accretion outflow rates of L ̇ ∝ r 0.9 and M ̇ ∝ r 0.4 , respectively. This result suggests that understanding both turbulent and laminar stresses is key to understanding the evolution of systems where geometrically thick MADs can occur, such as the hard state of X-ray binaries, low-luminosity active galactic nuclei, some tidal disruption events, and possibly gamma-ray bursts.

Astronomy & Astrophysics↗

Vertical structure of magnetized accretion disks around young stars

We model the vertical structure of the magnetized accretion disks that are subject to viscous and resistive heating and irradiation by the central star. We apply our formalism to the radial structure of the magnetized accretion disks that are threaded by the poloidal magnetic field dragged during the process of star formation, which was developed by Shu and coworkers. We consider disks around low-mass protostars, T Tauri, and FU Orionis stars, as well as two levels of disk magnetization: λ{sub sys}=4 (strongly magnetized disks) and λ{sub sys}=12 (weakly magnetized disks). The rotation rates of strongly magnetized disks have large deviations from Keplerian rotation. In these models, resistive heating dominates the thermal structure for the FU Ori disk, and the T Tauri disk is very thin and cold because it is strongly compressed by magnetic pressure; it may be too thin compared with observations. Instead, in the weakly magnetized disks, rotation velocities are close to Keplerian, and resistive heating is always less than 7% of the viscous heating. In these models, the T Tauri disk has a larger aspect ratio, which is consistent with that inferred from observations. All the disks have spatially extended hot atmospheres where the irradiation flux is absorbed, although most of the mass (∼90%–95%) is in the disk midplane. With the advent of ALMA one expects direct measurements of magnetic fields and their morphology at disk scales. It will then be possible to determine the mass-to-flux ratio of magnetized accretion disks around young stars, an essential parameter for their structure and evolution. Our models contribute to the understanding of the vertical structure and emission of these disks.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

Modeling MHD accretion-ejection—from the launching area to propagation scales

We present the results of axisymmetric magnetohydrodynamic simulations investigating the launching of jets and outflows from a magnetically diffusive accretion disk. The time evolution of the disk structure is self-consistently taken into account. In contrast to previous works, we have applied spherical coordinates for the numerical grid, implying substantial benefits concerning the numerical resolution and the stability of the simulation. Due to the new setup, we were able to run simulations for more than 150,000 dynamical times on a domain extending 1500 inner disk radii with a resolution of up to 24 cells per disk height in the inner disk. Depending on the disk magnetization, jet launching occurs in two different but complementary regimes—jets driven predominantly by centrifugal or magnetic forces. These regimes differ in the ejection efficiency concerning mass, energy, and angular momentum. We show that it is the actual disk magnetization and not so much the initial magnetization that best describes the disk-jet evolution. Considering the actual disk magnetization, we also find that simulations starting with different initial magnetization evolve in a similar—typical—way, due to advection and diffusion, as the magnetic flux in the disk evolves in time. Exploring a new, modified diffusivity model, we confirm the self-similar structure of the global jet-launching disk, obtaining power laws for the radial profiles of the disk physical variables such as density, magnetic field strength, or accretion velocity.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

RADIALLY MAGNETIZED PROTOPLANETARY DISK: VERTICAL PROFILE

This paper studies the response of a thin accretion disk to an external radial magnetic field. Our focus is on protoplanetary disks (PPDs), which are exposed during their later evolution to an intense, magnetized wind from the central star. A radial magnetic field is mixed into a thin surface layer, wound up by the disk shear, and pushed downward by a combination of turbulent mixing and ambipolar and ohmic drift. The toroidal field reaches much greater strengths than the seed vertical field that is usually invoked in PPD models, even becoming superthermal. Linear stability analysis indicates that the disk experiences the magnetorotational instability (MRI) at a higher magnetization than a vertically magnetized disk when both the effects of ambipolar and Hall drift are taken into account. Steady vertical profiles of density and magnetic field are obtained at several radii between 0.06 and 1 AU in response to a wind magnetic field B{sub r} ∼ (10{sup −4}–10{sup −2})(r/ AU){sup −2} G. Careful attention is given to the radial and vertical ionization structure resulting from irradiation by stellar X-rays. The disk is more strongly magnetized closer to the star, where it can support a higher rate of mass transfer. As a result, the inner ∼1 AU of a PPD is found to evolve toward lower surface density. Mass transfer rates around 10{sup −8} M{sub ⊙} yr{sup −1} are obtained under conservative assumptions about the MRI-generated stress. The evolution of the disk and the implications for planet migration are investigated in the accompanying paper.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

H II REGION DRIVEN GALACTIC BUBBLES AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO THE GALACTIC MAGNETIC FIELD

The relative alignments of mid-infrared traced Galactic bubbles are compared to the orientation of the mean Galactic magnetic field in the disk. The orientations of bubbles in the northern Galactic plane were measured and are consistent with random orientations-no preferential alignment with respect to the Galactic disk was found. A subsample of H II region driven Galactic bubbles was identified, and as a single population they show random orientations. When this subsample was further divided into subthermal and suprathermal H II regions, based on hydrogen radio recombination linewidths, the subthermal H II regions showed a marginal deviation from random orientations, but the suprathermal H II regions showed significant alignment with the Galactic plane. The mean orientation of the Galactic disk magnetic field was characterized using new near-infrared starlight polarimetry and the suprathermal H II regions were found to preferentially align with the disk magnetic field. If suprathermal linewidths are associated with younger H II regions, then the evolution of young H II regions is significantly affected by the Galactic magnetic field. As H II regions age, they cease to be strongly linked to the Galactic magnetic field, as surrounding density variations come to dominate their morphological evolution. From the new observations, the ratios of magnetic-to-ram pressures in the expanding ionization fronts were estimated for younger H II regions.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

PARKER INSTABILITY IN A SELF-GRAVITATING MAGNETIZED GAS DISK. III. NONLINEAR DEVELOPMENT OF THE PARKER INSTABILITY

Using a total variation diminishing MHD code, we have simulated the nonlinear development of the Parker instability in an isothermal magnetized gas disk that is under the influence of self-gravity. Our objective is to investigate how the Jeans and Parker instabilities compete with the disruptive tendency of the convection in the nonlinear stage of evolution and to know whether the Parker-Jeans instability can be a mechanism for the formation of the larger scale structures in the Galaxy. When the perturbation wavelengths are larger than a Jeans critical wavelength, a cooperative action between the Parker and Jeans instabilities can suppress completely the disruptive behavior of the convective instability and lead the interstellar medium gas material into large-scale structures of high density, whose masses and sizes correspond to H I superclouds rather than to giant molecular clouds. The gas disk develops the vertical filamentary structures near the dense core instead of the chaotic sheet structures that are often seen from simulations of the classical Parker instability. The low-density filaments connect the dense part to the diffuse region far from the disk central plane. The filamentary structure is similar to galactic diffuse vertical structure. When the wavelength of the given perturbations is so short that the Jeans instability may not get triggered, the self-gravitating, magnetized gas disk seems to reach an equilibrium state different from the initial one.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

Thermal stability of a thin disk with magnetically driven winds

The absence of thermal instability in the high/soft state of black hole X-ray binaries, in disagreement with the standard thin disk theory, has been a long-standing riddle for theoretical astronomers. We have tried to resolve this question by studying the thermal stability of a thin disk with magnetically driven winds in the M-dot −Σ plane. It is found that disk winds can greatly decrease the disk temperature and thus help the disk become more stable at a given accretion rate. The critical accretion rate, M-dot {sub crit}, corresponding to the thermal instability threshold, is significantly increased in the presence of disk winds. For α = 0.01 and B {sub φ} = 10B {sub p}, the disk is quite stable even for a very weak initial poloidal magnetic field [β{sub p,0}∼2000,β{sub p}=(P{sub gas}+P{sub rad})/(B{sub p}{sup 2}/8π)]. However, when B {sub φ} = B {sub p} or B {sub φ} = 0.1B {sub p}, a somewhat stronger (but still weak) field (β{sub p,} {sub 0} ∼ 200 or β{sub p,} {sub 0} ∼ 20) is required to make the disk stable. Nevertheless, despite the great increase of M-dot {sub crit}, the luminosity threshold, corresponding to instability, remains almost constant or decreases slowly with increasing M-dot {sub crit} due to decreased gas temperature. The advection and diffusion timescales of the large-scale magnetic field threading the disk are also investigated in this work. We find that the advection timescale can be smaller than the diffusion timescale in a disk with winds, because the disk winds take away most of the gravitational energy released in the disk, resulting in the decrease of the magnetic diffusivity η and the increase of the diffusion timescale.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗