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All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2015

Effects of Laser Energy and Wavelength on the Analysis of LiFePO4 Using Laser Assisted Atom Probe Tomography

The effects of laser wavelength (355 nm and 532 nm) and laser pulse energy on the quantitative accuracy of atom probe tomography (APT) examinations of LiFePO4 (LFP) are considered. A systematic investigation of ultraviolet (UV, 355 nm) and green (532 nm) laser assisted APT of LFP has revealed distinctly different behaviors. With the use of UV laser the major issue was identified as the preferential loss of oxygen (up to 10 at. %) while other elements (Li, Fe and P) were observed to be close to nominal ratios. Lowering the laser energy per pulse to 1 pJ increased the observed oxygen concentration to near its correct stoichiometry and was well correlated with systematically higher concentrations of 16O2+ ions. This observation supports the premise that lower laser energies lead to a higher probability of oxygen molecule ionization. Conversely, at higher laser energies the resultant lower effective electric field reduces the probability of oxygen molecule ionization. Green laser assisted field evaporation led to the selective loss of Li (~50% deficiency) and correct ratios of the remaining elements, including the oxygen concentration. The loss of Li is explained by selective dc evaporation of lithium between laser pulses and relatively negligible oxygen loss as neutrals during green-laser pulsing. Lastly, plotting of multihit events on a Saxey plot for the straight-flight path data (green laser only) revealed a surprising dynamic recombination process for some molecular ions mid-flight.

Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory↗
DOE OSTI2015

Enhanced Performance of Li|LiFePO4 Cells Using CsPF6 as an Electrolyte Additive

The practical application of lithium (Li) metal anode in rechargeable Li batteries is hindered by both the growth of Li dendrites and the low Coulombic efficiency (CE) during repeated charge/discharge cycles. Recently, we have discovered that CsPF6 as an electrolyte additive can significantly suppress Li dendrite growth and lead to highly compacted and well aligned Li nanorod structure during Li deposition on copper substrates. In this paper, the effect of CsPF6 additive on the performance of rechargeable Li metal batteries with lithium iron phosphate (LFP) cathode was further studied. Li|LFP coin cells with CsPF6 additive in electrolytes show well protected Li anode surface, decreased resistance, enhanced rate capability and extended cycling stability. In Li|LFP cells, the electrolyte with CsPF6 additive shows excellent long-term cycling stability (at least 500 cycles) at a charge current density of 0.5 mA cm-2 without internal short circuit. At high charge current densities, the effect of CsPF6 additive becomes less significant. Future work needs to be done to protect Li metal anode, especially at high charge current densities and for long cycle life.

Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory↗
DOE OSTI2026

Direct regeneration of degraded LiFePO4 cathodes via a separator-enabled prelithiation strategy

A persistent challenge in lithium-ion batteries is the loss of active lithium due to the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formation and associated side reactions. While prelithiation employing lithium replenishment separator (LRS) has been proven effective in compensating for lithium loss, previous studies have largely been accompanied by gas evolution or solid residue formation during the prelithiation process. To surmount this challenge, we present a LRS based on 4-fluoro-1,2-dihydroxybenzene lithium salt (LiDF), capable of mitigating lithium loss while producing decomposition products that integrate directly into the electrolyte as functional additives which can assist with the stability of the SEI, free from gas or solid formation, thus establishing a sustainable and environmentally benign strategy for lithium compensation. Incorporation of the LRS enables the pristine LiFePO4||graphite (Gr) full cell to achieve 10.8% higher capacity than the cell with a polypropylene separator (PPS) after 200 cycles at 0.5C. Remarkably, the degraded LiFePO4 (D-LFP)||Gr full cell with the LRS exhibits a 135.8% capacity improvement over the PPS-based cell after 500 cycles. These findings establish the LRS as a powerful approach for both boosting high-performance lithium-ion batteries and recovering the capacity of degraded batteries.

Tao, Fujun↗
DOE OSTI2019

Characterization of LiFePO4 samples obtained by pulse combustion under various conditions of synthesis

Lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4, LFP) is one of the widely used cathode materials for rechargeable lithium ion batteries. LFP batteries are widely used for electric vehicles and backup power due to their important advantages such as low cost, lifetime, efficiency, and reliability. There are still several technical challenges that need to be addressed: The increase of energy density or further reduction of their final cost. This paper concerned with the characterization of carbon coated LiFePO4 nanopowder cathode materials produced under different conditions by pulse combustion for providing energy to the reactor for the synthesis. The reactor was built according to the principles of the thermoacoustic burner on the basis of the Helmholtz resonator. The investigated nanopowders are synthesized by complete and incomplete combustion and calcined at 700 °C. The obtained samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared, Raman, and Mössbauer spectroscopy. Observed low-Temperature magnetic phase transitions definitively identified the crystal phases. The morphology of samples was controlled by scanning electron microscopy. The aim of this work is to show that it is possible to achieve a desired crystal phase by pulse combustion in a relatively cheap and fast way. The extremely rapid synthesis of almost pure phase material is possible due to the reduction in size of interacting particles and to an enormous number of collisions between them as a result of strong turbulent flow associated with explosive combustion. © 2019 Author(s).

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on LiFePO4 by Materials Project

LiFePO4 crystallizes in the orthorhombic Pna2_1 space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are three inequivalent Li1+ sites. In the first Li1+ site, Li1+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form distorted LiO4 tetrahedra that share corners with six FeO6 octahedra, corners with two PO4 tetrahedra, and an edgeedge with one PO4 tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 72–76°. There are a spread of Li–O bond distances ranging from 2.00–2.10 Å. In the second Li1+ site, Li1+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form distorted LiO4 tetrahedra that share corners with six FeO6 octahedra, corners with two PO4 tetrahedra, and an edgeedge with one PO4 tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 72–76°. There are two shorter (2.00 Å) and two longer (2.09 Å) Li–O bond lengths. In the third Li1+ site, Li1+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form distorted LiO4 tetrahedra that share corners with six FeO6 octahedra, corners with two PO4 tetrahedra, and an edgeedge with one PO4 tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 72–76°. There are two shorter (2.00 Å) and two longer (2.09 Å) Li–O bond lengths. There are three inequivalent Fe2+ sites. In the first Fe2+ site, Fe2+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form FeO6 octahedra that share corners with six LiO4 tetrahedra, corners with six PO4 tetrahedra, and edges with two FeO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Fe–O bond distances ranging from 2.08–2.23 Å. In the second Fe2+ site, Fe2+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form FeO6 octahedra that share corners with six LiO4 tetrahedra, corners with six PO4 tetrahedra, and edges with two FeO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Fe–O bond distances ranging from 2.08–2.23 Å. In the third Fe2+ site, Fe2+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form FeO6 octahedra that share corners with six LiO4 tetrahedra, corners with six PO4 tetrahedra, and edges with two FeO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Fe–O bond distances ranging from 2.08–2.23 Å. There are three inequivalent P5+ sites. In the first P5+ site, P5+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form PO4 tetrahedra that share corners with six FeO6 octahedra, corners with two LiO4 tetrahedra, and an edgeedge with one LiO4 tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 48–50°. There is two shorter (1.54 Å) and two longer (1.57 Å) P–O bond length. In the second P5+ site, P5+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form PO4 tetrahedra that share corners with six FeO6 octahedra, corners with two LiO4 tetrahedra, and an edgeedge with one LiO4 tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 47–50°. There are a spread of P–O bond distances ranging from 1.54–1.58 Å. In the third P5+ site, P5+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form PO4 tetrahedra that share corners with six FeO6 octahedra, corners with two LiO4 tetrahedra, and an edgeedge with one LiO4 tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 48–50°. There is two shorter (1.54 Å) and two longer (1.57 Å) P–O bond length. There are twelve inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to one Li1+, one Fe2+, and one P5+ atom. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to one Li1+, one Fe2+, and one P5+ atom. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to one Li1+, two Fe2+, and one P5+ atom. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to one Li1+, two Fe2+, and one P5+ atom. In the fifth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to one Li1+, two Fe2+, and one P5+ atom. In the sixth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted tetrahedral geometry to one Li1+, two Fe2+, and one P5+ atom. In the seventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to one Li1+, one Fe2+, and one P5+ atom. In the eighth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to one Li1+, one Fe2+, and one P5+ atom. In the ninth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to one Li1+, one Fe2+, and one P5+ atom. In the tenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to one Li1+, one Fe2+, and one P5+ atom. In the eleventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to one Li1+, two Fe2+, and one P5+ atom. In the twelfth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to one Li1+, two Fe2+, and one P5+ atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on LiFePO4 by Materials Project

LiFePO4 is Ilmenite-derived structured and crystallizes in the orthorhombic Pnma space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Li1+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form LiO6 octahedra that share corners with four equivalent FeO6 octahedra, corners with two equivalent PO4 tetrahedra, edges with two equivalent LiO6 octahedra, edges with two equivalent FeO6 octahedra, and edges with two equivalent PO4 tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 59–69°. There are a spread of Li–O bond distances ranging from 2.11–2.22 Å. Fe2+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form FeO6 octahedra that share corners with four equivalent LiO6 octahedra, corners with four equivalent FeO6 octahedra, corners with four equivalent PO4 tetrahedra, edges with two equivalent LiO6 octahedra, and an edgeedge with one PO4 tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 53–69°. There are a spread of Fe–O bond distances ranging from 2.10–2.27 Å. P5+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form PO4 tetrahedra that share corners with two equivalent LiO6 octahedra, corners with four equivalent FeO6 octahedra, an edgeedge with one FeO6 octahedra, and edges with two equivalent LiO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 51–59°. There are a spread of P–O bond distances ranging from 1.54–1.57 Å. There are three inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Li1+, one Fe2+, and one P5+ atom. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to two equivalent Li1+, one Fe2+, and one P5+ atom. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted rectangular see-saw-like geometry to one Li1+, two equivalent Fe2+, and one P5+ atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on LiFePO4 by Materials Project

LiFePO4 crystallizes in the trigonal R3 space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are two inequivalent Li1+ sites. In the first Li1+ site, Li1+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form LiO4 tetrahedra that share corners with four FeO4 tetrahedra and corners with four PO4 tetrahedra. There are a spread of Li–O bond distances ranging from 1.96–2.03 Å. In the second Li1+ site, Li1+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form LiO4 tetrahedra that share corners with four FeO4 tetrahedra and corners with four PO4 tetrahedra. There are a spread of Li–O bond distances ranging from 1.96–2.00 Å. There are two inequivalent Fe2+ sites. In the first Fe2+ site, Fe2+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form FeO4 tetrahedra that share corners with four LiO4 tetrahedra and corners with four PO4 tetrahedra. There are a spread of Fe–O bond distances ranging from 2.02–2.04 Å. In the second Fe2+ site, Fe2+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form FeO4 tetrahedra that share corners with four LiO4 tetrahedra and corners with four PO4 tetrahedra. There are a spread of Fe–O bond distances ranging from 2.02–2.06 Å. There are two inequivalent P5+ sites. In the first P5+ site, P5+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form PO4 tetrahedra that share corners with four LiO4 tetrahedra and corners with four FeO4 tetrahedra. There is one shorter (1.55 Å) and three longer (1.56 Å) P–O bond length. In the second P5+ site, P5+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form PO4 tetrahedra that share corners with four LiO4 tetrahedra and corners with four FeO4 tetrahedra. There is one shorter (1.55 Å) and three longer (1.56 Å) P–O bond length. There are eight inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a trigonal planar geometry to one Li1+, one Fe2+, and one P5+ atom. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a trigonal planar geometry to one Li1+, one Fe2+, and one P5+ atom. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to one Li1+, one Fe2+, and one P5+ atom. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a trigonal planar geometry to one Li1+, one Fe2+, and one P5+ atom. In the fifth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a trigonal planar geometry to one Li1+, one Fe2+, and one P5+ atom. In the sixth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to one Li1+, one Fe2+, and one P5+ atom. In the seventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to one Li1+, one Fe2+, and one P5+ atom. In the eighth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to one Li1+, one Fe2+, and one P5+ atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on LiFePO4 by Materials Project

LiFePO4 crystallizes in the monoclinic Cc space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are eight inequivalent Li1+ sites. In the first Li1+ site, Li1+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form LiO4 tetrahedra that share corners with four FeO4 tetrahedra and corners with four PO4 tetrahedra. There are a spread of Li–O bond distances ranging from 1.98–2.03 Å. In the second Li1+ site, Li1+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form LiO4 tetrahedra that share corners with four FeO4 tetrahedra and corners with four PO4 tetrahedra. There are a spread of Li–O bond distances ranging from 1.97–2.05 Å. In the third Li1+ site, Li1+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form LiO4 tetrahedra that share corners with four FeO4 tetrahedra and corners with four PO4 tetrahedra. There are a spread of Li–O bond distances ranging from 1.98–2.03 Å. In the fourth Li1+ site, Li1+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form LiO4 tetrahedra that share corners with four FeO4 tetrahedra and corners with four PO4 tetrahedra. There are a spread of Li–O bond distances ranging from 1.96–2.03 Å. In the fifth Li1+ site, Li1+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form LiO4 tetrahedra that share corners with four FeO4 tetrahedra and corners with four PO4 tetrahedra. There are a spread of Li–O bond distances ranging from 2.00–2.04 Å. In the sixth Li1+ site, Li1+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form LiO4 tetrahedra that share corners with four FeO4 tetrahedra and corners with four PO4 tetrahedra. There are a spread of Li–O bond distances ranging from 1.96–2.02 Å. In the seventh Li1+ site, Li1+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form LiO4 tetrahedra that share corners with four FeO4 tetrahedra and corners with four PO4 tetrahedra. There are a spread of Li–O bond distances ranging from 1.96–2.02 Å. In the eighth Li1+ site, Li1+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form LiO4 tetrahedra that share corners with four FeO4 tetrahedra and corners with four PO4 tetrahedra. There are a spread of Li–O bond distances ranging from 1.97–2.03 Å. There are eight inequivalent Fe2+ sites. In the first Fe2+ site, Fe2+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form FeO4 tetrahedra that share corners with four LiO4 tetrahedra and corners with four PO4 tetrahedra. There are a spread of Fe–O bond distances ranging from 2.01–2.06 Å. In the second Fe2+ site, Fe2+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form distorted FeO4 tetrahedra that share corners with four LiO4 tetrahedra and corners with four PO4 tetrahedra. There are one shorter (2.04 Å) and three longer (2.05 Å) Fe–O bond lengths. In the third Fe2+ site, Fe2+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form FeO4 tetrahedra that share corners with four LiO4 tetrahedra and corners with four PO4 tetrahedra. There are a spread of Fe–O bond distances ranging from 2.01–2.06 Å. In the fourth Fe2+ site, Fe2+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form FeO4 tetrahedra that share corners with four LiO4 tetrahedra and corners with four PO4 tetrahedra. There are two shorter (2.04 Å) and two longer (2.05 Å) Fe–O bond lengths. In the fifth Fe2+ site, Fe2+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form FeO4 tetrahedra that share corners with four LiO4 tetrahedra and corners with four PO4 tetrahedra. There are a spread of Fe–O bond distances ranging from 2.03–2.06 Å. In the sixth Fe2+ site, Fe2+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form FeO4 tetrahedra that share corners with four LiO4 tetrahedra and corners with four PO4 tetrahedra. There are a spread of Fe–O bond distances ranging from 2.01–2.06 Å. In the seventh Fe2+ site, Fe2+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form distorted FeO4 tetrahedra that share corners with four LiO4 tetrahedra and corners with four PO4 tetrahedra. There are three shorter (2.04 Å) and one longer (2.05 Å) Fe–O bond lengths. In the eighth Fe2+ site, Fe2+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form FeO4 tetrahedra that share corners with four LiO4 tetrahedra and corners with four PO4 tetrahedra. There are a spread of Fe–O bond distances ranging from 2.01–2.06 Å. There are eight inequivalent P5+ sites. In the first P5+ site, P5+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form PO4 tetrahedra that share corners with four LiO4 tetrahedra and corners with four FeO4 tetrahedra. There is two shorter (1.55 Å) and two longer (1.56 Å) P–O bond length. In the second P5+ site, P5+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form PO4 tetrahedra that share corners with four LiO4 tetrahedra and corners with four FeO4 tetrahedra. There is two shorter (1.55 Å) and two longer (1.56 Å) P–O bond length. In the third P5+ site, P5+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form PO4 tetrahedra that share corners with four LiO4 tetrahedra and corners with four FeO4 tetrahedra. There is two shorter (1.55 Å) and two longer (1.56 Å) P–O bond length. In the fourth P5+ site, P5+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form PO4 tetrahedra that share corners with four LiO4 tetrahedra and corners with four FeO4 tetrahedra. There is two shorter (1.55 Å) and two longer (1.56 Å) P–O bond length. In the fifth P5+ site, P5+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form PO4 tetrahedra that share corners with four LiO4 tetrahedra and corners with four FeO4 tetrahedra. There is two shorter (1.55 Å) and two longer (1.56 Å) P–O bond length. In the sixth P5+ site, P5+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form PO4 tetrahedra that share corners with four LiO4 tetrahedra and corners with four FeO4 tetrahedra. There is one shorter (1.55 Å) and three longer (1.56 Å) P–O bond length. In the seventh P5+ site, P5+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form PO4 tetrahedra that share corners with four LiO4 tetrahedra and corners with four FeO4 tetrahedra. There is two shorter (1.55 Å) and two longer (1.56 Å) P–O bond length. In the eighth P5+ site, P5+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form PO4 tetrahedra that share corners with four LiO4 tetrahedra and corners with four FeO4 tetrahedra. There is two shorter (1.55 Å) and two longer (1.56 Å) P–O bond length. There are thirty-two inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to one Li1+, one Fe2+, and one P5+ atom. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to one Li1+, one Fe2+, and one P5+ atom. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to one Li1+, one Fe2+, and one P5+ atom. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to one Li1+, one Fe2+, and one P5+ atom. In the fifth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to one Li1+, one Fe2+, and one P5+ atom. In the sixth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a trigonal planar geometry to one Li1+, one Fe2+, and one P5+ atom. In the seventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a trigonal planar geometry to one Li1+, one Fe2+, and one P5+ atom. In the eighth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to one Li1+, one Fe2+, and one P5+ atom. In the ninth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a trigonal planar geometry to one Li1+, one Fe2+, and one P5+ atom. In the tenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to one Li1+, one Fe2+, and one P5+ atom. In the eleventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to one Li1+, one Fe2+, and one P5+ atom. In the twelfth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a trigonal planar geometry to one Li1+, one Fe2+, and one P5+ atom. In the thirteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to one Li1+, one Fe2+, and one P5+ atom. In the fourteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a trigonal planar geometry to one Li1+, one Fe2+, and one P5+ atom. In the fifteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to one Li1+, one Fe2+, and one P5+ atom. In the sixteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a trigonal planar geometry to one Li1+, one Fe2+, and one P5+ atom. In the seventeenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a trigonal planar geometry to one Li1+, one Fe2+, and one P5+ atom. In the eighteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to one Li1+, one Fe2+, and one P5+ atom. In the nineteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to one Li1+, one Fe2+, and one P5+ atom. In the twentieth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a trigonal planar geometry to one Li1+, one Fe2+, and one P5+ atom. In the twenty-first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to one Li1+, one Fe2+, and one P5+ atom. In the twenty-second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a trigonal planar geometry to one Li1+, one Fe2+, and one P5+ atom. In the twenty-third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a trigonal planar geometry to one Li1+, one Fe2+, and one P5+ atom. In the twenty-fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to one Li1+, one Fe2+, and one P5+ atom. In the twenty-fifth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to one Li1+, one Fe2+, and one P5+ atom. In the twenty-sixth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a trigonal planar geometry to one Li1+, one Fe2+, and one P5+ atom. In the twenty-seventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal non-coplanar geometry to one Li1+, one Fe2+, and one P5+ atom. In the twenty-eighth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to one Li1+, one Fe2+, and one P5+ atom. In the twenty-ninth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to one Li1+, one Fe2+, and one P5+ atom. In the thirtieth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a trigonal planar geometry to one Li1+, one Fe2+, and one P5+ atom. In the thirty-first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to one Li1+, one Fe2+, and one P5+ atom. In the thirty-second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a trigonal planar geometry to one Li1+, one Fe2+, and one P5+ atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on LiFePO4 by Materials Project

LiFePO4 crystallizes in the monoclinic P2_1/c space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are three inequivalent Li1+ sites. In the first Li1+ site, Li1+ is bonded in a trigonal non-coplanar geometry to three O2- atoms. There is one shorter (1.88 Å) and two longer (1.89 Å) Li–O bond length. In the second Li1+ site, Li1+ is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to five O2- atoms. There are a spread of Li–O bond distances ranging from 2.05–2.68 Å. In the third Li1+ site, Li1+ is bonded to five O2- atoms to form distorted LiO5 trigonal bipyramids that share corners with five FeO4 tetrahedra and corners with five PO4 tetrahedra. There are a spread of Li–O bond distances ranging from 2.06–2.47 Å. There are three inequivalent Fe2+ sites. In the first Fe2+ site, Fe2+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form FeO4 tetrahedra that share corners with four PO4 tetrahedra and corners with two equivalent LiO5 trigonal bipyramids. There are a spread of Fe–O bond distances ranging from 2.00–2.07 Å. In the second Fe2+ site, Fe2+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form FeO4 tetrahedra that share corners with four PO4 tetrahedra and a cornercorner with one LiO5 trigonal bipyramid. There are a spread of Fe–O bond distances ranging from 2.01–2.07 Å. In the third Fe2+ site, Fe2+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form FeO4 tetrahedra that share corners with four PO4 tetrahedra and corners with two equivalent LiO5 trigonal bipyramids. There are three shorter (2.03 Å) and one longer (2.06 Å) Fe–O bond lengths. There are three inequivalent P5+ sites. In the first P5+ site, P5+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form PO4 tetrahedra that share corners with four FeO4 tetrahedra and corners with two equivalent LiO5 trigonal bipyramids. There are a spread of P–O bond distances ranging from 1.55–1.57 Å. In the second P5+ site, P5+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form PO4 tetrahedra that share corners with four FeO4 tetrahedra and corners with two equivalent LiO5 trigonal bipyramids. There is one shorter (1.55 Å) and three longer (1.56 Å) P–O bond length. In the third P5+ site, P5+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form PO4 tetrahedra that share corners with four FeO4 tetrahedra and a cornercorner with one LiO5 trigonal bipyramid. There is one shorter (1.55 Å) and three longer (1.56 Å) P–O bond length. There are twelve inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to one Li1+, one Fe2+, and one P5+ atom. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to one Li1+, one Fe2+, and one P5+ atom. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to one Li1+, one Fe2+, and one P5+ atom. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a trigonal planar geometry to one Li1+, one Fe2+, and one P5+ atom. In the fifth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal non-coplanar geometry to one Li1+, one Fe2+, and one P5+ atom. In the sixth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to one Li1+, one Fe2+, and one P5+ atom. In the seventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to one Li1+, one Fe2+, and one P5+ atom. In the eighth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to one Li1+, one Fe2+, and one P5+ atom. In the ninth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to one Li1+, one Fe2+, and one P5+ atom. In the tenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to one Li1+, one Fe2+, and one P5+ atom. In the eleventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to two Li1+, one Fe2+, and one P5+ atom. In the twelfth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to one Li1+, one Fe2+, and one P5+ atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on LiFePO4 by Materials Project

LiFePO4 crystallizes in the orthorhombic Pna2_1 space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are three inequivalent Li1+ sites. In the first Li1+ site, Li1+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form distorted LiO4 tetrahedra that share corners with six FeO6 octahedra, corners with two PO4 tetrahedra, and an edgeedge with one PO4 tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 71–76°. There are a spread of Li–O bond distances ranging from 1.99–2.14 Å. In the second Li1+ site, Li1+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form distorted LiO4 tetrahedra that share corners with six FeO6 octahedra, corners with two PO4 tetrahedra, and an edgeedge with one PO4 tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 72–76°. There are a spread of Li–O bond distances ranging from 2.00–2.14 Å. In the third Li1+ site, Li1+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form distorted LiO4 tetrahedra that share corners with six FeO6 octahedra, corners with two PO4 tetrahedra, and an edgeedge with one PO4 tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 71–76°. There are a spread of Li–O bond distances ranging from 2.00–2.10 Å. There are three inequivalent Fe2+ sites. In the first Fe2+ site, Fe2+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form FeO6 octahedra that share corners with six LiO4 tetrahedra, corners with six PO4 tetrahedra, and edges with two FeO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Fe–O bond distances ranging from 2.08–2.24 Å. In the second Fe2+ site, Fe2+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form FeO6 octahedra that share corners with six LiO4 tetrahedra, corners with six PO4 tetrahedra, and edges with two FeO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Fe–O bond distances ranging from 2.08–2.24 Å. In the third Fe2+ site, Fe2+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form FeO6 octahedra that share corners with six LiO4 tetrahedra, corners with six PO4 tetrahedra, and edges with two FeO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Fe–O bond distances ranging from 2.09–2.23 Å. There are three inequivalent P5+ sites. In the first P5+ site, P5+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form PO4 tetrahedra that share corners with six FeO6 octahedra, corners with two LiO4 tetrahedra, and an edgeedge with one LiO4 tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 47–50°. There are a spread of P–O bond distances ranging from 1.54–1.58 Å. In the second P5+ site, P5+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form PO4 tetrahedra that share corners with six FeO6 octahedra, corners with two LiO4 tetrahedra, and an edgeedge with one LiO4 tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 47–51°. There are a spread of P–O bond distances ranging from 1.54–1.58 Å. In the third P5+ site, P5+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form PO4 tetrahedra that share corners with six FeO6 octahedra, corners with two LiO4 tetrahedra, and an edgeedge with one LiO4 tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 47–51°. There are a spread of P–O bond distances ranging from 1.54–1.58 Å. There are twelve inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded to one Li1+, two Fe2+, and one P5+ atom to form distorted corner-sharing OLiFe2P tetrahedra. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded to one Li1+, two Fe2+, and one P5+ atom to form distorted corner-sharing OLiFe2P tetrahedra. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to one Li1+, two Fe2+, and one P5+ atom. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to one Li1+, one Fe2+, and one P5+ atom. In the fifth O2- site, O2- is bonded to one Li1+, two Fe2+, and one P5+ atom to form distorted corner-sharing OLiFe2P tetrahedra. In the sixth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to one Li1+, one Fe2+, and one P5+ atom. In the seventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to one Li1+, one Fe2+, and one P5+ atom. In the eighth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to one Li1+, one Fe2+, and one P5+ atom. In the ninth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to one Li1+, one Fe2+, and one P5+ atom. In the tenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to one Li1+, two Fe2+, and one P5+ atom. In the eleventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to one Li1+, one Fe2+, and one P5+ atom. In the twelfth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to one Li1+, two Fe2+, and one P5+ atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on LiFePO4 by Materials Project

LiFePO4 crystallizes in the tetragonal I-4 space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Li1+ is bonded to four equivalent O2- atoms to form LiO4 tetrahedra that share corners with four equivalent FeO4 tetrahedra and corners with four equivalent PO4 tetrahedra. All Li–O bond lengths are 2.03 Å. Fe2+ is bonded to four equivalent O2- atoms to form FeO4 tetrahedra that share corners with four equivalent LiO4 tetrahedra and corners with four equivalent PO4 tetrahedra. All Fe–O bond lengths are 2.05 Å. P5+ is bonded to four equivalent O2- atoms to form PO4 tetrahedra that share corners with four equivalent LiO4 tetrahedra and corners with four equivalent FeO4 tetrahedra. All P–O bond lengths are 1.56 Å. O2- is bonded in a trigonal planar geometry to one Li1+, one Fe2+, and one P5+ atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2017

Materials Data on LiFePO4 by Materials Project

LiFePO4 crystallizes in the monoclinic C2 space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Li1+ is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to four O2- atoms. There are a spread of Li–O bond distances ranging from 2.02–2.22 Å. There are two inequivalent Fe2+ sites. In the first Fe2+ site, Fe2+ is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to six O2- atoms. There are a spread of Fe–O bond distances ranging from 2.07–2.55 Å. In the second Fe2+ site, Fe2+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form distorted FeO6 octahedra that share corners with six equivalent PO4 tetrahedra. There are a spread of Fe–O bond distances ranging from 2.09–2.26 Å. P5+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form PO4 tetrahedra that share corners with three equivalent FeO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 49–53°. There are a spread of P–O bond distances ranging from 1.54–1.60 Å. There are four inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to one Li1+, two Fe2+, and one P5+ atom. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to one Li1+, one Fe2+, and one P5+ atom. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to one Li1+, one Fe2+, and one P5+ atom. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to one Li1+, two Fe2+, and one P5+ atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2017

Materials Data on LiFePO4 by Materials Project

LiFePO4 crystallizes in the orthorhombic Cmcm space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Li1+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form LiO6 octahedra that share corners with six equivalent PO4 tetrahedra and edges with two equivalent LiO6 octahedra. There are two shorter (2.11 Å) and four longer (2.26 Å) Li–O bond lengths. Fe2+ is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to four O2- atoms. There are two shorter (1.99 Å) and two longer (2.19 Å) Fe–O bond lengths. P5+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form PO4 tetrahedra that share corners with six equivalent LiO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 45–50°. There is two shorter (1.55 Å) and two longer (1.57 Å) P–O bond length. There are two inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Li1+, one Fe2+, and one P5+ atom. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to one Li1+, one Fe2+, and one P5+ atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2017

Materials Data on LiFePO4 by Materials Project

LiFePO4 crystallizes in the orthorhombic Pna2_1 space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are two inequivalent Li1+ sites. In the first Li1+ site, Li1+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form distorted LiO4 tetrahedra that share a cornercorner with one FeO6 octahedra, corners with two equivalent LiO4 tetrahedra, corners with four PO4 tetrahedra, and an edgeedge with one FeO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 64°. There are a spread of Li–O bond distances ranging from 1.89–2.05 Å. In the second Li1+ site, Li1+ is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to five O2- atoms. There are a spread of Li–O bond distances ranging from 1.96–2.34 Å. There are two inequivalent Fe2+ sites. In the first Fe2+ site, Fe2+ is bonded in a distorted rectangular see-saw-like geometry to four O2- atoms. There are a spread of Fe–O bond distances ranging from 1.99–2.45 Å. In the second Fe2+ site, Fe2+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form distorted FeO6 octahedra that share corners with two equivalent FeO6 octahedra, a cornercorner with one LiO4 tetrahedra, corners with four PO4 tetrahedra, an edgeedge with one LiO4 tetrahedra, and an edgeedge with one PO4 tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 53°. There are a spread of Fe–O bond distances ranging from 2.13–2.57 Å. There are two inequivalent P5+ sites. In the first P5+ site, P5+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form PO4 tetrahedra that share corners with two equivalent FeO6 octahedra and a cornercorner with one LiO4 tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 41–66°. There are a spread of P–O bond distances ranging from 1.54–1.58 Å. In the second P5+ site, P5+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form PO4 tetrahedra that share corners with two equivalent FeO6 octahedra, corners with three equivalent LiO4 tetrahedra, and an edgeedge with one FeO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 48–57°. There are a spread of P–O bond distances ranging from 1.54–1.57 Å. There are eight inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to one Li1+, two Fe2+, and one P5+ atom. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Li1+, one Fe2+, and one P5+ atom. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to one Li1+, two equivalent Fe2+, and one P5+ atom. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a trigonal planar geometry to one Li1+, one Fe2+, and one P5+ atom. In the fifth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 150 degrees geometry to one Fe2+ and one P5+ atom. In the sixth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted rectangular see-saw-like geometry to two Li1+, one Fe2+, and one P5+ atom. In the seventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to one Li1+, one Fe2+, and one P5+ atom. In the eighth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to one Li1+, one Fe2+, and one P5+ atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2017

Materials Data on LiFePO4 by Materials Project

LiFePO4 is Ilmenite-derived structured and crystallizes in the orthorhombic Imma space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Li1+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form LiO6 octahedra that share corners with six equivalent PO4 tetrahedra, edges with two equivalent LiO6 octahedra, and edges with four equivalent FeO6 octahedra. There are two shorter (2.15 Å) and four longer (2.17 Å) Li–O bond lengths. Fe2+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form FeO6 octahedra that share corners with six equivalent PO4 tetrahedra, edges with two equivalent FeO6 octahedra, and edges with four equivalent LiO6 octahedra. There are two shorter (2.13 Å) and four longer (2.16 Å) Fe–O bond lengths. P5+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form PO4 tetrahedra that share corners with six equivalent LiO6 octahedra and corners with six equivalent FeO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 49–52°. There is two shorter (1.56 Å) and two longer (1.58 Å) P–O bond length. There are two inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted rectangular see-saw-like geometry to two equivalent Li1+, one Fe2+, and one P5+ atom. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted rectangular see-saw-like geometry to one Li1+, two equivalent Fe2+, and one P5+ atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗