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All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on LaCe(SiPd)4 by Materials Project

CeLa(PdSi)4 crystallizes in the tetragonal P4/mmm space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Ce3+ is bonded to eight equivalent Si4- atoms to form CeSi8 hexagonal bipyramids that share corners with sixteen equivalent PdSi4 tetrahedra, edges with four equivalent CeSi8 hexagonal bipyramids, edges with eight equivalent PdSi4 tetrahedra, and faces with four equivalent CeSi8 hexagonal bipyramids. All Ce–Si bond lengths are 3.22 Å. La3+ is bonded to eight equivalent Si4- atoms to form LaSi8 hexagonal bipyramids that share corners with sixteen equivalent PdSi4 tetrahedra, edges with four equivalent LaSi8 hexagonal bipyramids, edges with eight equivalent PdSi4 tetrahedra, and faces with four equivalent LaSi8 hexagonal bipyramids. All La–Si bond lengths are 3.23 Å. Pd+2.50+ is bonded to four Si4- atoms to form PdSi4 tetrahedra that share corners with four equivalent CeSi8 hexagonal bipyramids, corners with four equivalent LaSi8 hexagonal bipyramids, corners with four equivalent PdSi4 tetrahedra, edges with two equivalent CeSi8 hexagonal bipyramids, edges with two equivalent LaSi8 hexagonal bipyramids, and edges with four equivalent PdSi4 tetrahedra. There are two shorter (2.49 Å) and two longer (2.50 Å) Pd–Si bond lengths. There are two inequivalent Si4- sites. In the first Si4- site, Si4- is bonded in a 9-coordinate geometry to four equivalent Ce3+, four equivalent Pd+2.50+, and one Si4- atom. The Si–Si bond length is 2.34 Å. In the second Si4- site, Si4- is bonded in a 9-coordinate geometry to four equivalent La3+, four equivalent Pd+2.50+, and one Si4- atom. The Si–Si bond length is 2.39 Å.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on LaCe(MnSi)4 by Materials Project

CeLa(MnSi)4 crystallizes in the tetragonal P4/mmm space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Ce3+ is bonded in a body-centered cubic geometry to eight equivalent Si4- atoms. All Ce–Si bond lengths are 3.09 Å. La3+ is bonded in a body-centered cubic geometry to eight equivalent Si4- atoms. All La–Si bond lengths are 3.12 Å. Mn+2.50+ is bonded to four Si4- atoms to form a mixture of edge and corner-sharing MnSi4 tetrahedra. There are two shorter (2.38 Å) and two longer (2.39 Å) Mn–Si bond lengths. There are two inequivalent Si4- sites. In the first Si4- site, Si4- is bonded in a 9-coordinate geometry to four equivalent Ce3+, four equivalent Mn+2.50+, and one Si4- atom. The Si–Si bond length is 2.55 Å. In the second Si4- site, Si4- is bonded in a 9-coordinate geometry to four equivalent La3+, four equivalent Mn+2.50+, and one Si4- atom. The Si–Si bond length is 2.72 Å.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on LaCe(GePt)4 by Materials Project

CeLa(PtGe)4 crystallizes in the triclinic P1 space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Ce is bonded in a 12-coordinate geometry to eight Pt and eight Ge atoms. There are a spread of Ce–Pt bond distances ranging from 3.29–3.40 Å. There are a spread of Ce–Ge bond distances ranging from 3.25–3.40 Å. La is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to eight Pt and eight Ge atoms. There are a spread of La–Pt bond distances ranging from 3.33–3.42 Å. There are a spread of La–Ge bond distances ranging from 3.30–3.39 Å. There are four inequivalent Pt sites. In the first Pt site, Pt is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to four equivalent La and five Ge atoms. There are a spread of Pt–Ge bond distances ranging from 2.49–2.54 Å. In the second Pt site, Pt is bonded in a 9-coordinate geometry to four equivalent Ce and five Ge atoms. There are a spread of Pt–Ge bond distances ranging from 2.45–2.53 Å. In the third Pt site, Pt is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Ce, two equivalent La, and four Ge atoms. There are a spread of Pt–Ge bond distances ranging from 2.54–2.60 Å. In the fourth Pt site, Pt is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Ce, two equivalent La, and four Ge atoms. There are a spread of Pt–Ge bond distances ranging from 2.54–2.58 Å. There are four inequivalent Ge sites. In the first Ge site, Ge is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Ce, two equivalent La, and four Pt atoms. In the second Ge site, Ge is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Ce, two equivalent La, and four Pt atoms. In the third Ge site, Ge is bonded in a 9-coordinate geometry to four equivalent La and five Pt atoms. In the fourth Ge site, Ge is bonded in a 9-coordinate geometry to four equivalent Ce and five Pt atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on LaCe(CuSi)4 by Materials Project

CeLa(CuSi)4 crystallizes in the tetragonal P4/mmm space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Ce4+ is bonded to eight equivalent Si4- atoms to form CeSi8 hexagonal bipyramids that share corners with sixteen equivalent CuSi4 tetrahedra, edges with four equivalent CeSi8 hexagonal bipyramids, edges with eight equivalent CuSi4 tetrahedra, and faces with four equivalent CeSi8 hexagonal bipyramids. All Ce–Si bond lengths are 3.14 Å. La3+ is bonded in a distorted body-centered cubic geometry to eight equivalent Si4- atoms. All La–Si bond lengths are 3.15 Å. Cu+2.25+ is bonded to four Si4- atoms to form CuSi4 tetrahedra that share corners with four equivalent CeSi8 hexagonal bipyramids, corners with four equivalent CuSi4 tetrahedra, edges with two equivalent CeSi8 hexagonal bipyramids, and edges with four equivalent CuSi4 tetrahedra. There are two shorter (2.41 Å) and two longer (2.42 Å) Cu–Si bond lengths. There are two inequivalent Si4- sites. In the first Si4- site, Si4- is bonded in a 9-coordinate geometry to four equivalent Ce4+, four equivalent Cu+2.25+, and one Si4- atom. The Si–Si bond length is 2.37 Å. In the second Si4- site, Si4- is bonded in a 9-coordinate geometry to four equivalent La3+, four equivalent Cu+2.25+, and one Si4- atom. The Si–Si bond length is 2.44 Å.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on LaCe(Mo3S4)4 by Materials Project

CeLa(Mo3S4)4 crystallizes in the triclinic P-1 space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Ce3+ is bonded in a body-centered cubic geometry to eight S2- atoms. There are two shorter (2.78 Å) and six longer (3.01 Å) Ce–S bond lengths. La3+ is bonded in a body-centered cubic geometry to eight S2- atoms. There are two shorter (2.82 Å) and six longer (3.04 Å) La–S bond lengths. There are six inequivalent Mo+2.17+ sites. In the first Mo+2.17+ site, Mo+2.17+ is bonded to five S2- atoms to form a mixture of edge and corner-sharing MoS5 square pyramids. There are a spread of Mo–S bond distances ranging from 2.40–2.60 Å. In the second Mo+2.17+ site, Mo+2.17+ is bonded to five S2- atoms to form a mixture of edge and corner-sharing MoS5 square pyramids. There are a spread of Mo–S bond distances ranging from 2.41–2.58 Å. In the third Mo+2.17+ site, Mo+2.17+ is bonded to five S2- atoms to form a mixture of edge and corner-sharing MoS5 square pyramids. There are a spread of Mo–S bond distances ranging from 2.40–2.59 Å. In the fourth Mo+2.17+ site, Mo+2.17+ is bonded to five S2- atoms to form a mixture of edge and corner-sharing MoS5 square pyramids. There are a spread of Mo–S bond distances ranging from 2.42–2.60 Å. In the fifth Mo+2.17+ site, Mo+2.17+ is bonded to five S2- atoms to form a mixture of edge and corner-sharing MoS5 square pyramids. There are a spread of Mo–S bond distances ranging from 2.40–2.60 Å. In the sixth Mo+2.17+ site, Mo+2.17+ is bonded to five S2- atoms to form a mixture of edge and corner-sharing MoS5 square pyramids. There are a spread of Mo–S bond distances ranging from 2.41–2.58 Å. There are eight inequivalent S2- sites. In the first S2- site, S2- is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to one La3+ and four Mo+2.17+ atoms. In the second S2- site, S2- is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to one Ce3+ and four Mo+2.17+ atoms. In the third S2- site, S2- is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to one La3+ and four Mo+2.17+ atoms. In the fourth S2- site, S2- is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to one Ce3+ and four Mo+2.17+ atoms. In the fifth S2- site, S2- is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to one Ce3+ and four Mo+2.17+ atoms. In the sixth S2- site, S2- is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to one La3+ and four Mo+2.17+ atoms. In the seventh S2- site, S2- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to one La3+ and three Mo+2.17+ atoms. In the eighth S2- site, S2- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to one Ce3+ and three Mo+2.17+ atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on LaCe by Materials Project

CeLa is alpha La-derived structured and crystallizes in the trigonal R-3m space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are three inequivalent Ce sites. In the first Ce site, Ce is bonded to six equivalent Ce and six equivalent La atoms to form CeLa6Ce6 cuboctahedra that share corners with twelve CeLa6Ce6 cuboctahedra, edges with twelve CeLa6Ce6 cuboctahedra, edges with twelve equivalent LaLa6Ce6 cuboctahedra, faces with six equivalent CeLa6Ce6 cuboctahedra, and faces with twelve equivalent LaLa6Ce6 cuboctahedra. All Ce–Ce bond lengths are 3.55 Å. All Ce–La bond lengths are 3.59 Å. In the second Ce site, Ce is bonded to six equivalent Ce and six La atoms to form CeLa6Ce6 cuboctahedra that share corners with five equivalent LaLa10Ce6 cuboctahedra, corners with twelve CeLa6Ce6 cuboctahedra, edges with ten LaLa6Ce6 cuboctahedra, edges with twelve CeLa6Ce6 cuboctahedra, faces with six equivalent CeLa6Ce6 cuboctahedra, and faces with fifteen LaLa6Ce6 cuboctahedra. All Ce–Ce bond lengths are 3.55 Å. All Ce–La bond lengths are 3.59 Å. In the third Ce site, Ce is bonded to six equivalent Ce and six La atoms to form CeLa6Ce6 cuboctahedra that share corners with five equivalent LaLa10Ce6 cuboctahedra, corners with twelve CeLa6Ce6 cuboctahedra, edges with ten LaLa6Ce6 cuboctahedra, edges with twelve CeLa6Ce6 cuboctahedra, faces with six equivalent CeLa6Ce6 cuboctahedra, and faces with fifteen LaLa6Ce6 cuboctahedra. All Ce–Ce bond lengths are 3.55 Å. All Ce–La bond lengths are 3.59 Å. There are two inequivalent La sites. In the first La site, La is bonded to six Ce and six equivalent La atoms to form LaLa6Ce6 cuboctahedra that share corners with twelve LaLa6Ce6 cuboctahedra, edges with twelve CeLa6Ce6 cuboctahedra, edges with twelve LaLa6Ce6 cuboctahedra, faces with six equivalent LaLa6Ce6 cuboctahedra, and faces with twelve CeLa6Ce6 cuboctahedra. All La–La bond lengths are 3.55 Å. In the second La site, La is bonded to six Ce and ten equivalent La atoms to form LaLa10Ce6 cuboctahedra that share corners with ten CeLa6Ce6 cuboctahedra, corners with twelve LaLa6Ce6 cuboctahedra, edges with eight CeLa6Ce6 cuboctahedra, edges with sixteen LaLa6Ce6 cuboctahedra, faces with sixteen equivalent LaLa10Ce6 cuboctahedra, and faces with eighteen CeLa6Ce6 cuboctahedra. There are a spread of La–La bond distances ranging from 3.55–7.11 Å.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2024

Red–green–blue Boolean image analysis of particulate debris laced with luminescent tracers

Abstract Particulate mass estimation from 3-pixel images is desirable in many fields. Red–green–blue (RGB) analysis and Boolean logic were shown to estimate the mass of luminescent tracers in microscopic images. With a controlled background intensity, an estimation error of 1.8 to 3.5% was achieved; in uncontrolled backgrounds, an error of about 18% was achieved. RGB analysis is a valuable tool for spatial location of particulates. This work shows it is possible to estimate the particulate mass in an image and gives RGB an extension into mass quantification that has far-reaching impacts in fields involving the fate and transport of particulate matter. Graphical abstract

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2024

The LSU-Argonne conversion electron spectrometer: A new detector for the X-Array and SATURN decay station

In this study, a new conversion electron detector has been commissioned at the ATLAS/ CARIBU facility at Argonne National Laboratory. The LSU-Argonne Conversion Electron Spectrometer (LACES) is a LN 2 -cooled Si(Li) detector system designed to be incorporated into a decay station that comprises the dedicated HPGe clover array with a box geometry (X -Array) and the Scintillator and Tape Using Radioactive Nuclei (SATURN) device. This integration enables simultaneous measurements of conversion electrons and gamma-rays in decay experiments, yielding novel information on transition multipolarities, electric monopole transitions, and isomeric states that decay mostly via conversion electrons. A measurement of the energy resolution of LACES yielded 2.3-keV FWHM at 975 keV for electrons and 1.3-keV FWHM at 75 keV for X-rays. A detailed study of the absolute detection efficiency (at 5 mm from the source) was performed, where this quantity was determined experimentally in the range of electron transition energies between 25.5 keV and 1047.8 keV and subsequently simulated using the GEANT4 code. Measurement and simulations are found to be in excellent agreement. A precise characterization, for this type of detector system, of the absolute detection efficiency for such a wide energy range is reported for the first time.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2022

Orders of vanishing and U(1) charges in F-theory

Many interesting questions about F-theory models, including several concerning the F-theory swampland, involve massless matter charged under U(1) gauge symmetries. It is therefore important to better understand the geometric properties of F-theory models realizing various U(1) charges. We propose that, for F-theory models described by elliptic fibrations in Weierstrass form, the U(1) charge of light matter is encoded in the orders of vanishing of the section components corresponding to the U(1) gauge symmetry. We give specific equations relating the U(1) charges to the orders of vanishing that seem to hold for both U(1)-charged singlets and for matter additionally charged under a simply-laced nonabelian gauge algebra. Our formulas correctly describe properties of F-theory models in the prior literature, and we give an argument that they should describe the orders of vanishing for arbitrarily high U(1) charges. They also resemble formulas for the p-adic valuations of elliptic divisibility sequences developed by Stange. These proposals could serve as a U(1) analogue of the Katz-Vafa method, allowing one to determine U(1) charges without resolution. Additionally, they predict geometric information about F-theory models with general U(1) charges, which may be useful for exploring the F-theory landscape and swampland.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2023

Scavenging dynamics on Guam and implications for invasive species management

Deployment of mouse carcasses laced with acetaminophen has become a common management tool to control invasive brown tree snakes (Boiga irregularis; BTS) on Guam. Additionally, anticoagulant rodenticides may be used to control invasive rats (Rattus spp.) if their populations increase due to predator release in the wake of BTS eradication. However, there has been little research examining how scavengers on Guam could be incidentally exposed to toxicants by scavenging carcasses of animals that die from these population control strategies. Furthermore, there is a limited understanding of how the proliferation of invasive species on Guam has influenced the composition of the scavenger community. We investigated these topics by examining scavenger consumption of mouse, rat, and BTS carcasses on Guam in both a coastal and upland site during the wet (May–Aug 2016) and dry season (Jan–Apr 2017). We documented carcass consumption by 9 species, which scavenged 48% of carcasses. Interactions between season, habitat, and carcass type influenced probability of scavenging, and appeared to be driven by consumption by the two main scavenger species, BTS and cane toads (Rhinella marina), both of which are invasive on Guam. Baiting programs should consider the potential for toxin exposure to land crabs (Coenobita spp., Birgus latro), native species that scavenged at every combination of carcass type, habitat, and season. Altogether, 60% of scavenging events were attributed to species considered pests that are recent introductions to Guam. Invasive species on Guam are the primary scavengers of small vertebrate carrion, suggesting a substantial role in trophic dynamics that extends beyond predation.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2022

Electron-hole symmetry in quasiparticle spectral weight of cuprates observed via infrared and photoemission spectroscopy

Here we performed an optical spectroscopy study of single crystals of Pr 0.85 LaCe 0.15 CuO 4–δ (PLCCO) to revisit the electron-hole asymmetry, which has been understood as a fundamental property of cuprates. Four differently annealed samples—as-grown, reduced, optimally oxygenated, and overoxygenated samples—were prepared, which have superconducting transition temperatures T c = 0, 15, 24, and 18 K, respectively. We observed that the low-energy quasiparticle spectral weights of all the PLCCO samples are significantly small in comparison with those of other electron-doped cuprate families. Instead, they are rather close to those of their hole-doped counterpart La 2–x Sr x CuO 4 . Accordingly, estimated effective carrier numbers N eff per Cu atom of superconducting samples are also very small, despite their relatively high critical temperatures. A complementary photoemission study reveals that the low-energy quasiparticle spectral weight of PLCCO is much smaller than that of Nd 1.85 Ce 0.15 CuO 4–δ , consistent with the optical results. Our observations demonstrate that PLCCO provides the electron-hole symmetry in the quasiparticle spectral weight and highlight the importance of Cu 3d–O 2p hybridization to understand the low-energy spectral weight transfer in doped cuprates.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2021

Aggregation of solutes in bosonic versus fermionic quantum fluids

Quantum fluid droplets made of helium-3 ( 3 He) or helium-4 ( 4 He) isotopes have long been considered as ideal cryogenic nanolabs, enabling unique ultracold chemistry and spectroscopy applications. The droplets were believed to provide a homogeneous environment in which dopant atoms and molecules could move and react almost as in free space but at temperatures close to absolute zero. Here, we report ultrafast x-ray diffraction experiments on xenon-doped 3 He and 4 He nanodroplets, demonstrating that the unavoidable rotational excitation of isolated droplets leads to highly anisotropic and inhomogeneous interactions between the host matrix and enclosed dopants. Superfluid 4 He droplets are laced with quantum vortices that trap the embedded particles, leading to the formation of filament-shaped clusters. In comparison, dopants in 3 He droplets gather in diffuse, ring-shaped structures along the equator. The shapes of droplets carrying filaments or rings are direct evidence that rotational excitation is the root cause for the inhomogeneous dopant distributions.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2022

Liquid Salt Combined-Cycle Pilot Plant Design

The work described in this report is responsive to the Office of Fossil Energy program ‘Energy Storage for Fossil Power Generation.’ This Phase I report has been prepared by Pintail Power LLC, with support from Nexant ECA, Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) and Southern Company Services as a deliverable for the U.S. Department of Energy for NETL Award DE-FE-00320016. The Liquid Salt Combined Cycle™ (LSCC™) technology provides large-scale energy storage integrated with Fossil Electric Generating Units (FEGUs) to meet critical needs in the energy transition by providing: • the lowest cost large-scale storage for time-shifting of renewable energy, • superior fuel efficiency to reduce GHGs from dispatchable resources, • flexible capacity and ramping to balance variability of wind and solar resources, • essential grid stability services to assure reliability of a low-carbon grid. The LSCC approach: • employs equipment that has already been proven in utility service, • uses safe, non-toxic, non-degrading, perpetual-life storage medium, • leverages and repurposes existing FEGU assets, • expands the value stack of energy storage to reduce market, financing, and commodity risks. Pintail Power has developed the LSCC technology to meet the need for reliable, efficient, and cost-effective integration of Variable Renewable Energy (VRE) into a low-carbon electric grid by coupling proven thermal energy storage with proven gas turbines, steam turbines, and heat transfer equipment. This novel approach is intended to address the key issues facing the grid and operators of renewable and fossil generating units including: • Overgeneration and curtailment of renewables, • Need for fast ramping dispatchable resources, • Improved efficiency and flexibility of fossil units, • Additional peaking capacity to support electrification of transportation and heating, • Provision of reliability services to support high penetration of VRE, especially synchronous inertia and fast frequency response. A Technology Readiness assessment by EPRI confirmed that LSCC technology consists of commercially proven hardware used in industrial and utility applications. Although the novel LSCC approach has not yet been demonstrated as a complete system, interfaces between major components have been conservatively specified. A Phase III pilot is planned to demonstrate equipment integration and operation. The patented innovation is removal of the evaporator section from the exhaust heat recovery system, with the evaporation performed by stored energy in a separate steam generator. This arrangement couples renewable and fossil power generation via long-duration energy storage to deliver cost, performance, and operational synergies, including superior charging and discharging flexibility, reduced fuel consumption and lower CO 2 emissions compared to conventional Combined Cycle Power Plants, and low-cost, large-scale energy storage. The LSCC technology is composed of proven equipment integrated with gas turbine exhaust heat in a novel system. During charging, electric heaters raise the salt temperature as it flows from the Cold Salt Tank to the Hot Salt Tank. During discharging, hot salt produces steam from feedwater that is heated with gas turbine exhaust, which also superheats steam to drive a steam turbine. LSCC technology can be added to any combustion-turbine to integrate renewable energy, provide needed grid services, and increase the value of fossil electric generating units based on the technology’s following attributes: • Long-duration storage enables time-shifting of VRE to avoid curtailment and impairment of renewable assets. • Long storage duration combined with fast-charging capability increases arbitrage opportunities by storing more energy when the price is low and discharging more hours when the price is high. • Long storage duration allows resource adequacy to be supplied across multiple days to increase reliability and reduce risk. • The stored energy reduces fuel heat rate and GHG emissions, and increases merit, so the LSCC dispatches earlier and longer to increase the plant’s capacity factor and asset value. • The stored energy enables pre-heating and startup of the steam cycle, without operating the gas turbine, to enable fast startup and ramping when dispatched for discharge. • The steam turbine can operate without the gas turbine so it can provide valuable synchronous inertia during charging without consuming fuel. • Fast frequency response and regulation services can be provided during charging using solid-state heater and pump controls to vary the charge power input in response to grid signals. • The LSCC system can be configured for resilience including black start, islanded/micro-grid operation, and even self-recharging of storage using either gas turbine power or gas turbine exhaust heat. The commercialization plan is to add LSCC technology to existing simple cycle gas turbine power plants with the 50MW GE LM6000 aero-derivative gas turbine as the reference design basis. A Techno-economic assessment of the reference design evaluated the benefits (Levelized Avoided Cost of Energy) and costs (Levelized Cost of Energy). The plant definition included all major systems and budgetary vendor quotes. Pintail Power and NexantECA developed the overall cost estimate for the LSCC plant up to the total plant cost level, following the DOE-NETL cost estimate guidelines at AACE Class 3 (-20%/+30%). This includes the equipment cost, bulk material, direct and indirect labor costs to arrive at the bare erected cost. Engineering costs are factored from the BEC and added to it to arrive at the EPC cost. Process and project contingencies were then factored from the EPC cost and rolled-up to yield the total plant cost of $\$$184 million for 1746 MWh of discharge electricity. • At $\$$105/kWh, the reference plant costs less than any of the Energy Storage Systems evaluated by PNNL in 2020 for the Energy Storage Grand Challenge. Operations and Maintenance cost estimates were scaled from combined cycle practice, assuming that the LSCC unit was co-located with and sharing some labor expense with other units, to arrive at $\$$2.2 million per year. Plant economics were evaluated using prices from the ERCOT Day-Ahead Market for calendar year 2019 (excluding the market disruptions from the COVID pandemic and the February 2020 deep freeze event). Assuming economic dispatch in the ERCOT Day-Ahead market, the reference plant capacity factor would have discharged for 2777 hours at 91.9 MW, a 31.66% capacity factor, with a marginal cost of $\$$25.59/MWh, and a LACE of $\$$82.41/MWh. Fixed charges were calculated according to EIA guidelines to arrive at an LCOE of $\$$83.48. The benefit-to-cost ratio of 0.99 suggests that the reference plant would have been cost-effective and competitive in the market. EPRI interviewed selected utilities to gauge the need for, applicability of and interest in the LSCC system. Several utilities are currently managing increased load growth along with the inclusion of increasing levels of renewable generation, putting pressure on conventional generation by requiring increased turndown requirements and ultimately lower capacity factors. All of the utilities interviewed have CO 2 reduction targets in the 2030-2050 timeframe that will severely limit the participation of fossil generation and require better utilization of carbon free generation. While there is limited opportunity for storage in the current markets, the utilities interviewed stated that there will be a substantial need for long duration energy storage in the future given the expected trends. Utilizing an energy storage system will generally be preferred over new gas capacity in some cases, with the capabilities of the LSCC system being a potential option for retrofit to existing simple cycle gas turbine units, allowing them to deliver greater participation in the market with lower carbon intensity. A technology gap assessment and technology maturation plan identified a pilot-scale demonstration as the final step before commercialization. Key gaps to be addressed during the Phase II FEED (Front-End Engineering Design) are component selection and design, commissioning procedures, and operational procedures and the control system for LSCC charging and discharging. The project team has been expanded to include Wood Group PLC as EPC. The proposed Phase II work leads to a pilot-scale engineering demonstration (TRL 6) to be conducted at Southern Company’s Plant Rowan, where the prototype system will perform “all the functions that will be required of the operational system.” The proposed pilot will facilitate commercialization (TRL-9) by scale-up to utility-scale systems integrated with peaking GTs or directly to facility scale systems using industrial GTs. The conceptual design for the pilot plant focuses on the novel integration aspects of LSCC technology. A slipstream of gas turbine exhaust will feed a waste heat recovery unit coupled to a molten salt steam generator heated by stored energy. The pilot is intended to demonstrate all key operating modes of the LSCC technology during charging, discharging and standby. The pilot equipment will be approximately one-seventh scale of the LM6000 commercial target and is expected to have commercial off-ramp potential for facility-scale applications.

01 COAL, LIGNITE, AND PEAT↗
DOE OSTI2020

Offshore Wind in the US Gulf of Mexico: Regional Economic Modeling and Site-Specific Analyses

The goal of this study is to assess offshore wind energy resources in the Gulf of Mexico (GOM) and to quantify its technical and economic potential in order to inform Federal and GOM state strategic energy planning over the next decade. The objectives are to: describe site-specific and regional benefits and challenges of deploying offshore wind in the GOM and discuss the current research to mitigate challenges; review and quantify the wind resource capacity and energy potential in the GOM region for each GOM state including state and federal waters, distance from shore, and water depth; perform geospatial regional economic assessments of levelized cost of energy (LCOE), levelized avoided cost of energy (LACE), and net value (Section 3.4.2); evaluate three representative hypothetical locations for site-specific analysis; perform a high-level assessment of local supporting infrastructure availability, including existing services (e.g., fabrication facilities, vessels, ports) and possible grid connection options; assess the regional economic impacts of a 600 megawatt (MW) offshore wind power plant installed at a representative site in the GOM.

17 WIND ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2023

Beating the Auditors: Comparing Doping in Sport to Nuclear Proliferators

The Berlinger Bottle (Figure 1, below) is the central part of the BEREG-Kit that has been used by anti-doping agencies worldwide for over 25 years. As documented in the World Anti-Doping Agency’s investigative report [Ref 1], in 2014, Russian state-level actors found ways to defeat these bottles and was able to secretly replace an athlete’s drug-laced urine with clean urine samples that had been collected earlier. This cheating scheme allowed rampant performance enhancing drug use by its athletes, and (before disqualifications) earned Russia 33 medals in the 2014 Sochi Olympics – more than double its haul of 15 medals at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver. All this activity was conducted despite the watchful eye of the World Anti-Doping Agency. Similarly, Lance Armstrong and the US Postal Team infamously used performance enhancing drugs and blood transfusions to win 7 Tour de France titles (again, before disqualification) in a row, all under the supervision of L’Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI) and the US Anti Doping Agency. The inspection role of anti-doping agencies is similar in scope to the role of a Safeguards Inspector with the International Atomic Energy Agency: detect the misuse of facilities, and conduct scheduled and randomized testing to detect and deter would-be cheaters. This paper will explore the motivation, the means, and the mistakes which led to discovery – and will draw out commonalities between those who seek to cheat in sports, and those who seek to undermine international nuclear safeguards as Iraq tried in the 1980s.

98 NUCLEAR DISARMAMENT, SAFEGUARDS, AND PHYSICAL P↗