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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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14 records
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2014

Occupational exposure in the fluorescent lamp recycling sector in France

Highlights: • Chemical risks were assessed in the five fluorescent lamp recycling facilities. • The main hazardous agents are mercury vapors and dust containing lead and yttrium. • Exposure and pollutant levels were correlated with steps and processes. • All the stages and processes are concerned by worrying levels of pollutants. • We suggest recommendations to reduce chemical risk. - Abstract: The fluorescent lamp recycling sector is growing considerably in Europe due to increasingly strict regulations aimed at inciting the consumption of low energy light bulbs and their end-of-life management. Chemical risks were assessed in fluorescent lamp recycling facilities by field measurement surveys in France, highlighting that occupational exposure and pollutant levels in the working environment were correlated with the main recycling steps and processes. The mean levels of worker exposure are 4.4 mg/m{sup 3}, 15.4 μg/m{sup 3}, 14.0 μg/m{sup 3}, 247.6 μg/m{sup 3}, respectively, for total inhalable dust, mercury, lead and yttrium. The mean levels of airborne pollutants are 3.1 mg/m{sup 3}, 9.0 μg/m{sup 3}, 9.0 μg/m{sup 3}, 219.2 μg/m{sup 3}, respectively, for total inhalable dust, mercury, lead and yttrium. The ranges are very wide. Surface samples from employees’ skin and granulometric analysis were also carried out. The overview shows that all the stages and processes involved in lamp recycling are concerned by the risk of hazardous substances penetrating into the bodies of employees, although exposure of the latter varies depending on the processes and tasks they perform. The conclusion of this study strongly recommends the development of a new generation of processes in parallel with more information sharing and regulatory measures.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2017

RE Light Re Mix

The RE Light process is a process that recycles fluorescent lamps for their rare earth and mercury. There is a limited U.S. market for recycled rare earth materials and current rare earth prices make domestic production cost-prohibitive.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
NASA NTRS1989

An optical multipass radiation system (OMRS) for heating levitated samples

The present system for spaceborne containerless material sample heating uses lamp systems with heating efficiencies of the order of 65 percent, potentially producing 30 W/sq mm over areas of 0.3 sq cm. The effectiveness of these lamp systems has its basis in the 'multipassing' of the lamp beams to recycle fluxes not absorbed by the sample during the initial pass. The actual multipass system's performance will have a power-law dependence on the quality of the coatings and optical surfaces illuminated; a detailed study of the spectral and dichroic characteristics, surface-scattering, and optical figure specifications of the system must be completed for full characterization.

Morrow, W. H.↗
DOE OSTI2016

MICROBIALLY MEDIATED LEACHING OF RARE EARTH ELEMENTS FROM RECYCLABLE MATERIALS

Bioleaching offers a potential approach for recovery of rare earth elements (REE) from recyclable materials, such as fluorescent lamp phosphors or degraded industrial catalysts. Microorganisms were enriched from REE-containing ores and recyclable materials with the goal of identifying strains capable of extracting REE from solid materials. Over 100 heterotrophic microorganisms were isolated and screened for their ability to produce organic acids capable of leaching REE. The ten most promising isolates were most closely related to Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter and Talaromyces. Of the acids produced, gluconic acid appeared to be the most effective at leaching REE (yttrium, lanthanum, cerium, europium, and terbium) from retorted phosphor powders (RPP), fluidized cracking catalyst (FCC), and europium-doped yttrium oxide (YOEu). We found that an Acinetobacter isolates, BH1, was the most capable strain and able to leach 33% of the total REE content from the FCC material. These results support the continuing evaluation of gluconic acid-producing microbes for large-scale REE recovery from recyclable materials.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2022

Ames National Laboratory Annual Site Environmental Report for CY2021

The primary purpose of this report is to summarize the performance of Ames National Laboratory’s environmental programs, present highlights of significant environmental activities, and confirm compliance with environmental regulations and requirements for calendar year 2021. This report is a working requirement of Department of Energy Order 231.1B, Environment, Safety and Health Reporting. It includes descriptions of the Laboratory’s site, mission, the status of its compliance with applicable environmental regulations, its planning and activities to maintain compliance, and a comprehensive review of its environmental protection, surveillance and monitoring activities. Ames National Laboratory is located on the campus of Iowa State University (ISU) and occupies 13 buildings owned by the Department of Energy (DOE). See the Laboratory’s Web page for location and Laboratory overview. The Laboratory also leases space in ISU owned buildings. In 2021, the Laboratory accumulated and disposed of hazardous waste under a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) issued generator number. All waste was handled according to applicable EPA, State, and local regulations and DOE Orders. The Laboratory operates as a Small Quantity Generator (SQG) of hazardous waste. There were no radiological air emissions or exposures to the general public due to Laboratory activities in 2021 (See U.S. Department of Energy Air Emissions Annual Report in Appendix A.) The Laboratory has an established Environmental Radiological Protection Program (Plan 10200.041) per DOE Order 458.1 requirements. Plans, policies, and procedures are in place to protect the public and the environment against undue risk from radiation associated with DOE radiological activities. As indicated in prior Site Environmental Reports, formal pollution prevention awareness, waste minimization and recycling programs have been in practice since 1990, with improvements implemented most recently in 2017 with Iowa State University’s shift toward single-stream recycling. Included in recycling efforts are items such as batteries, monitors, corrugated cardboard, lamps, miscellaneous electronic office equipment, mixed paper, newsprint, food/beverage containers, and laboratory glassware. Ames National Laboratory also recycles/reuses salvageable metal, used oil, and foamed polystyrene peanuts, and encourages chemical redistribution and sharing among research groups. Ames National Laboratory reported its contractual performance to DOE-Ames Site Office (AMSO) through the Laboratory’s Performance Evaluation Measurement Plan (PEMP), and a performance level of “B+” was achieved in 2021 for Sustain Excellence and Enhance Effectiveness of Integrated Safety, Health, and Environmental Protection As reported in Site Environmental Reports for prior years, the Laboratory’s Environmental Management System (EMS) has been integrated into the Laboratory’s Integrated Safety Management System (ISMS) since 2005. The integration of EMS into Laboratory business practices allows the Laboratory to systematically review, address and respond to environmental impacts. In addition to DOE-identified objectives and targets, the EMS Steering Committee recommends annual environmental goals for the Laboratory. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic and limited onsite work staff, goals of reducing water usage and travel/commuting to promote the reduction of scope 3 greenhouse gases were achieved. All contract deliverables and environmental compliance activities were still met during this time.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2014

Determining heavy metals in spent compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) and their waste management challenges: Some strategies for improving current conditions

Highlights: • Heavy metals in spent compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) determined. • Current waste management condition of CFLs in Iran assessed. • Currently, waste of CFLs is disposed by municipal waste stream in waste landfills. • We propose extended producer responsibility (EPR) for CFLs waste management. - Abstract: From environmental viewpoint, the most important advantage of compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) is reduction of green house gas emissions. But their significant disadvantage is disposal of spent lamps because of containing a few milligrams of toxic metals, especially mercury and lead. For a successful implementation of any waste management plan, availability of sufficient and accurate information on quantities and compositions of the generated waste and current management conditions is a fundamental prerequisite. In this study, CFLs were selected among 20 different brands in Iran. Content of heavy metals including mercury, lead, nickel, arsenic and chromium was determined by inductive coupled plasma (ICP). Two cities, Tehran and Tabriz, were selected for assessing the current waste management condition of CFLs. The study found that waste generation amount of CFLs in the country was about 159.80, 183.82 and 153.75 million per year in 2010, 2011 and 2012, respectively. Waste generation rate of CFLs in Iran was determined to be 2.05 per person in 2012. The average amount of mercury, lead, nickel, arsenic and chromium was 0.417, 2.33, 0.064, 0.056 and 0.012 mg per lamp, respectively. Currently, waste of CFLs is disposed by municipal waste stream in waste landfills. For improving the current conditions, we propose by considering the successful experience of extended producer responsibility (EPR) in other electronic waste management. The EPR program with advanced recycling fee (ARF) is implemented for collecting and then recycling CFLs. For encouraging consumers to take the spent CFLs back at the end of the products’ useful life, a proportion of ARF (for example, 50%) can be refunded. On the other hand, the government and Environmental Protection Agency should support and encourage recycling companies of CFLs both technically and financially in the first place.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2016

Conservation and Recycling for Radiological-Contaminated Laundry Applications - 16044

Recovery and reuse of materials exposed to radioactive environments is a critical element for those whom are involved with processing such materials. In order to minimize the disposal of radiological-contaminated Personal Protective Equipment (PPE, laundry, respirators, etc.) the need for environmentally-friendly and cost-effective technologies to provide laundering services is needed for current and future processes. A by-product of the laundry process is contaminated water. In order to reduce waste generation, we developed a radiological water filtration system custom-designed for laundry applications, which is used as both a filtration device as well as a water recycling system. The filtration process utilizes membrane filtration, suspended solids and organic filtration, ion-exchange capture, and ozonization/UV as germicidal reducers. In addition, ultrafiltration is used as a final step in order to return clean water back to the washing process system. The system was originally designed for non-radiological industrial laundry applications (hospitality, health care, correctional and governmental settings, etc). This process reduces the water consumption and discharge by up to 75% while retaining heat to minimize energy input costs. Principle components of the system include lint shakers and collection tanks with ozone injection, suspended solids filter, activated charcoal, ultraviolet lamp treatment cell, ion exchange columns, ultrafiltration filters, and final holding tank with ozone injection. Although up-front equipment costs are required, we believe that the reduction in waste generated through recycle and reuse of the water, along with avoiding premature disposal of PPE as radioactive waste, greatly outweighs up-front effort. (authors)

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2013

Applications of Cu{sub 2}O octahedral particles on ITO glass in photocatalytic degradation of dye pollutants under a halogen tungsten lamp

Graphical abstract: - Highlights: • Photocatalytic activity of Cu{sub 2}O octahedral microcrystals on ITO glass was studied. • They showed high abilities in degradation of methylene blue in the presence of H{sub 2}O{sub 2}. • H{sub 2}O{sub 2} amount could affect the degradation efficiency. • Such particles could be easily recycled and still kept high activity. • Many dye pollutants and their mixtures could be efficiently degraded. - Abstract: Cu{sub 2}O octahedral microcrystals were prepared on the ITO glass by galvanostatic electrodeposition in CuSO{sub 4} solution with poly(vinylpryrrolidone) as the surfactant. By controlling the electrodeposition time, the microcrystals could be randomly distributed on the ITO glass and separated from each other, resulting in as many as possible (1 1 1) crystalline planes were exposed. Such microcrystals immobilized on ITO glass were employed in photodegradation of dye pollutants in the presence of H{sub 2}O{sub 2} under a 150 W halogen tungsten lamp. The photodegradation of methylene blue was taken as an example to evaluate the photocatalytic activities of the octahedral Cu{sub 2}O microcrystals. Effects of electrodeposition time and H{sub 2}O{sub 2} amount on the degradation efficiency was discussed, giving the optimum conditions and the corresponding degradation mechanism. The catalyst showed high ability in degradation of methylene blue, methyl orange, rhodamine B, eosin B and their mixtures under identical conditions.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
NASA NTRS2001

Turning Gas into Greens

Scientists from Cook College, Rutgers University, and Stevens Institute of Technology conducted studies to create an experimental greenhouse that uses methane from decomposing trash to fuel a system that makes food. Biogasses created by the anaerobically decomposing trash are necessary to fulfill the energy needs of this revolutionary greenhouse. The primary emission, methane, is piped to the greenhouse boiler and used to fuel the hot water heating system. Thus far, the use of biogas has drastically reduced the operating costs of the greenhouse, eliminating the need for non-renewable fuels. The biogas will also generate electricity for the greenhouse in the near future. The plants are irrigated with recycled plant nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, and magnesium. These nutrients are delivered through hydroponics, the cultivation of plants in a nutrient solution rather than in soil. High-pressure sodium lamps augment the natural light, thereby boosting production and reducing cropping time. A total of 16 hours of light are provided to the crop each day, year-round. It only takes about 90 days for a seed to germinate and produce a tomato harvest. Not only is the food produced faster, the manual labor needed for the upkeep of the plants is also drastically reduced.

Source record↗
DOE OSTI2016

Structural, optical and photo-catalytic activity of nanocrystalline NiO thin films

Highlights: • Synthesis of nanocrystalline NiO thin films with different thicknesses using DC magnetron sputtering technique. • Effect of film thickness and particle size on photo-catalytic degradation of methyl green dye under UV light was studied. • The deposited NiO thin films are efficient, stable and possess high photo-catalytic activity upon reuse. - Abstract: Physical deposition of nanocrystalline nickel oxide (NiO) thin films with different thickness 30, 50 and 80 nm have been done on glass substrate by DC magnetron sputtering technique and varying the deposition time from 600, 900 to 1200 s. The results of surface morphology and optical characterization of these films obtained using different characterization techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), photoluminescence (PL) and UV–vis spectrophotometry provide important information like formation of distinct nanostructures in different films and its effect on their optical band gap which has decreased from 3.74 to 3.37 eV as the film thickness increases. Most importantly these films have shown very high stability and a specialty to be recycled without much loss of their photo-catalytic activity, when tested as photo-catalysts for the degradation of methyl green dye (MG) from the wastewater under the exposure of 18 W energy of UV lamp.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
NASA NTRS1985

The evolution of CELSS for lunar bases

A bioregenerative life support system designed to address the fundamental requirements of a functioning independent lunar base is presented in full. Issues to be discussed are associated with CELSS weight, volume and cost of operation. The fundamental CELSS component is a small, highly automated module containing plants which photosynthesize and provide the crew with food, water and oxygen. Hydrogen, nitrogen and carbon dioxide will be initially brought in from earth, recycled and their waste products conserved. As the insufficiency of buffers necessitates stringent cybernetic control, a stable state will be maintained by computer control. Through genetic engineering and carbon dioxide, temperature, and nutrient manipulation, plant productivity can be increased, while the area necessary for growth and illumination energy decreased. In addition, photosynthetic efficiency can be enhanced through lamp design, fiber optics and the use of appropriate wavelengths. Crop maintenance will be performed by robotics, as a means of preventing plant ailments.

Macelroy, R. D.↗
NASA NTRS1992

Scenarios for optimizing potato productivity in a lunar CELSS

The use of controlled ecological life support system (CELSS) in the development and growth of large-scale bases on the Moon will reduce the expense of supplying life support materials from Earth. Such systems would use plants to produce food and oxygen, remove carbon dioxide, and recycle water and minerals. In a lunar CELSS, several factors are likely to be limiting to plant productivity, including the availability of growing area, electrical power, and lamp/ballast weight for lighting systems. Several management scenarios are outlined in this discussion for the production of potatoes based on their response to irradiance, photoperiod, and carbon dioxide concentration. Management scenarios that use 12-hr photoperiods, high carbon dioxide concentrations, and movable lamp banks to alternately irradiate halves of the growing area appear to be the most efficient in terms of growing area, electrical power, and lamp weights. However, the optimal scenario will be dependent upon the relative 'costs' of each factor.

Wheeler, R. M.↗
DOE OSTI2017

Numb positively regulates autophagic flux via regulating lysosomal function

Autophagy is a lysosome-dependent catabolic process involving in the degradation and recycling of unnecessary or damaged proteins and organelles. Emerging evidence indicates that autophagy dysfunction is closely related to various human diseases including cancer, aging, myopathies and neurodegenerative disorders. Here, using genetic knockdown, we uncover the role of Numb, an endocytic adaptor protein, in regulating the late steps of autophagy. We found that Numb depletion led to the accumulation of autophagic vacuole, as verified by RFP-LC3 staining combined with transmission electron microscopy. Further investigation indicated that Numb depletion impaired autophagic degradation through inhibiting the activities of lysosomal enzymes (Cathepsin D, β-glucuronidase and β-glucosidase). Moreover, Numb depletion induced elevation of lysosomal pH values and decrease of glycosylated lysosome-associated membrane proteins. We further observed that Rab7 activity was inhibited in Numb-depleted cells. Together, our findings revealed a novel function of Numb and its likely mechanism in regulation of autophagy events. - Highlights: • Numb depletion induces the accumulation of autophagic vacuole in MCF-7 cells. • Numb depletion impairs autophagic degradation and lysosomal enzymes activities. • Numb depletion elevates lysosomal pH but decreases glycosylated LAMPs. • Numb may regulate lysosome maturation by facilitating Rab7 activation.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2015

HO x radical chemistry in oxidation flow reactors with low-pressure mercury lamps systematically examined by modeling

Oxidation flow reactors (OFRs) using OH produced from low-pressure Hg lamps at 254 nm (OFR254) or both 185 and 254 nm (OFR185) are commonly used in atmospheric chemistry and other fields. OFR254 requires the addition of externally formed O 3 since OH is formed from O 3 photolysis, while OFR185 does not since O 2 can be photolyzed to produce O 3 , and OH can also be formed from H 2 O photolysis. In this study, we use a plug-flow kinetic model to investigate OFR properties under a very wide range of conditions applicable to both field and laboratory studies. We show that the radical chemistry in OFRs can be characterized as a function of UV light intensity, H 2 O concentration, and total external OH reactivity (OHR ext , e.g., from volatile organic compounds (VOCs), NO x , and SO 2 ). OH exposure is decreased by added external OH reactivity. OFR185 is especially sensitive to this effect at low UV intensity due to low primary OH production. OFR254 can be more resilient against OH suppression at high injected O 3 (e.g., 70 ppm), as a larger primary OH source from O 3 , as well as enhanced recycling of HO 2 to OH, make external perturbations to the radical chemistry less significant. However if the external OH reactivity in OFR254 is much larger than OH reactivity from injected O 3 , OH suppression can reach 2 orders of magnitude. For a typical input of 7 ppm O 3 (OHR O 3 = 10 s −1 ), 10-fold OH suppression is observed at OHR ext ~ 100 s −1 , which is similar or lower than used in many laboratory studies. The range of modeled OH suppression for literature experiments is consistent with the measured values except for those with isoprene. The finding on OH suppression may have important implications for the interpretation of past laboratory studies, as applying OH exp measurements acquired under different conditions could lead to over a 1-order-of-magnitude error in the estimated OH exp . The uncertainties of key model outputs due to uncertainty in all rate constants and absorption cross-sections in the model are within ±25 % for OH exposure and within ±60 % for other parameters. These uncertainties are small relative to the dynamic range of outputs. Uncertainty analysis shows that most of the uncertainty is contributed by photolysis rates of O 3 , O 2 , and H 2 O and reactions of OH and HO 2 with themselves or with some abundant species, i.e., O 3 and H 2 O 2 . OH exp calculated from direct integration and estimated from SO 2 decay in the model with laminar and measured residence time distributions (RTDs) are generally within a factor of 2 from the plug-flow OH exp . However, in the models with RTDs, OH exp estimated from SO 2 is systematically lower than directly integrated OH exp in the case of significant SO 2 consumption. We thus recommended using OH exp estimated from the decay of the species under study when possible, to obtain the most appropriate information on photochemical aging in the OFR. Using HO x -recycling vs. destructive external OH reactivity only leads to small changes in OH exp under most conditions. Changing the identity (rate constant) of external OH reactants can result in substantial changes in OH exp due to different reductions in OH suppression as the reactant is consumed. We also report two equations for estimating OH exposure in OFR254. We find that the equation estimating OH exp from measured O 3 consumption performs better than an alternative equation that does not use it, and thus recommend measuring both input and output O 3 concentrations in OFR254 experiments. This study contributes to establishing a firm and systematic understanding of the gas-phase HO x and O x chemistry in these reactors, and enables better experiment planning and interpretation as well as improved design of future reactors.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗