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DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on InCuSeS by Materials Project

CuInSSe is Stannite-like structured and crystallizes in the orthorhombic I2_12_12_1 space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Cu1+ is bonded to two equivalent Se2- and two equivalent S2- atoms to form CuSe2S2 tetrahedra that share corners with four equivalent CuSe2S2 tetrahedra and corners with eight equivalent InSe2S2 tetrahedra. Both Cu–Se bond lengths are 2.45 Å. Both Cu–S bond lengths are 2.32 Å. In3+ is bonded to two equivalent Se2- and two equivalent S2- atoms to form InSe2S2 tetrahedra that share corners with four equivalent InSe2S2 tetrahedra and corners with eight equivalent CuSe2S2 tetrahedra. Both In–Se bond lengths are 2.63 Å. Both In–S bond lengths are 2.54 Å. Se2- is bonded to two equivalent Cu1+ and two equivalent In3+ atoms to form SeIn2Cu2 tetrahedra that share corners with four equivalent SeIn2Cu2 tetrahedra and corners with eight equivalent SIn2Cu2 tetrahedra. S2- is bonded to two equivalent Cu1+ and two equivalent In3+ atoms to form SIn2Cu2 tetrahedra that share corners with four equivalent SIn2Cu2 tetrahedra and corners with eight equivalent SeIn2Cu2 tetrahedra.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2023

Time Resolved Reflectivity Measurements of Convective Clouds

National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Investigations of Convective Updrafts (INCUS) mission aims to document convective mass flux through changes in the radar reflectivity (ΔZ) in convective cores captured by a constellation of three Ka-band radars sampling the same convective cells over intervals of 30, 90, and 120 s. Here, high spatiotemporal resolution observations of convective cores from surface-based radars that use agile sampling techniques are used to evaluate aspects of the INCUS measurement approach using real observations. Analysis of several convective cells confirms that large coherent ΔZ structure with measurable signal (>5 dB) can occur in less than 30 s and are correlated with underlying convective motions. The analysis indicates that the INCUS mission radar footprint and along track sampling are adequate to capture most of the desirable ΔZ signals. This unique demonstration of reflectivity time-lapse provides the framework for estimating convective mass flux independent from Doppler techniques with future radar observations.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2020

X-Ray Fluorescence Microscopy: A Method of Measuring Ion Concentrations in the Ear

This technical note describes synchrotron x-ray fluorescence microscopy (XFM) as a method for measuring the concentrations of various elements in cross-sections of the ear at extremely high resolution. This method could be of great importance for addressing many open questions in hearing research. XFM uses synchrotron radiation to evoke emissions from many biologically relevant elements in the tissue. The intensity and wavelength of the emitted radiation provide a fingerprint of the tissue composition that can be used to measure the concentration of the elements in the sampled location. Here, we focus on energies that target biologically-relevant elements of the periodic table between magnesium and zinc. Since a highly focused x-ray beam is used, the spot size is well below 1 mu m and the samples can be scanned at a nanometer lateral resolution. This study shows that measurement of the concentrations of different elements is possible in a mid-modiolar cross-section of a mouse cochlea. Images are presented that indicate potassium and chloride "hot spots" in the spiral ligament and the spiral limbus, providing experimental evidence for the potassium recycling pathway and showing the cochlear structures involved. Scans of a section obtained from the incus, one of the middle ear ossicles, in a developing mouse have shown that zinc is not uniformly distributed This supports the hypothesis that zinc plays a special role in the process of ossification. Although limited by sophisticated sample preparation and sectioning, the method provides ample exciting opportunities, to understand the role of genetics and epigenetics on hearing mechanisms in ontogeny and phylogeny.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗