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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 19 records
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2025

Experimental studies of high-temperature thermal dissociation of iso-propanol

iso-Propanol is an important biofuel for transportation and industrial applications, as well as a canonical compound for understanding alcohol reaction chemistry. There are few studies of the thermal decomposition of iso-propanol, hence the objective of this work was to investigate the mechanism of iso-propanol pyrolysis at high-temperature conditions. Shock tube studies were used to investigate the thermal decomposition of iso-propanol and identify the dominant reaction pathways and the intermediate species present in the temperature range of 1395–2053 K and at pressures of 0.3–4 bar. Time-resolved mass spectra were obtained from pyrolysis experiments in shock tube/mass spectrometer apparatuses using electron impact ionization or synchrotron vacuum ultraviolet photoionization. The relative concentrations of the intermediate species were used to identify the dominant reaction channels. iso-Propanol dissociated by water loss to propene and by elimination of a methyl radical yielding a 1-hydroxyethyl radical at the conditions studied. The time-dependent mass spectra allowed secondary products to be identified along with the orders of appearance. Notably, peaks at m/z = 50 and 52 were observed providing insight into secondary reactions. These features have not been previously reported in propanol-pyrolysis literature.

Kim, John H. [Univ. of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI (Un↗
DOE OSTI2025

Implementation of ISO 15118-202 messages within Everest EV Charging Open Source Framework [SWR-25-56]

This software implements the messages defined in the ISO 15118-202 standard within the Everest EV Charging open source framework. The protocol and messages defined in the ISO 15118-202 standard enable the exchange of additional information which is not available for exchange within the currently deployed EV/EVSE communications protocols. This information includes co-identification parameters, error message exchange and more. This fork of the everest-core repository adds a prototype of the Extensible Supply Equipment Communication Controller (SECC) Discovery Protocol (ESDP) implemented based on a draft of the ISO 15118-202 standard. This is achieved through additions and modifications to the EvseV2G module. The implementation provides a demonstration of the ESDP messages, encoding and decoding but does not include a full integration within the Everest framework. Much of the information being sent over ESDP in this implementation is set statically for the sake of demonstrating the protocol itself. This fork of the ext-switchev-iso15118 repository adds a prototype of the Extensible Supply Equipment Communication Controller (SECC) Discovery Protocol (ESDP) implemented based on a draft of the ISO 15118-202 standard. The implementation provides a demonstration of the ESDP messages, encoding and decoding but does not include a full integration within the Everest framework. Much of the information being sent over ESDP in this implementation is set statically for the sake of demonstrating the protocol itself. This fork adds the ESDP features for only the EVCC controller because that is the only portion that is utilized in the everest Software-in-the-Loop.

Watt, Ed [National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NR↗
DOE OSTI2026

Generator Interconnection Costs to the Transmission System in non-ISO Balancing Authorities [Slides]

Electric transmission system operators—including Independent System Operators (ISOs), Regional Transmission Organizations (RTOs), and utilities—require proposed power plants to undergo a series of interconnection studies before connecting to the grid. These studies assess what transmission upgrades or new infrastructure may be necessary and assign the associated costs to the project. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory has compiled, aggregated, and cleaned interconnection cost data, originally for ISOs/RTOs, and now for five non-ISO Balancing Authorities: PacifiCorp, Bonneville Power Authority, Duke Energy Progress, Duke Energy Carolinas and Duke Energy Florida. Insufficient transparency in interconnection cost data may contribute to rapidly expanding interconnection queues, with active queue capacities tripling between 2020 and 2024 in the studied BAs. Most projects withdraw after receiving high interconnection cost estimates. Interconnection costs have increased since the early 2000s, with average costs for "complete" projects reaching $194/kW between 2018 and 2024. Active queue projects and withdrawn projects incur substantially higher costs, primarily due to rising network upgrade costs. Recent interconnection costs in non-ISO balancing authorities are higher than in ISO regions, potentially due to a greater willingness to pay among developers. Utility-scale solar, wind, and storage projects have interconnection costs that exceed those for natural gas. However, when focusing on projects that do not withdraw from the queue, the interconnection costs for these technologies are more similar to natural gas projects. Other key findings include: (1) Larger generation projects benefit from lower proportional interconnection costs, (2) capacity transmission service (NRIS) often requires additional network investments, and (3) projects with high network upgrade costs are often clustered geographically. The dataset includes results from 2,104 interconnection studies conducted between 2000 and 2024, covering projects that are operational, withdrawn, or still progressing through the study process. The Excel file contains (a) the complete project-level interconnection cost dataset, and (b) seven additional tabs summarizing cost metrics across dimensions such as time, market structure, cost category (point of interconnection vs. broader network upgrades), fuel type, service type (ERIS vs. NRIS), generator size, and geography.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2026

The global policy landscape of ISO 50001 energy management systems

While many options exist to improve industrial demand-side energy efficiency, energy management systems (EnMSs)—particularly those aligned with ISO 50001—are proven to drive continuous and meaningful energy performance improvements. Governments leverage these EnMSs in their policies to advance national objectives including enhancing industrial competitiveness and achieving environmental goals. Existing research has focused on the impact of EnMSs at the company level, while comprehensive work on EnMSs in a global policy context is lacking. We seek to close this gap by investigating the extent to which current national policies incorporate the utilization of EnMSs, particularly the ISO 50001 standard. Our paper employs a hybrid approach, combining a literature review and expert interviews across 28 governments representing > 86% of global primary energy consumption. We dissect policy mechanisms, governance levels, underlying motivations, and trends in present EnMS policies. We find that > 96% of the investigated countries include EnMSs within their policy scope; 90% of policies including EnMSs utilize the ISO 50001 standard in some capacity. Primary policy motivations include decarbonization, energy savings for industrial competitiveness, and energy system resilience. We highlight that in the EnMS context, policy mixes—combining economic incentives, regulatory instruments, and information-based approaches—are more effective than standalone measures. Our work provides a novel global overview of governmental EnMS policies, moving beyond whether EnMS should be adopted to focus on how they can be implemented most effectively.

Moreno, Francisco Luis↗
NASA NTRS1988

An Imaging Spectrometric Observatory (ISO)

The Imaging Spectrometric Observatory (ISO) is designed for low light level spectroscopy of both the day and night side of the earth. The instrument is composed of five spectrometers, each of which covers part of the total wavelength range of 30 to 1300 nm spanned by the instrument. Wavelength resolution varies between 0.2 and 0.6 nm over the spectral range. The five spectrometers are each optimized for a portion of the spectrum by the choice of mirror reflective coatings and detector photocathode materials. The full spectral range for each spectrometer is covered in a total of 11 grating steps. The Imaging Spectrometric Observatory was flown for the first time on the Spacelab 1 mission during which it acquired almost 40 hr of observations. The ISO investigation to be flown on the Atmospheric Laboratory for Applications and Science (ATLAS 1) mission will draw on the experience gained from the data gathered on Spacelab 1. The detector system in each spectrometer was upgraded to provide both higher sensitivity at low light levels and simultaneous imaging over larger spectral segments than was achieved on Spacelab 1. In addition, the instrument and the observing sequences were modified to allow observation of the sun in the extreme ultraviolet. A summary of ISO parameters for ATLAS 1 (scheduled for late 1990) is given.

Torr, M. R.↗
NASA NTRS1989

Introduction to the Infrared Space Observatory (ISO)

The Infrared Space Observatory (ISO) is an astronomical satellite, which will operate at infrared wavelengths (2.5 to 200 microns) for a period of at least 18 months. Imaging, spectroscopic, photometric and polarimetric observations will be obtained by four scientific instruments in the focal plane of its 60-cm diameter, cryogenically-cooled telescope. Two-thirds of ISO's observing time will be available to the astronomical community. ISO is a fully approved and funded project of the European Space Agency (ESA) with a foreseen launch date of May 1993.

Kessler, M. F.↗
NASA NTRS1990

IAL SPACE: A test laboratory for the ISO cryogenic payload

The ESA Infrared Space Observatory (ISO) satellite is a 3 axes pointed platform designed to make accurate pointed observations of astronomical objects and sources in the wavelength range between 2.5 and 200 microns. ISO is composed of a service module and a payload module which is a large cylindrical vacuum vessel. The vessel is in fact a cryostat (capacity of 2250 l of liquid He II) which contains the telescope and the four focal scientific instruments. The latter being cooled up to a temperature less than 4 K. The qualification of the payload requires the measurement respectively of: the image quality of the telescope through wave front error (WFE) measurements; and the optical alignment of the scientific instruments with respect to the telescope axis and the telescope focus, and this under cryogenic conditions. Consequently, since 1988, the FOCAL 5 IAL Space facility has been upgraded in order to perform the cryogenic optical tests of the ISO optical subsystems.

Cucchiaro, A.↗
DOE OSTI2027

Market participation strategy of hybrid energy resources: A New York ISO case study

Drawing on existing market designs with independent resource participation in electricity markets, this study analyzes participation models for hybrid resources combining renewable generation and storage. Two models are considered: in the first, the components operate independently, with the Independent System Operator (ISO) managing the storage state of charge (SoC); in the second, the hybrid resource acts as an integrated unit, submitting offers as a “black box” and managing its SoC internally. Using a production cost model for the zonal New York Bulk Power System, we evaluate trade-offs in system reliability, market efficiency, and asset profitability. Our results provide several key insights for policymakers, showing that the ISO-managed granular model enhances social welfare through explicit SoC management, while the simpler integrated model is more computationally efficient, but may cause more real-time violations and lower overall profits.

Bansal, Rajni Kant↗
DOE OSTI2026

Observation of Iso-Symmetric Structural and Lifshitz Transitions in Quasi-One-Dimensional CrNbSe 5

Chalcogenides-rich transition metal compounds host a rich landscape of emergent quantum phenomena that are intimately governed by their quasi-onedimensional chemical-bonding frameworks and their response to external perturbations such as pressure. Here, we report a pressure-induced iso-symmetric structural transition in the quasi-one-dimensional compound CrNbSe 5 , in which the electronic ground state is controlled not by symmetry breaking but by a continuous reorganization of local bonding interactions. Applied pressure reversibly tunes CrNbSe 5 between semiconducting and semimetallic states, enabling access to low- and high-carrier electronic regimes through direct modulation of metal−chalcogen bonding. High-pressure singlecrystal X-ray diffraction directly resolves the evolution of Cr−Se and Nb−Se bond distances, coordination polyhedra, and connectivity, revealing a fully reversible semimetal−semiconductor−semimetal transition driven by gradual yet cooperative bond rearrangements within a preserved crystallographic symmetry. In contrast to chemical substitution, which irreversibly alters composition and introduces disorder, pressure acts as a clean, continuous control parameter that reshapes the bonding landscape without disrupting structural symmetry. These results establish CrNbSe 5 as a model system for electronically driven phase switching via tunable chemical bonding, highlighting iso-symmetric bond reorganization as a powerful design principle for pressure-controlled electronic and spintronic functionalities.

Compression↗
DOE OSTI2025

Iso-cost-performance of thermal energy storage

As thermal energy storage (TES) systems gain increasing recognition as next-generation energy storage solutions, evaluating their techno-economic performance is crucial. This perspective analyzes the cost-performance of latent heat-based TES systems and introduces the concept of iso-cost-performance—maintaining a constant cost per unit energy ($\$$/kWh) despite material degradation. Using an empirical degradation model, we show that after 1200 thermal cycles, the thermal conductivity and volumetric energy density of a paraffin-based phase change material (PCM) decreased by 36.0% and 26.1%, respectively, resulting in a 31.2% reduction in the figure of merit (FOM) and, consequently, the system cost-performance. However, by introducing thermally conductive additives to enhance effective thermal conductivity, the TES system can recover its initial FOM, achieving iso-cost-performance operation. This framework quantitatively demonstrates how degradation-mitigation strategies—such as improving thermal conductivity—can offset material degradations and maintain long-term cost-effectiveness. Beyond PCM-based TES, the proposed FOM-based approach provides a generalized pathway for cost-performance optimization across various TES technologies.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
NASA NTRS1986

The status of the ISO Project

The Infrared Space Observatory (ISO), an approved and funded project of the European Space Agency (ESA), will be an astronomical satellite observatory operating at wavelengths from 3 to 200 microns. The ISO Project and its status are summarized. The overall goals are outlined, the scientific instruments are described, and the current activities are summarized.

Kessler, M. F.↗
DOE OSTI2025

Importance of Sample Handling and Preparation for Surface Analysis: A Summary of ISO Standard 20579 Part 1, Documenting and Reporting the Handling of Specimens Prior to Analysis

Reliable and reproducible analysis of surfaces is critically dependent on how samples have been collected, handled, and prepared before analysis. Although there are important, well-established general guidelines to minimize unintended alteration of the surfaces to be analyzed, specific handling steps depend on the nature of the samples and information desired. Assessments of the validity and reliability of the results require adequate information about sampling, handling, and processing. ISO standard 20579 part 1 describes the information to be recorded and reported for samples that are prepared or submitted for surface analysis. This paper summarizes elements of the standard, which includes annexes that justify and inform the sample handling processes. Also included is a checklist of information that needs to be recorded and reported and an appendix containing an example of a form that might be used to report the information.

AES↗
DOE OSTI2025

Challenges to retail demand response program participation in ISO New England wholesale markets: Technical assistance provided to the New England Conference of Public Utilities Commissioners

Berkeley Lab provided technical assistance to the New England Conference of Public Utilities Commissioners on challenges that participants in retail demand response programs face to accessing ISO-NE wholesale markets. This report summarizes findings from the technical assistance and includes actions that New England regulators can take to address the challenges to wholesale market access.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗
DOE OSTI2025

TRACER-iso Field Campaign Report

The TRACER-iso project took place from June 1 to September 30, 2022, as part of the intensive operational period (IOP) of the U.S. Department of Energy Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) user facility’s TRacking Aerosol Convection interactions ExpeRiment (TRACER) at the main project site at the La Porte, Texas, municipal airport. The project sought to use measurements of the stable isotopic composition of water vapor to better understand cloud-aerosol interactions in deep convection in a polluted urban setting.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
NASA NTRS1977

Estimation of terrain iso-gradients from a stochastic range data measurement matrix

The problem of estimating terrain iso-gradients for an autonomous roving vehicle is complicated by the measurement error inherent in the range data matrix. In this paper, the in-path and cross-path slopes at each data point in the multivariable range matrix are expressed in terms of parameters at that data point and those at its surrounding points. The sensitivity in the change of these slopes - due to the errors in measurements in range, elevation angle and azimuth angle are formulated. These sensitivities are used to determine the appropriate statistics of the gradient, which are then used to describe the terrain with a known probability of accuracy.

Shen, C. N.↗
NASA NTRS1981

Panel C report: Standards needed for the use of ISO Open Systems Interconnection - basic reference model

The use of an International Standards Organization (ISO) Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Reference Model and its relevance to interconnecting an Applications Data Service (ADS) pilot program for data sharing is discussed. A top level mapping between the conjectured ADS requirements and identified layers within the OSI Reference Model was performed. It was concluded that the OSI model represents an orderly architecture for the ADS networking planning and that the protocols being developed by the National Bureau of Standards offer the best available implementation approach.

Source record↗
NASA NTRS1985

Imaging Spectrometric Observatory (ISO)

The imaging spectrometric observatory (ISO) is discussed. The objectives of this instrument are to measure the spectral signatures of a large range of minor constituents, metastable, and excited species of both atomic and molecular ions, and neutrals in the atmosphere (from the stratosphere to the upper thermosphere). The instrument is composed of five identical spectrometers, each restricted to a given spectral range between 20 and 1200 nanometers designed for high speed operation as an imaging device. Each module is an imaging scanning spectrometer with coincident 0.5 x 0.007 degree field of view.

Roberts, W. T.↗