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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 19 records
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2011

The {sup 237}Np(n,f) cross section at the CERN n-TOF facility

The {sup 237}Np(n,f) cross sections have been measured at the n-TOF facility relative to the {sup 235}U and {sup 238}U fission cross sections. The n-TOF spallation neutron source at CERN is characterized by a high intensity flux, an excellent time resolution and an extensive neutron energy range (from eV to GeV). A fast ionization chamber was used as a fission fragment detector with efficiency better than 97%. Preliminary {sup 237}Np(n,f) cross sections have been deduced in the energy range from 20 keV to 10 MeV and are found in good agreement with data from literature.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2011

Postlumpectomy Focal Brachytherapy for Simultaneous Treatment of Surgical Cavity and Draining Lymph Nodes

Purpose: The primary objective was to investigate a novel focal brachytherapy technique using lipid nanoparticle (liposome)-carried {beta}-emitting radionuclides (rhenium-186 [{sup 186}Re]/rhenium-188 [{sup 188}Re]) to simultaneously treat the postlumpectomy surgical cavity and draining lymph nodes. Methods and Materials: Cumulative activity distributions in the lumpectomy cavity and lymph nodes were extrapolated from small animal imaging and human lymphoscintigraphy data. Absorbed dose calculations were performed for lumpectomy cavities with spherical and ellipsoidal shapes and lymph nodes within human subjects by use of the dose point kernel convolution method. Results: Dose calculations showed that therapeutic dose levels within the lumpectomy cavity wall can cover 2- and 5-mm depths for {sup 186}Re and {sup 188}Re liposomes, respectively. The absorbed doses at 1 cm sharply decreased to only 1.3% to 3.7% of the doses at 2 mm for {sup 186}Re liposomes and 5 mm for {sup 188}Re liposomes. Concurrently, the draining sentinel lymph nodes would receive a high focal therapeutic absorbed dose, whereas the average dose to 1 cm of surrounding tissue received less than 1% of that within the nodes. Conclusions: Focal brachytherapy by use of {sup 186}Re/{sup 188}Re liposomes was theoretically shown to be capable of simultaneously treating the lumpectomy cavity wall and draining sentinel lymph nodes with high absorbed doses while significantly lowering dose to surrounding healthy tissue. In turn, this allows for dose escalation to regions of higher probability of containing residual tumor cells after lumpectomy while reducing normal tissue complications.

62 RADIOLOGY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE↗
DOE OSTI2011

Radiation Pneumopathy in the Rat After Intravenous Application of {sup 188}Re-Labeled Microspheres

Purpose: To determine the dose dependence and kinetics of pneumopathy after systemic administration of rhenium-188 ({sup 188}Re)-labeled microspheres in a rat model. Methods and Materials: {sup 188}Re-microspheres were injected intravenously into adult Wistar rats (n = 54, age, 8 {+-} 2 months). The rats were divided into 6 groups according to the intended absorbed dose in the lung (maximum 60 Gy). Gamma camera scans were used to estimate the individual whole lung doses. One control group (n = 5) received nonlabeled microspheres. The breathing rate was measured before and weekly after the treatment using whole body plethysmography until 24 weeks. An increase in the breathing rate by 20% compared with the individual pretreatment control value was defined as the quantal endpoint for dose-effect analyses. Results: A biphasic increase in the breathing rate was observed. The first impairment of lung function occurred in Weeks 3-6. For late changes, the interval to onset was clearly dose dependent and was 17 weeks (10-30 Gy) and 10 weeks (50-60 Gy), respectively. The incidence of the response was highly dependent on the estimated lung dose. The median effective dose for an early and late response was virtually identical (19.9 {+-} 0.6 Gy and 20.4 {+-} 3.1 Gy, respectively). A significant correlation was found between the occurrence of an early and a late effect in the same rat, suggesting a strong consequential component. Conclusions: The effects of radiolabeled microspheres can be studied longitudinally in a rat model, using changes in the breathing rate as the functional, clinically relevant response. The isoeffective doses from the present study using radionuclide administration and those from published investigations of homogeneous external beam radiotherapy are almost similar.

62 RADIOLOGY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE↗
DOE OSTI2011

Nuclear Data Sheets for A = 207

Evaluated nuclear structure and decay data for all nuclei within the A=207 mass chain are presented. The experimental data are evaluated and best values for level and gamma-ray energies, quantum numbers, lifetimes, gamma-ray intensities, and other nuclear properties are recommended. Inconsistencies and discrepancies that exist in the literature are noted. This work supersedes the earlier evaluation by M.J. Martin (1993Ma73), published in Nuclear Data Sheets70, 315 (1993).

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2011

Effect of laser irradiation of nanoparticles in aqueous uranium salt solutions on nuclide activity

This paper presents an experimental study of the effect of laser irradiation of aqueous uranyl chloride solutions containing gold nanoparticles on the activity of the uranium series radionuclides {sup 234}Th, {sup 234m}Pa, and {sup 235}U. The solutions were exposed to femtosecond Ti:sapphire laser pulses and to the second or third harmonic of a Nd:YAG laser (150-ps pulses) at a peak intensity in the medium of {approx}10{sup 12} W cm{sup -2}. The activities of the radionuclides in the irradiated solutions were shown to differ markedly from their equilibrium values. The sign of the deviation depends on the laser wavelength. The measured activity deviations can be interpreted as evidence that laser exposure of nanoparticles accelerates the alpha and beta decays of the radionuclides. The observed effects are accounted for in terms of a mechanism that involves resonant enhancement of optical waves by metallic nanoparticles. (interaction of laser radiation with matter)

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2011

Properties of the {pi}h{sub 11/2} band in the stable nucleus {sup 193}Ir

Excited states in the stable nucleus {sup 193}Ir have been investigated through an in-beam {gamma}-ray spectroscopic technique following the {sup 192}Os({sup 7}Li, {alpha}2n) reaction at a beam energy of 44 MeV. A level scheme built on the {pi}h{sub 11/2} isomer has been extended to high-spin states using eleven newly observed {gamma} transitions. The {pi}h{sub 11/2} band is proposed to be formed by coupling an h{sub 11/2} proton to a core with large triaxial deformation. Three-quasiparticle states are suggested in {sup 193}Ir on referring to the similar states in {sup 187}Ir. The features of signature splitting in the {pi}h{sub 11/2} bands of {sup 187-193}Ir are discussed with the help of total Routhian surface calculations.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2011

Actinide Neutron-Induced Fission Cross Section Measurements At LANSCE

Fission cross sections of a range of actinides have been measured at the Los Alamos Neutron Science Center (LANSCE) in support of nuclear energy applications in a wide energy range from sub thermal energies up to 200 MeV. Parallel-plate ionization chambers are used to measure fission cross sections ratios relative to the {sup 235}U standard while incident neutron energies are determined using the time-of-flight method. Recent measurements include the {sup 233,238}U, {sup 239-242}Pu and {sup 243}Am neutron-induced fission cross sections. Obtained data are presented in comparison with existing evaluations and previous data.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2011

Toward a new description of triaxial nuclei

The liquid drop Hamiltonian is amended with a potential which allows us to separate, in the intrinsic frame, the equations for {beta} and {gamma} coordinates. The Schroedinger equation for {beta} is that for a sextic oscillator plus a centrifugal term, while that for {gamma} is just the equation for the Mathieu function. The total energy has a compact form. The operator for the electric quadrupole transitions is considered in the intrinsic frame and involves two parameters accompanying the harmonic and anharmonic components. The parameters determining the energies as well as those defining the transition operator are to be determined by a fitting procedure. Applications refer to five isotopes: {sup 188}Os, {sup 190}Os, {sup 192}Os, {sup 228}Th, and {sup 230}Th. Results are in good agreement with the corresponding experimental data. Results are also compared with those obtained within the coherent state model. A possible connection between the two formalisms is pointed out.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2011

Nuclear Data Sheets for A = 93

Nuclear structure data pertaining to all nuclei with mass number A=93 (Se, Br, Kr, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Tc, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag) have been compiled and evaluated and incorporated into the ENSDF data file. This publication for A=93 supersedes the previous publication by C.M. Baglin, Nuclear Data Sheets80, 1 (1997) (literature cutoff date November 1996) and subsequent revisions by C.M. Baglin of the ENSDF files for 93Br and {sup 93}Kr (literature cutoff 26 February 2001) and for {sup 93}Rh (literature cutoff 27 February 2001); it includes all data available prior to 15 December 2010. Significant changes since prior evaluations include the following: 2010Hw03 identified several high-spin states in {sup 93}Kr in {sup 252}Cf SF decay; in addition to the many low-spin levels already known in {sup 93}Rb from {beta}{sup -} decay, several higher-spin states have now been identified in a {sup 252}Cf SF decay study (2009Hw03); this SF decay has also been used to identify additional states in {sup 93}Sr (2003Hw01) and the {sup 238}U({sup 82}Se,X{gamma}) reaction (2007Bu35) has provided new information on {sup 93}Y. (HI,xn{gamma}) reaction studies have expanded our knowledge of the structure of {sup 93}Zr (2002Fo03, 2005Pa48), {sup 93}Nb (2007Wa45), {sup 93}Mo (2005Fu01), {sup 93}Tc (2003Ha22) and {sup 93}Pd (2004So04,2004Ru02). Considerable information on {sup 93}Nb was provided by a (p,2n{gamma}) study (2010Or01, 2006Or09, 2007Or01). The level schemes of {sup 93}Ru, {sup 93}Rh and {sup 93}Pd have undergone the most extensive revision thanks to studies of {sup 93}Rh {epsilon} decay (2004De40), {sup 94}Ag {epsilon}p decay (2004Mu30) and {sup 94}Ag p decay (2005Mu15, 2005Mu30), respectively. The half-life of the Zr member of this chain is of particular interest because of {sup 93}Zr's large contribution to long-term activity of nuclear reactor waste and also due to its potential as a supernova chronometer. During 2010, two new well-documented measurements of T{sub 1/2}({sup 93}Zr) were published (2010Ya01 and 2010Ca01); one agrees well with an earlier, undocumented measurement but, unfortunately, the other is many standard deviations lower for reasons which are not immediately apparent.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2011

X-Rays Compton Detectors For Biomedical Application

Collimators are usually needed to image sources emitting X-rays that cannot be focused. Alternately, one may employ a Compton Camera (CC) and measure the direction of the incident X-ray by letting it interact with a thin solid, liquid or gaseous material (Tracker) and determine the scattering angle. With respect to collimated cameras, CCs allow higher gamma-ray efficiency in spite of lighter geometry, and may feature comparable spatial resolution. CCs are better when the X-ray energy is high and small setups are required. We review current applications of CCs to Gamma Ray Astronomy and Biomedical systems stressing advantages and drawbacks. As an example, we focus on a particular CC we are developing, which is designed to image small animals administered with marked pharmaceuticals, and assess the bio-distribution and targeting capability of these latter. This camera has to address some requirements: relatively high activity of the imaged objects; detection of gamma-rays of different energies that may range from 140 keV (Tc99m) to 511 keV; presence of gamma and beta radiation with energies up to 2 MeV in case of 188Re. The camera consists of a thin position-sensitive Silicon Drift Detector as Tracker, and a further downstream position-sensitive system employing scintillating crystals and a multi-anode photo-multiplier (Calorimeter). The choice of crystal, pixel size, and detector geometry has been driven by measurements and simulations with the tracking code GEANT4. Spatial resolution, efficiency and scope are discussed.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2011

Recoil-Implantation Of Multiple Radioisotopes Towards Wear Rate Measurements And Particle Tracing In Prosthetic Joints

This study demonstrates a new method of radioisotope labeling of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene inserts in prosthetic joints for wear studies. The radioisotopes {sup 97}Ru, {sup 100}Pd, {sup 100}Rh, and {sup 101m}Rh are produced in fusion evaporation reactions induced by {sup 12}C ions in a {sup 92}Zr target foil. The fusion products recoil-implant into ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene plugs, machined to fit into the surface of the inserts. During laboratory simulations of the joint motion, a wear rate of the labeled polyethylene may be measured and the pathways of wear debris particles can be traced by detecting characteristic gamma-rays. The concentration profiles of the radioisotopes extend effectively uniformly from the polyethylene surface to a depth of about 4 {mu}m. The multiplicity of labeling and the use of several gamma-ray lines aids with avoiding systematic measurement uncertainties. Two polyethylene plugs were labeled and one was fitted into the surface of the tibial insert of a knee prosthesis, which had been worn in. Actuation over close to 100,000 cycles with a 900 N axial load and a 24 deg. flexion angle removed (14{+-}1)% of the gamma-ray activity from the plug. Most of this activity dispersed into the serum lubricant identifying this as the important debris pathway. Less than 1% activity was transferred to the femoral component of the prosthesis and the measured activity on the tibial tray was insignificant. Assuming uniform wear across the superior surface of the insert, a wear rate of (12{+-}3) mm{sup 3}/Megacycle was determined. This is consistent with wear rate measurements under similar conditions using other techniques.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2011

Cross sections for proton-induced reactions on Pd isotopes at energies relevant for the {gamma} process

Proton-activation reactions on natural and enriched palladium samples were investigated via the activation technique in the energy range of E{sub p}=2.75-9 MeV, close to the upper end of the respective Gamow window of the {gamma} process. We have determined cross sections for {sup 102}Pd(p, {gamma}){sup 103}Ag, {sup 104}Pd(p, {gamma}){sup 105}Ag, and {sup 105}Pd(p, n){sup 105}Ag, as well as partial cross sections of {sup 104}Pd(p, n){sup 104}Ag{sup g}, {sup 105}Pd(p, {gamma}){sup 106}Ag{sup m}, {sup 106}Pd(p, n){sup 106}Ag{sup m}, and {sup 110}Pd(p, n){sup 110}Ag{sup m} with uncertainties between 3% and 15% for constraining theoretical Hauser-Feshbach rates and for direct use in {gamma}-process calculations.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2011

Technical Solutions to Ensure Safe Yttrium-90 Radioembolization in Patients With Initial Extrahepatic Deposition of {sup 99m}Technetium-Albumin Macroaggregates

Purpose: To evaluate the incidence of extrahepatic deposition of technetium-99m-labeled albumin macroaggregates ({sup 99m}Tc-MAA) after pretreatment angiography, before yttrium-90 radioembolizaton ({sup 90}Y-RE), and to report on technical solutions that can be used to ensure safe delivery of {sup 90}Y-microspheres in patients with initial extrahepatic deposition. Materials and Methods: A retrospective analysis of 26 patients with primary and secondary liver malignancies, who were scheduled for treatment with {sup 90}Y-RE in our institution in 2009, was performed. The angiograms and single-photon emission computed tomography images of all patients were reviewed by an interventional radiologist and a nuclear medicine physician, respectively, to identify and localize extrahepatic deposition of {sup 99m}Tc-MAA when present. Subsequently, the technical solutions were used to successfully perform {sup 90}Y-RE in these patients were evaluated and described. Results: Extrahepatic deposition of {sup 99m}Tc-MAA was observed in 8 of 26 patients (31%). In 7 of 8 patients, a second pretreatment angiography was performed to detect the cause of extrahepatic deposition. The technical solutions to enable safe {sup 90}Y microspheres delivery included more distal placement of the microcatheter in the proper/right hepatic artery in 4 of 7 (57%) patients; (super)selective catheterization of multiple segmental branches in 2 of 7 (29%); and additional coiling of a newly detected branch in the remaining patient (14%). This was confirmed by a second MAA procedure. {sup 90}Y-RE was eventually performed in 25 of 26 (96%) patients. No procedure-related complications (<30 days) were observed. Conclusion: Extrahepatic deposition of {sup 99m}Tc-MAA after pretreatment angiography did occur in 8 of 26 (31%) patients. The technical solutions as presented allowed safe {sup 90}Y-RE delivery in 25 of 26 (96%) patients.

62 RADIOLOGY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE↗
DOE OSTI2012

Computed Tomography-Guided Interstitial HDR Brachytherapy (CT-HDRBT) of the Liver in Patients with Irresectable Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma

Purpose: This study was designed to investigate the clinical outcome of patients with irresectable, intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (IHC) treated with computed tomography (CT)-guided HDR-brachytherapy (CT-HDRBT) for local tumor ablation.MethodFifteen consecutive patients with histologically proven cholangiocarcinoma were selected for this retrospective study. Patients were treated by high-dose-rate internal brachytherapy (HDRBT) using an Iridium-192 source in afterloading technique through CT-guided percutaneous placed catheters. A total of 27 brachytherapy treatments were performed in these patients between 2006 and 2009. Median tumor enclosing target dose was 20 Gy, and mean target volume of the radiated tumors was 131 ({+-} 90) ml (range, 10-257 ml). Follow-up consisted of clinical visits and magnetic resonance imaging of the liver every third month. Statistical evaluation included survival analysis using the Kaplan-Meier method. Results: After a median follow-up of 18 (range, 1-27) months after local ablation, 6 of the 15 patients are still alive; 4 of them did not get further chemotherapy and are regarded as disease-free. The reached median local tumor control was 10 months; median local tumor control, including repetitive local ablation, was 11 months. Median survival after local ablation was 14 months and after primary diagnosis 21 months. Conclusion: In view of current clinical data on the clinical outcome of cholangiocarcinoma, locally ablative treatment with CT-HDRBT represents a promising and safe technique for patients who are not eligible for tumor resection.

62 RADIOLOGY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE↗
DOE OSTI2011

Long-Term Results of Brachytherapy With Temporary Iodine-125 Seeds in Children With Low-Grade Gliomas

Purpose: To retrospectively review the results of temporary I-125 brachytherapy in 94 children and adolescents with low-grade glioma. Methods and Materials: Treatment was performed in progressive tumors roughly spherical in shape with a diameter of up to 5 cm, including 79 astrocytomas, 5 oligodendrogliomas, 4 oligoastrocytomas, 1 ependymoma, and 5 other tumors. Location was suprasellar/chiasmal in 44, thalamic/basal ganglia in 18, hemispheric in 15, midbrain/pineal region in 13, and lower brainstem in 3. Initially, 8% of patients were free of symptoms, 47% were symptomatic but not disabled, and 30% were slightly, 6% moderately, and 3% severely disabled. Results: 5- and 10-year survival was 97% and 92%. The response to I-125 brachytherapy over the long term was estimated after a median observation period of 38.4 (range, 6.4-171.0) months. At that time, 4 patients were in complete, 27 in partial, and 18 in objective remission; 15 showed stable and 30 progressive tumors. Treatment results did not correlate with age, sex, histology, tumor size, location, or demarcation of the tumor. Secondary treatment became necessary in 36 patients, including 19 who underwent repeated I-125 brachytherapy. At final follow-up, the number of symptom-free patients had risen to 21%. Thirty-eight percent showed symptoms without functional impairment, 19% were slightly and 11% moderately disabled, and only 4% were severely disabled. Conclusions: Response rates similar to those of conventional radiotherapy or chemotherapy can be anticipated with I-125 brachytherapy in tumors of the appropriate size and shape. We believe it to be a useful contribution to the treatment of low-grade gliomas in children.

62 RADIOLOGY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE↗
DOE OSTI2011

Acute Urinary Retention After I-125 Prostate Brachytherapy in Relation to Dose in Different Regions of the Prostate

Purpose: To assess the influence of dose in different prostate regions, and the influence of anatomic variation on the risk of acute urinary retention (AUR) after I-125 prostate brachytherapy. Methods and Materials: In this case-control study, dosimetry and anatomy were compared between 50 patients with AUR (cases) and 50 patients without AUR (controls). Cases and controls were randomly selected from our database. The following structures were delineated on magnetic resonance imaging: prostate, urethra, peripheral zone, transitional zone, apex, base, midprostate, lower sphincter, and bladder neck. The dosimetric parameters analyzed were D{sub 10}, D{sub 50}, D{sub 90}, V{sub 100}, V{sub 150}, and V{sub 200}. The anatomic parameters analyzed were prostate protrusion into the bladder, bladder overlap, urethra angle, and urethra-bladder angle. The delineator was blinded to the patient's AUR status. Logistic regression analysis was used to investigate the association of these factors with AUR. Results: The dose delivered to different regions of the prostate was not significantly associated with the risk of AUR. Only dose to the bladder neck was significantly associated with AUR (odds ratio 1.13 per 10 Gy; 95% CI 1.02;1.26; p = 0.023). Mean bladder neck D{sub 90} was 65 Gy in AUR cases vs. 56 Gy in controls (p = 0.016), and mean bladder neck D{sub 10} was 128 Gy vs. 107 Gy, respectively (p = 0.018). Furthermore, on univariate analysis, a larger extent of both bladder overlap and of prostate protrusion were associated with a higher risk of AUR (odds ratio 1.16; 95% CI 1.04-1.28; p = 0.005, and odds ratio 1.83; 95% CI 1.37-2.45; p < 0.001, respectively). The mean extent of prostate protrusion was 3.5 mm in AUR cases vs. 1.0 mm in controls (p < 0.001). Odds ratios did not change substantially after adjustment for potential confounders. On multivariate analysis, the extent of prostate protrusion seemed to be a stronger risk factor for AUR than bladder overlap. Conclusion: The risk of AUR is not associated with dose delivered to different regions of the prostate. However, a higher dose to the bladder neck and a larger extent of prostate protrusion into the bladder are risk factors for the development of AUR after I-125 prostate brachytherapy.

62 RADIOLOGY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE↗
DOE OSTI2011

Long-Term Results of a Phase II Trial of Ultrasound-Guided Radioactive Implantation of the Prostate for Definitive Management of Localized Adenocarcinoma of the Prostate (RTOG 98-05)

Purpose: To evaluate the long-term effectiveness of transrectal ultrasound-guided permanent radioactive I{sup 125} implantation of the prostate for organ confined adenocarcinoma of the prostate compared with historical data of prostatectomy and external beam radiotherapy within a cooperative group setting. Methods and Materials: Patients accrued to this study had histologically confirmed, locally confined adenocarcinoma of the prostate clinical stage T1b, T1c, or T2a; no nodal or metastatic disease; prostate-specific antigen level of {<=}10 ng/ml; and a Gleason score of {<=}6. All patients underwent transrectal ultrasound-guided radioactive I{sup 125} seed implantation into the prostate. The prescribed dose was 145 Gy to the prostate planning target volume. Results: A total of 101 patients from 27 institutions were accrued to this protocol; by design, no single institution accrued more than 8 patients. There were 94 eligible patients. The median follow up was 8.1 years (range, 0.1-9.2 years). After 8 years, 8 patients had protocol-defined biochemical (prostate-specific antigen) failure (cumulative incidence, 8.0%); 5 patients had local failure (cumulative incidence, 5.5%); and 1 patient had distant failure (cumulative incidence, 1.1%; this patient also had biochemical failure and died of causes not related to prostate cancer). The 8-year overall survival rate was 88%. At last follow-up, no patient had died of prostate cancer or related toxicities. Three patients had maximum late toxicities of Grade 3, all of which were genitourinary. No Grade 4 or 5 toxicities were observed. Conclusions: The long-term results of this clinical trial have demonstrated that this kind of trial can be successfully completed through the RTOG and that results in terms of biochemical failure and toxicity compare very favorably with other brachytherapy published series as well as surgical and external beam radiotherapy series. In addition, the prospective, multicenter design highlights the probable generalizability of the outcomes.

62 RADIOLOGY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE↗