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All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2024

Pathways to IEC Standards for Heliostat Design Qualification and Site Acceptance in Central Receiver CSP Applications

This paper surveys the existing landscape of standards relevant to heliostats, identifies their gaps, and proposes a path forward to a comprehensive set of heliostat guidelines, technical specifications, and standards under the framework of International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) TC 117. Gaps in existing guidelines and standards are surveyed using a three-tiered taxonomy: component-level, heliostat-level, and field-level. At each level, the gap analysis is followed by a proposal for a coordinated path forward on the development of standards. At the component level, advances in the understanding of wind loading should inform a technical specification for drives and structures. Reflectors require consolidation of measurement guidelines into existing standards documents. Communications & controls require technical standards to inform their selection and secure implementation. At the heliostat level, IEC 62817 (solar trackers) adequately characterizes drive systems, structures, and electronics, but requires adaptation to heliostats' use patterns, operating modes, and expected life cycles. IEC 62817 does not address heliostat beam quality and pointing accuracy, but the process for determining both is elaborated in the SolarPACES Guideline for Heliostat Performance Testing. This SolarPACES document requires two main modifications: adaptation to IEC language and inclusion of testing after heliostats which have undergone accelerated weathering and mechanical cycling (to understand performance degradation). At the field level, IEC 62862-4-2 addresses the function and control of heliostat fields but does not cover the statistically rigorous testing of heliostat groups, or field performance factors like security and soiling. The addition of documents under IEC-62862-4 is proposed to address this gap.

beam↗
DOE OSTI2017

Development of a new IEC Standard on cybersecurity controls for I and C in Nuclear Power Plants - IEC 63096 - 158

Standards are promoting the enhancement of cybersecurity in Nuclear Power Plants (NPP). Standardizing processes and procedures are also crucial to achieve successful international collaboration. Many information security standards were developed in recent years; however, not many of them could be directly applied to NPPs. This paper provides an overview of the development of a new cybersecurity standard dealing with cybersecurity controls for nuclear power plants around the world. For I and C systems in NPPs, the new IEC 63096 standard targeted for issue in 2019, focuses specifically on the selection and application of cybersecurity controls from the included security controls catalogue. The role of selected and applied cybersecurity controls is to prevent, detect and react to digital attacks against computer-based I and C systems. This standard applies to the I and C of new nuclear power plants and to the I and C modernization in existing plants. It is being prepared and based on IEC 62645 , ISO/IEC 27000 series , IAEA , and country specific guidance in this expanding the technical and the security focus area. The Standard is intended to be used by designers and operators of NPPs (utilities), systems evaluators, vendors and subcontractors, and by licensors. While the development of international standards is essential it is also a lengthy process, taking multiple years. Especially with regard to cybersecurity, all involved stakeholders have to collaborate. (authors)

22 GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗
DOE OSTI2011

IEC STANDARDS FOR INDIVIDUAL MONITORING OF IONISING RADIATION

This paper presents IEC/SC 45B Radiation protection instrumentation and its standards for individual monitoring of ionising radiation: IEC 61526 Ed. 3 for active personal dosemeters and IEC 62387-1 for passive integrating dosimetry systems. The transposition of these standards as CENELEC (European) standards is also discussed together with the collaboration between IEC/SC 45B and ISO/TC 85/SC 2.

61 RADIATION PROTECTION AND DOSIMETRY↗
DOE OSTI2017

Development of a new IEC standard for HDL-programmed devices performing category B or C functions - 147

This paper presents an ongoing project within IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) SC45A regarding the development of a new standard addressing the development of HDL (Hardware Description Language) -Programmable Devices (HPDs) carrying out category B or C functions. This paper initially presents the context and the approach that was adopted for the development of the initial proposal, presented at the IEC SC45A meeting in the Republic of South Korea in March 2016. The objective of this paper is to present the current state of progress of the new standard, which has now been allocated the project number IEC 62566-2. A number of key points and topics for discussion in the coming months are presented. It is hoped that the standard will be published in 2019, completing the body of normative requirements for all function categories and for all technological families currently addressed by the IEC SC45A set of standards. The final content of the standard will be based on a necessary compromise between the need to maintain coherence with the SC45A set of standards, in particular with requirements imported from IEC 62566 and IEC 62138, and the need to perfect requirements specific to class 2 and 3 HPD developments. A number of conclusions and recommendations are made, especially the need to encourage the use of HPDs when they are well suited to the target application, even if no standards currently exist. It is only through such experiences that relevant, industrially-applicable standards can be developed. In order to harmonize requirements between countries and increase the competitively of nuclear power, stakeholders should be encouraged to contribute to, and endorse standards where they are available. (authors)

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2013

Comparison of API & IEC Standards for Offshore Wind Turbine Applications in the U.S. Atlantic Ocean: Phase II - March 9, 2009 - September 9, 2009

The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) contracted MMI Engineering to conduct Phase II of the Joint Industry Project on Comparison of two design standards for offshore wind turbines (OWTs) in the United States Outer Continental Shelf waters. The two standards were the American Petroleum Institute (API) RP – 2A Recommended Practice for Planning, Designing, and Constructing Fixed Offshore Platforms and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) 61400-3 Design Requirements for Offshore Wind Turbines. In Phase I, two structure types (a monopile and a tripod) were studied at two sites – offshore Texas at 24-m water depth and offshore Massachusetts at 15-m water depth. This study provided insights into the loads imposed on the structures caused by wind and ocean forces, and also provided insights into the strength (capacity) of the structures subject to these loads. The resulting reliability (annual failure probability for ultimate strength) for the two structures at the two sites were generally governed by turbine and blade resonance avoidance for designing the structure, and not by ultimate strength needs to resist extreme loads. The conclusions drawn from Phase I were based on these limited numbers of case studies. This limitation prompted the need to conduct this second phase to study two new designs, the monopile and a jacket (space frame) substructure, at the same site where ultimate strength would likely also influence design and resonance avoidance. The site selected for Phase II was the offshore Massachusetts site, but with a water depth of 25 m (instead of 15 m as in Phase I). This selection permitted the use of the same meteorological and oceanographic (metocean) parameters, with the breaking wave criteria altered as a result of the increased water depth.

17 WIND ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2023

Experimental Evaluation of Refrigerant Leak Characteristics for Different HVAC&R Equipment Types–Phase 2

The US Department of Energy (DOE) Building Technology Office (BTO) and the Air-conditioning, Heating & Refrigeration Technology Institute (AHRTI) collaborated to sponsor an experimental study of refrigerant leak characteristics at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL); AHRTI project 9012. The project has been conducted in two phases with objectives to conduct refrigerant leak tests on several heating, ventilating, air-conditioning and refrigeration (HVAC&R) systems under operating conditions representative of actual applications to document the pressure decay rate and the mass flow rate of leaked refrigerant as a function of time. Phase 1 of the project ran from late 2017 to late 2018 with refrigerant leaks imposed on five systems and the collection of data to meet the project objectives. Systems chosen covered three air-conditioning (AC) applications (packaged terminal AC or PTAC, 3-ton residential split system AC, and 5-ton packaged rooftop AC) and two refrigeration applications (split system unit cooler, and standalone display case). AHRTI members donated the test systems used for the project. The systems were tested at two different leak rates (catastrophic high rate simulating full line break and a lower flow rate), two leak locations (high-pressure side and low-pressure side), and two operating conditions (compressor ON or OFF). Phase 1 results were summarized in a project report by Baxter, et al. (2019)1. The leak rates imposed in Phase 1 led to much more rapid charge releases than the more typical much slower rates seen in practice that would take days, weeks, or months to empty a system of its entire charge. For Phase 2, the project sponsors asked that the “higher” leak rate target a total charge release time of about 4 min. This was intended to represent a “reasonable” worst case release scenario to match the refrigerant leak rate assumption used in the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) standard IEC 60335-2-40 (2016 version [IEC 2016]. A charge release time of about 20–40 min (leak release rate 5 to 10 times lower than higher rate) was targeted for the “lower” leak rate. This report provides a summary of the Phase 2 effort. Two additional HVAC systems were selected for testing in this phase. First was a multi-split air-conditioning (MS-AC) system with one outdoor section and two indoor units and a nameplate refrigerant charge of 1.75 kg (3.86 lb.) of R-410A. The MS-AC was tested in cooling only or AC operation. Second was a split system heat pump coupled to two different representative supply duct systems (HP-duct) and a nameplate charge of 3.83 kg (8.44 lb.) of R-410A. This system was tested in both space heating and AC modes. As in Phase 1 of the project, all tests were conducted using R-410A.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2017

IEC 62859: A new international standard on the coordination between safety and cybersecurity for nuclear I and C systems - 160

Cybersecurity requirements and controls for digital I and C systems are increasingly added to well-established safety-oriented provisions. Interactions and potential side-effects are possible and must be mastered, taking into account the nuclear I and C system specificities as well as their normative and regulatory contexts. The new international standard IEC 62859 'Nuclear power plants - Instrumentation and control systems - Requirements for coordinating safety and cyber security' aims to optimize the integration of cybersecurity provisions in nuclear I and C architecture and systems, to prevent conflicts between safety and cybersecurity provisions, and to aid the identification and the leveraging of the potential synergies between safety and cybersecurity. The paper presents the structure and the key aspects of this standard. IEC 62859 is structured along three main sections: one dealing with the overall I and C architecture, a second one focusing on the system level, a third one dealing with organizational and procedural issues. The paper also discusses related work in the nuclear industry, and in other sectors. (authors)

22 GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗
DOE OSTI2025

Evaluation of IEC 62443 Standard Gaps for Electric Grid Substation Model Use Case

This report presents an evaluation of the IEC 62443 standards in the context of electric grid substations, as part of a collaborative effort among Sandia National Laboratories (SNL), Idaho National Laboratory (INL), and the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). The primary objective is to assess the applicability of these standards to enhance cybersecurity measures for industrial automation and control systems (IACS) within the energy sector. The evaluation identifies strengths, such as the scalability of security levels and the structured lifecycle guidance provided by IEC 62443. However, it also highlights significant gaps, including limited integration of physical security, insufficient guidance for legacy systems, and challenges in addressing emerging threats like supply chain vulnerabilities. Recommendations for refining the standards are proposed, including the need for tailored guidance for securing legacy systems, integrating physical security with cybersecurity frameworks, and enhancing interoperability across multi-vendor environments. By addressing these gaps, the IEC 62443 standards can be strengthened to ensure comprehensive cybersecurity for electric grid substations, thereby supporting the resilience and reliability of critical energy infrastructure.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2015

Technical Note: Impact on detective quantum efficiency of edge angle determination method by International Electrotechnical Commission methodology for cardiac x-ray image detectors

Purpose: Cardiac x-ray detectors are used to acquire moving images in real-time for angiography and interventional procedures. Detective quantum efficiency (DQE) is not generally measured on these dynamic detectors; the required “for processing” image data and control of x-ray settings have not been accessible. By 2016, USA hospital physicists will have the ability to measure DQE and will likely utilize the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) standard for measuring DQE of dynamic x-ray imaging devices. The current IEC standard requires an image of a tilted tungsten edge test object to obtain modulation transfer function (MTF) for DQE calculation. It specifies the range of edge angles to use; however, it does not specify a preferred method to determine this angle for image analysis. The study aimed to answer the question “will my choice in method impact my results?” Four different established edge angle determination methods were compared to investigate the impact on DQE. Methods: Following the IEC standard, edge and flat field images were acquired on a cardiac flat-panel detector to calculate MTF and noise power spectrum, respectively, to determine DQE. Accuracy of the methods in determining the correct angle was ascertained using a simulated edge image with known angulations. Precision of the methods was ascertained using variability of MTF and DQE, calculated via bootstrapping. Results: Three methods provided near equal angles and the same MTF while the fourth, with an angular difference of 6%, had a MTF lower by 3% at 1.5 mm{sup −1} spatial frequency and 8% at 2.5 mm{sup −1}; corresponding DQE differences were 6% at 1.5 mm{sup −1} and 17% at 2.5 mm{sup −1}; differences were greater than standard deviations in the measurements. Conclusions: DQE measurements may vary by a significant amount, depending on the method used to determine the edge angle when following the IEC standard methodology for a cardiac x-ray detector. The most accurate and precise methods are recommended for absolute assessments and reproducible measurements, respectively.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2018

Survey of Mechanical Durability of PV Backsheets

The ability to maintain mechanical properties after applied environmental stress is a good indicator for long term durability of a backsheet. This work surveys a set of 56 backsheet films, some of which are known to fail in the field and evaluates them utilizing the proposed photovoltaic weathering standard IEC 62788-7-2. While the complete study examined optical reflectance characterization, tensile testing, dielectric testing, and a mandrel bend test, this paper focuses on the mandrel bend test results. All seven of the transparent specimens failed. A polyamide based backsheet known to fail in the field did not fail the bend test. It is believed that the field failure is due to an interaction with the encapsulant and/or the cyclic mechanical exposure experienced in the field. When cracks occur, they happen predominantly in the polyethylene terephthalate for transparent backshees or the 'E' layer for opaque films, never in a fluoropolymer layer.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2015

Evaluation of PV Module Field Performance

This paper describes an effort to inspect and evaluate PV modules in order to determine what failure or degradation modes are occurring in field installations. This paper will report on the results of six site visits, including the Sacramento Municipal Utility District (SMUD) Hedge Array, Tucson Electric Power (TEP) Springerville, Central Florida Utility, Florida Solar Energy Center (FSEC), the TEP Solar Test Yard, and University of Toledo installations. The effort here makes use of a recently developed field inspection data collection protocol, and the results were input into a corresponding database. The results of this work have also been used to develop a draft of the IEC standard for climate and application specific accelerated stress testing beyond module qualification. TEP Solar Test Yard, and University of Toledo installations. The effort here makes use of a recently developed field inspection data collection protocol, and the results were input into a corresponding database. The results of this work have also been used to develop a draft of the IEC standard for climate and application specific accelerated stress testing beyond module qualification. TEP Solar Test Yard, and University of Toledo installations. The effort here makes use of a recently developed field inspection data collection protocol, and the results were input into a corresponding database. The results of this work have also been used to develop a draft of the IEC standard for climate and application specific accelerated stress testing beyond module qualification.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2019

Characteristics of refrigerant leaks from small HVAC&R systems

Reduced use of high global warming potential (GWP) hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) refrigerants is desired. However, many lower-GWP alternatives are flammable, some of higher flammability levels, or A3, and others of lower flammability (A2 or A2L).Safety standards for A2 and A3 flammable refrigerants, including the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) standard IEC 60335-2-40 calculate maximum flammable refrigerant charge limits using a fixed 4-minute leak time based on the time to leak 150 g of CO2 through a capillary tube.Actual refrigerant leak times depend on the equipment type, leak location, leak orifice diameter and equipment operation condition (on or off).Five systems were installed in test chambers with leak quantities and rates measured by tracking total system weight during the leak event. Among the major results were that almost all of the system charge was shown to escape the units, >80% within the first 10 minutes.

Patel, Viral↗
DOE OSTI2021

Performance Testing and Assessment of Protection Scheme Using Real-Time Hardware-in-the-Loop and IEC 61850 Standard

The main challenge of the microgrid is to design a suitable protection scheme due to the complexity of the architecture of the microgrid. The importance of the proposed protection technique is threefold. First, it presents a co-simulation platform to integrate between a simulated model on power system computer aided design (PSCAD)/real time digital simulator computer aided design (RSCAD) software’s and physical devices schweitzer engineering laboratories (SEL) 421-7 relays to protect the microgrid that includes different resources connected based on inverter interface. Second, it presents a comprehensive hardware/software setup to test the protective relays in a closed loop system and shows how to configure the protective relay’s International Electrotechnical Commission 61850 communications. Third, IEEE 1588 standard is used to provide sub nanoseconds latency between the simulated model that emulated on real time digital simulator (RTDS) and the external devices. Also, the measurement signals are synchronized between RTDS and the external devices using giga-transceiver synchronization card (GTSYNC) interface card and SEL-2488 satellite-synchronized network clock. The results showed that the co-simulation infrastructure introduces a highly dependable design, analysis, and testing environment for cyber and physical data flow in the system. Besides that, the voltages at ac/dc sides and frequency at fault condition were maintained due to the energy storage device contributions at different modes of operation.

42 ENGINEERING↗