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At least 19 records

Development of “GaSb-on-silicon” metamorphic substrates for optoelectronic device growth

The epitaxial development and characterization of metamorphic “GaSb-on-silicon” buffers as substrates for antimonide devices is presented. The approach involves the growth of a spontaneously and fully relaxed GaSb metamorphic buffer in a primary epitaxial reactor, and use of the resulting “GaSb-on-silicon” wafer to grow subsequent layers in a secondary epitaxial reactor. The buffer growth involves four steps—silicon substrate preparation for oxide removal, nucleation of AlSb on silicon, growth of the GaSb buffer, and finally capping of the buffer to prevent oxidation. This approach on miscut silicon substrates leads to a buffer with negligible antiphase domain density. The growth of this buffer is based on inducing interfacial misfit dislocations between an AlSb nucleation layer and the underlying silicon substrate, which results in a fully relaxed GaSb buffer. A 1 μm thick GaSb layer buffer grown on silicon has ~9.2 × 10 7 dislocations/cm 2 . The complete lack of strain in the epitaxial structure allows subsequent growths to be accurately lattice matched, thus making the approach ideal for use as a substrate. Here we characterize the GaSb-on-silicon wafer using high-resolution x-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. The concept’s feasibility is demonstrated by growing interband cascade light emitting devices on the GaSb-on-silicon wafer. The performance of the resulting LEDs on silicon approaches that of counterparts grown lattice matched on GaSb.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

InGaSb Defect Filter Layer to Improve Performance of GaSb Solar Cells Grown on GaAs Substrates

The reduction of the threading dislocation density in metamorphic GaSb grown on GaAs substrates through the use of InGaSb defect filter layers has been investigated. More specifically, we study the effects of strain and thickness on the ability of a InGaSb defect filter layer to reduce threading dislocations in GaSb solar cells grown on GaAs substrates. The strain between the GaSb metamorphic layer on GaAs substrate (99.5% relaxed) and the InGaSb defect filter layer is varied by changing the indium composition in the InGaSb layer. Here, it is demonstrated that an InGaSb defect filter layer with 0.6% strain is more effective for blocking threading dislocations compared with higher-strain layers, resulting in improved short-circuit current (J sc ) and open-circuit voltage (V oc ) for the metamorphic GaSb solar cell. The optimization of the defect filter layer involves varying the thickness of the layer to achieve the lowest possible threading dislocation density. This also takes into account the critical thickness of the InGaSb layer on GaSb to avoid generation of threading dislocations from the InGaSb layer itself. It is shown that adding an In 0.11 Ga 0.89 Sb defect filter layer with thickness of 250 nm and 0.6% strain beneath a GaSb solar cell grown on a GaAs substrate improves V oc from 0.1 V to 0.16 V and J sc from 19.7 mA/cm 2 to 24.7 mA/cm 2 .

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Interband cascade light-emitting diodes grown on silicon substrates using GaSb buffer layer

Interband cascade light-emitting diodes (ICLEDs) offer attractive advantages for infrared applications, which would greatly expand if high-quality growth on silicon substrates could be achieved. Here, this work describes the formation of threading dislocations in ICLEDs grown monolithically on GaSb-on-Silicon wafers. The epitaxial growth is done in two stages: the GaSb-on-Silicon buffer is grown first, followed by the ICLED growth. The buffer growth involves the nucleation of a 10-nm-thick AlSb buffer layer on the silicon surface, followed by the GaSb growth. The AlSb nucleation layer promotes the formation of 90° and 60° interfacial misfit dislocations, resulting in a highly planar morphology for subsequent GaSb growth that is almost 100% relaxed. The resulting GaSb buffer for growth of the ICLED has a threading dislocation density of ~10 7 /cm 2 after ~3 μm of growth. The fabricated LEDs showed variations in device performance, with some devices demonstrating comparable light–current–voltage curves to those for devices grown on GaSb substrates, while other devices showed somewhat reduced relative performance. Cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy observations of the inferior diodes indicated that the multiplication of threading dislocations in the active region had most likely caused the increased leakage current and lower output power. Enhanced defect filter layers on the GaSb/Si substrates should provide more consistent diode performance and a viable future growth approach for antimonide-based ICLEDs and other infrared devices.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗

Pinhole-seeded lateral epitaxy and exfoliation of GaSb films on graphene-terminated surfaces

Abstract Remote epitaxy is a promising approach for synthesizing exfoliatable crystalline membranes and enabling epitaxy of materials with large lattice mismatch. However, the atomic scale mechanisms for remote epitaxy remain unclear. Here we experimentally demonstrate that GaSb films grow on graphene-terminated GaSb (001) via a seeded lateral epitaxy mechanism, in which pinhole defects in the graphene serve as selective nucleation sites, followed by lateral epitaxy and coalescence into a continuous film. Remote interactions are not necessary in order to explain the growth. Importantly, the small size of the pinholes permits exfoliation of continuous, free-standing GaSb membranes. Due to the chemical similarity between GaSb and other III-V materials, we anticipate this mechanism to apply more generally to other materials. By combining molecular beam epitaxy with in-situ electron diffraction and photoemission, plus ex-situ atomic force microscopy and Raman spectroscopy, we track the graphene defect generation and GaSb growth evolution a few monolayers at a time. Our results show that the controlled introduction of nanoscale openings in graphene provides an alternative route towards tuning the growth and properties of 3D epitaxial films and membranes on 2D material masks.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Conduction band convergence and local structure distortion for superior thermoelectric performance of GaSb-doped n-type PbSe thermoelectrics

Achieving high-stability thermoelectric materials with excellent average power factor and figure of merit is crucial for maximizing the output power density and conversion efficiency of thermoelectric devices. In this study, GaSb is added to PbSe as an n-type dopant to form stable solid solutions. Doping with GaSb flattens the conduction band and reduces the energy difference between the Σ and L conduction bands, thereby significantly improving the Seebeck coefficient. Herein, the Ga and Sb atoms co-occupy the vacant Pb sites, unlike in the case of traditional single-element doping, as is verified by density functional theory calculations. The resultant structural distortion is confirmed via transmission electron microscopy. This local structure distortion caused by GaSb doping reduces the lattice thermal conductivity. Consequently, the Pb 0.99875 (GaSb) 0.00125 Se sample exhibits a record-high average power factor of ~22.37 μW cm −1 K −2 and a high average figure of merit of ~0.94 in the temperature range of 300‒873 K. Furthermore, the introduction of interstitial Cu and discordant Zn atoms further reduces the lattice thermal conductivity. The Pb 0.99875 (GaSb) 0.00125 Zn 0.01 Se 1.01 -0.3%Cu sample exhibits a low lattice thermal conductivity of ~0.4 W m −1 K −1 at 873 K and a record-high average figure of merit of ~1.01 in the temperature range of 300‒873 K.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Underlying mechanism of structural transformation between GaSb and GaAs response to intense electronic excitation

Ion irradiation of semiconductors has emerged as a promising approach for fabricating self-organized nanosystems with high atomic precision, despite often being accompanied by undesirable phenomena. Exploring the mechanisms underlying structural transformations is crucial for assessing nanostructure array types under complex irradiation environments. By quantitatively calculating the thermodynamically driven processes and analyzing the impact of intrinsic structural parameters, distinct structural transformations in response to intense electronic excitation are systematically investigated in gallium antimonide (GaSb) and gallium arsenide (GaAs) systems. In high-energy regimes, the nanofibers layer of GaSb exhibits intriguing structural discrepancy, characterized by partial nanofibers with coherent boundaries, interspersed nanopores accompanied by antisite defects and Ga precipitates, distinguishing to a series of discontinuous latent tracks that emerged within cylindrical trajectories in GaAs. Furthermore, significant diffusion behaviors of the nanohillocks are discovered in GaAs, with higher average roughness than GaSb, driven by the gradient stress distribution influenced by the free-surface effects. The deposition energy for melting phase formation, Gibbs free energy, and Ga diffusion coefficients contribute to the distinctive structural features, evidencing relatively stable morphological configurations and higher irradiation resistance in GaAs. Consequently, special optoelectronic properties associated with structural discrepancies facilitate the design and optimization of material functionalities by irradiation technologies.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Electrically Pumped Epitaxially Regrown GaSb-Based Type-I Quantum-Well Surface-Emitting Lasers with Buried High-Index-Contrast Photonic Crystal Layer

Epitaxially regrown electrically pumped photonic crystal surface-emitting lasers (PCSELs) emitting near 2 and 2.6 μm are designed, fabricated, and characterized. A high-index-contrast photonic crystal layer is incorporated into the GaSb-based laser heterostructure by air-hole-retaining epitaxial regrowth. A square lattice of triangular holes is etched in the top waveguide core layer of the incomplete laser heterostructure. The nanopatterned surface is subsequently cleaned and regrown with AlGaAsSb p-cladding material. Transmission electron microscopy studies demonstrate uniform regrowth over the nanopatterned GaSb surface. The selected regrowth regimes yield a buried 2D array of elongated air-holes. The diode PCSELs based on moderately etched nanopatterns demonstrate band-edge lasing near 2 μm up to room temperatures. The cascade diode PCSELs operate near 2.6 μm with minimum threshold current densities of about 500 A cm -2 achieved at 180 K. The devices generate mW level output in narrow divergence beam emitted from the window in substrate contact. The angle-resolved electroluminescence measurements reveal a four-sub-band band structure with an apparent photonic bandgap corresponding to the buried high-index-contrast square photonic crystal layer. Finally, the PCSELs made of heterostructures supporting two modes in the vertical direction demonstrate two sets of sub-bands showing anti-crossing-like interaction.

77 NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY↗

GaSb doping facilitates conduction band convergence and improves thermoelectric performance in n-type PbS

P-type lead chalcogenides have superior thermoelectric performance because they exhibit the energy convergence of several valence bands. However, despite the existence of two conduction bands, there has been no report about conduction band (CB) convergence for n-type counterparts because of the large energy difference between them. Therefore, new strategies are required to manipulate the CBs if enhancing the electrical transport performance of n-type lead chalcogenides is to be achieved. PbS is a highly attractive member of the lead chalcogenides because of its high earth-abundance and low cost. Here, we report that the introduction of GaSb can successfully dope the PbS matrix with Ga and Sb atoms occupying the Pb site in its rock salt structure. GaSb doping leads to conduction band convergence and enlarged effective density of state mass for n-type PbS. This effect results in superior power factor and decreased lattice thermal conductivity caused by the soft phonon modes and point defect scattering of phonons. Consequently, a record-high average power factor PF avg of ~20.4 μW cm –1 K –2 and figure of merit ZT avg of ~0.84 in the temperature range of 400 K to 923 K were obtained, higher than any n- and p-type PbS-based thermoelectric materials.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Materials Data on GaSb by Materials Project

GaSb is Zincblende, Sphalerite structured and crystallizes in the cubic F-43m space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Ga3+ is bonded to four equivalent Sb3- atoms to form corner-sharing GaSb4 tetrahedra. All Ga–Sb bond lengths are 2.69 Å. Sb3- is bonded to four equivalent Ga3+ atoms to form corner-sharing SbGa4 tetrahedra.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Materials Data on Na2(GaSb)3 by Materials Project

Na2(GaSb)3 crystallizes in the orthorhombic Pnma space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are two inequivalent Na1+ sites. In the first Na1+ site, Na1+ is bonded to six Sb3- atoms to form NaSb6 octahedra that share corners with four equivalent NaSb5 square pyramids, corners with three equivalent GaSb4 tetrahedra, edges with six equivalent NaSb6 octahedra, an edgeedge with one NaSb5 square pyramid, and edges with three equivalent GaSb4 tetrahedra. There are a spread of Na–Sb bond distances ranging from 3.27–3.50 Å. In the second Na1+ site, Na1+ is bonded to five Sb3- atoms to form distorted NaSb5 square pyramids that share corners with four equivalent NaSb6 octahedra, corners with four equivalent NaSb5 square pyramids, corners with four equivalent GaSb4 tetrahedra, an edgeedge with one NaSb6 octahedra, edges with two equivalent NaSb5 square pyramids, and a faceface with one GaSb4 tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 36–41°. There are two shorter (3.43 Å) and three longer (3.49 Å) Na–Sb bond lengths. There are three inequivalent Ga+2.33+ sites. In the first Ga+2.33+ site, Ga+2.33+ is bonded in a trigonal non-coplanar geometry to three Sb3- atoms. There are two shorter (2.71 Å) and one longer (2.75 Å) Ga–Sb bond lengths. In the second Ga+2.33+ site, Ga+2.33+ is bonded in a trigonal non-coplanar geometry to three equivalent Sb3- atoms. There are two shorter (2.75 Å) and one longer (2.84 Å) Ga–Sb bond lengths. In the third Ga+2.33+ site, Ga+2.33+ is bonded to four Sb3- atoms to form GaSb4 tetrahedra that share corners with three equivalent NaSb6 octahedra, corners with four equivalent NaSb5 square pyramids, corners with two equivalent GaSb4 tetrahedra, edges with three equivalent NaSb6 octahedra, and a faceface with one NaSb5 square pyramid. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 3–29°. There are a spread of Ga–Sb bond distances ranging from 2.67–2.76 Å. There are three inequivalent Sb3- sites. In the first Sb3- site, Sb3- is bonded in a 7-coordinate geometry to three equivalent Na1+ and four Ga+2.33+ atoms. In the second Sb3- site, Sb3- is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to five Na1+ and three Ga+2.33+ atoms. In the third Sb3- site, Sb3- is bonded to three equivalent Na1+ and three Ga+2.33+ atoms to form edge-sharing SbNa3Ga3 octahedra.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Materials Data on GaSb by Materials Project

GaSb crystallizes in the triclinic P1 space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Ga3+ is bonded to six equivalent Sb3- atoms to form distorted GaSb6 octahedra that share corners with twelve equivalent SbGa6Sb2 hexagonal bipyramids, corners with six equivalent GaSb6 octahedra, and edges with twelve equivalent GaSb6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 0–1°. There are a spread of Ga–Sb bond distances ranging from 2.89–3.11 Å. Sb3- is bonded to six equivalent Ga3+ and two equivalent Sb3- atoms to form distorted SbGa6Sb2 hexagonal bipyramids that share corners with eight equivalent SbGa6Sb2 hexagonal bipyramids, corners with twelve equivalent GaSb6 octahedra, and edges with twelve equivalent SbGa6Sb2 hexagonal bipyramids. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 59–121°. Both Sb–Sb bond lengths are 3.11 Å.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Materials Data on GaSb by Materials Project

GaSb is Wurtzite structured and crystallizes in the hexagonal P6_3mc space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Ga3+ is bonded to four equivalent Sb3- atoms to form corner-sharing GaSb4 tetrahedra. There are three shorter (2.69 Å) and one longer (2.70 Å) Ga–Sb bond lengths. Sb3- is bonded to four equivalent Ga3+ atoms to form corner-sharing SbGa4 tetrahedra.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Materials Data on GaSb by Materials Project

GaSb crystallizes in the tetragonal I-4m2 space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Ga3+ is bonded in a distorted square co-planar geometry to four equivalent Sb3- atoms. All Ga–Sb bond lengths are 2.87 Å. Sb3- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to four equivalent Ga3+ atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Materials Data on Ti10(GaSb)3 by Materials Project

Ti10(GaSb)3 crystallizes in the hexagonal P-62m space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are three inequivalent Ti sites. In the first Ti site, Ti is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Ti, three equivalent Ga, and three equivalent Sb atoms. There are one shorter (2.56 Å) and one longer (2.76 Å) Ti–Ti bond lengths. All Ti–Ga bond lengths are 2.75 Å. All Ti–Sb bond lengths are 2.78 Å. In the second Ti site, Ti is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to three equivalent Ga and two equivalent Sb atoms. There are two shorter (2.67 Å) and one longer (2.87 Å) Ti–Ga bond lengths. Both Ti–Sb bond lengths are 2.90 Å. In the third Ti site, Ti is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Ga and three equivalent Sb atoms. Both Ti–Ga bond lengths are 2.89 Å. There are two shorter (2.71 Å) and one longer (2.85 Å) Ti–Sb bond lengths. Ga is bonded in a 11-coordinate geometry to nine Ti atoms. Sb is bonded in a 9-coordinate geometry to nine Ti atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

GaSb-based heterostructure with buried vacuum pocket photonic crystal layer

The vacuum pocket retaining molecular beam epitaxial regrowth of the nano-patterned GaSb surface was demonstrated. The high contrast 2D photonic crystal layer was incorporated into the test 2 μm emitting laser heterostructure. The photonic dispersion determined from angle-resolved electroluminescence experiment showed four well-resolved bands corresponding to the model predictions for the square lattice. The single-mode lasing near 2 μm has been observed at the temperature corresponding to the alignment of the photonic crystal band-edge states and the quantum well gain peak. The reference devices without the photonic crystal layer emitted trivial spectra and did not lase at any temperature.

77 NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY↗

Continuous wave room temperature operation of the 2 $μ$m GaSb-based photonic crystal surface emitting diode lasers

Continuous wave room temperature operation of 2 μm GaSb-based photonic-crystal surface-emitting diode lasers has been realized. The deep etched square mesa devices showed threshold current densities of 500 A/cm 2 at 20 °C. The epi-side down mounted lasers generated above 10 mW of output power in the continuous wave regime and tens of milliwatts in pulses from the 200 × 200 μm 2 aperture. Here, the breakthrough in the device performance parameters was achieved thanks to a highly homogeneous air-pocket retaining epitaxial regrowth process optimized for a specifically designed antimonide diode laser heterostructure. The nanofabrication method utilizing low temperature atomic hydrogen surface cleaning yielded low disorder square lattice of droplet-shaped voids covered by uniform p-cladding layer. The laser emission spectrum as well as near/far field patterns demonstrated peculiar features presumably linked to deformation of the void shape during regrowth and formation of the array of filaments.

77 NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY↗

Molecular beam epitaxy growth and optoelectronic properties of droplet-free lattice-matched GaInAsSbBi on GaSb with wavelength extension exceeding 5 μ m

GaInAsSbBi alloys are grown lattice-matched on GaSb by molecular beam epitaxy demonstrating smooth surface morphologies, >5 μm wavelength photoluminescence emission, and minority carrier lifetimes >1 μs. At a growth temperature of 400 °C, the Ga flux is systematically increased and the Bi flux systematically decreased to identify GaInAsSbBi growth conditions that yield smooth droplet-free surface morphologies. The minority carrier lifetime is evaluated using time-resolved photoluminescence, where it is observed that GaInAsSbBi samples exhibit minority carrier lifetimes comparable to their Bi-free GaInAsSb counterparts, on the order of 1.5–2 μs. The bandgap and Urbach energy are evaluated from steady-state photoluminescence to gain insight into the impact of the incorporated Bi. Coupled with Rutherford backscattering spectrometry measurements of the Bi mole fraction, bandgap reduction rates of 97 meV/% Bi in InAsSbBi and 150 meV/% Bi in GaInAsSbBi are observed, significantly higher than previous evaluations in InAsSbBi (35–55 meV/% Bi). Detailed comparisons of the Bi mole fraction, bandgap energy, and Urbach energy indicate that the bandgap reduction potential in this alloy system is inhibited by the formation of Bi clusters; however, the inclusion of Ga in the quinary alloy is effective in suppressing Bi's tendency to incorporate in clusters for Ga mole fractions >9%, maximizing the bandgap reduction per unit Bi and overall optoelectronic quality.

Atomic force microscopy↗

Photonic Crystal Surface Emitting GaSb-Based Type-I Quantum Well Diode Lasers

The GaSb-based epitaxially regrown monolithic diode PCSELs operating near 2 μm at room temperature in continuous wave regime and generating 30 mW of output power from 200 μm diameter aperture have been designed and fabricated. Here, the devices demonstrated CW threshold current density of about 500 A/cm 2 . The laser output power was enhanced thanks to increased buried void area fill-factor in the photonic crystal layer with multiple voids per unit cell. The PCSEL generated ultra-low divergence donut shape beams at the currents near threshold. At higher injection currents, the device brightness was limited by excitation of the higher order lateral modes. Generation of the vector-vortex beams of different types by different band edge states of the buried photonic crystal was observed.

77 NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY↗