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At least 19 records

Development of “GaSb-on-silicon” metamorphic substrates for optoelectronic device growth

The epitaxial development and characterization of metamorphic “GaSb-on-silicon” buffers as substrates for antimonide devices is presented. The approach involves the growth of a spontaneously and fully relaxed GaSb metamorphic buffer in a primary epitaxial reactor, and use of the resulting “GaSb-on-silicon” wafer to grow subsequent layers in a secondary epitaxial reactor. The buffer growth involves four steps—silicon substrate preparation for oxide removal, nucleation of AlSb on silicon, growth of the GaSb buffer, and finally capping of the buffer to prevent oxidation. This approach on miscut silicon substrates leads to a buffer with negligible antiphase domain density. The growth of this buffer is based on inducing interfacial misfit dislocations between an AlSb nucleation layer and the underlying silicon substrate, which results in a fully relaxed GaSb buffer. A 1 μm thick GaSb layer buffer grown on silicon has ~9.2 × 10 7 dislocations/cm 2 . The complete lack of strain in the epitaxial structure allows subsequent growths to be accurately lattice matched, thus making the approach ideal for use as a substrate. Here we characterize the GaSb-on-silicon wafer using high-resolution x-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. The concept’s feasibility is demonstrated by growing interband cascade light emitting devices on the GaSb-on-silicon wafer. The performance of the resulting LEDs on silicon approaches that of counterparts grown lattice matched on GaSb.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

InGaSb Defect Filter Layer to Improve Performance of GaSb Solar Cells Grown on GaAs Substrates

The reduction of the threading dislocation density in metamorphic GaSb grown on GaAs substrates through the use of InGaSb defect filter layers has been investigated. More specifically, we study the effects of strain and thickness on the ability of a InGaSb defect filter layer to reduce threading dislocations in GaSb solar cells grown on GaAs substrates. The strain between the GaSb metamorphic layer on GaAs substrate (99.5% relaxed) and the InGaSb defect filter layer is varied by changing the indium composition in the InGaSb layer. Here, it is demonstrated that an InGaSb defect filter layer with 0.6% strain is more effective for blocking threading dislocations compared with higher-strain layers, resulting in improved short-circuit current (J sc ) and open-circuit voltage (V oc ) for the metamorphic GaSb solar cell. The optimization of the defect filter layer involves varying the thickness of the layer to achieve the lowest possible threading dislocation density. This also takes into account the critical thickness of the InGaSb layer on GaSb to avoid generation of threading dislocations from the InGaSb layer itself. It is shown that adding an In 0.11 Ga 0.89 Sb defect filter layer with thickness of 250 nm and 0.6% strain beneath a GaSb solar cell grown on a GaAs substrate improves V oc from 0.1 V to 0.16 V and J sc from 19.7 mA/cm 2 to 24.7 mA/cm 2 .

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Interband cascade light-emitting diodes grown on silicon substrates using GaSb buffer layer

Interband cascade light-emitting diodes (ICLEDs) offer attractive advantages for infrared applications, which would greatly expand if high-quality growth on silicon substrates could be achieved. Here, this work describes the formation of threading dislocations in ICLEDs grown monolithically on GaSb-on-Silicon wafers. The epitaxial growth is done in two stages: the GaSb-on-Silicon buffer is grown first, followed by the ICLED growth. The buffer growth involves the nucleation of a 10-nm-thick AlSb buffer layer on the silicon surface, followed by the GaSb growth. The AlSb nucleation layer promotes the formation of 90° and 60° interfacial misfit dislocations, resulting in a highly planar morphology for subsequent GaSb growth that is almost 100% relaxed. The resulting GaSb buffer for growth of the ICLED has a threading dislocation density of ~10 7 /cm 2 after ~3 μm of growth. The fabricated LEDs showed variations in device performance, with some devices demonstrating comparable light–current–voltage curves to those for devices grown on GaSb substrates, while other devices showed somewhat reduced relative performance. Cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy observations of the inferior diodes indicated that the multiplication of threading dislocations in the active region had most likely caused the increased leakage current and lower output power. Enhanced defect filter layers on the GaSb/Si substrates should provide more consistent diode performance and a viable future growth approach for antimonide-based ICLEDs and other infrared devices.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗

Pinhole-seeded lateral epitaxy and exfoliation of GaSb films on graphene-terminated surfaces

Abstract Remote epitaxy is a promising approach for synthesizing exfoliatable crystalline membranes and enabling epitaxy of materials with large lattice mismatch. However, the atomic scale mechanisms for remote epitaxy remain unclear. Here we experimentally demonstrate that GaSb films grow on graphene-terminated GaSb (001) via a seeded lateral epitaxy mechanism, in which pinhole defects in the graphene serve as selective nucleation sites, followed by lateral epitaxy and coalescence into a continuous film. Remote interactions are not necessary in order to explain the growth. Importantly, the small size of the pinholes permits exfoliation of continuous, free-standing GaSb membranes. Due to the chemical similarity between GaSb and other III-V materials, we anticipate this mechanism to apply more generally to other materials. By combining molecular beam epitaxy with in-situ electron diffraction and photoemission, plus ex-situ atomic force microscopy and Raman spectroscopy, we track the graphene defect generation and GaSb growth evolution a few monolayers at a time. Our results show that the controlled introduction of nanoscale openings in graphene provides an alternative route towards tuning the growth and properties of 3D epitaxial films and membranes on 2D material masks.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Conduction band convergence and local structure distortion for superior thermoelectric performance of GaSb-doped n-type PbSe thermoelectrics

Achieving high-stability thermoelectric materials with excellent average power factor and figure of merit is crucial for maximizing the output power density and conversion efficiency of thermoelectric devices. In this study, GaSb is added to PbSe as an n-type dopant to form stable solid solutions. Doping with GaSb flattens the conduction band and reduces the energy difference between the Σ and L conduction bands, thereby significantly improving the Seebeck coefficient. Herein, the Ga and Sb atoms co-occupy the vacant Pb sites, unlike in the case of traditional single-element doping, as is verified by density functional theory calculations. The resultant structural distortion is confirmed via transmission electron microscopy. This local structure distortion caused by GaSb doping reduces the lattice thermal conductivity. Consequently, the Pb 0.99875 (GaSb) 0.00125 Se sample exhibits a record-high average power factor of ~22.37 μW cm −1 K −2 and a high average figure of merit of ~0.94 in the temperature range of 300‒873 K. Furthermore, the introduction of interstitial Cu and discordant Zn atoms further reduces the lattice thermal conductivity. The Pb 0.99875 (GaSb) 0.00125 Zn 0.01 Se 1.01 -0.3%Cu sample exhibits a low lattice thermal conductivity of ~0.4 W m −1 K −1 at 873 K and a record-high average figure of merit of ~1.01 in the temperature range of 300‒873 K.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Low temperature Zn diffusion for GaSb solar cell structures fabrication

Low temperature Zn diffusion in GaSb, where the minimum temperature was 450 C, was studied. The pseudo-closed box (PCB) method was used for Zn diffusion into GaAs, AlGaAs, InP, InGaAs and InGaAsP. The PCB method avoids the inconvenience of sealed ampoules and proved to be simple and reproducible. The special design of the boat for Zn diffusion ensured the uniformality of Zn vapor pressure across the wafer surface, and thus the uniformity of the p-GaSb layer depth. The p-GaSb layers were studied using Raman scattering spectroscopy and the x-ray rocking curve method. As for the postdiffusion processing, an anodic oxidation was used for a precise thinning of the diffused GaSb layers. The results show the applicability of the PCB method for the large-scale production of the GaSb structures for solar cells.

Sulima, Oleg V.↗

Underlying mechanism of structural transformation between GaSb and GaAs response to intense electronic excitation

Ion irradiation of semiconductors has emerged as a promising approach for fabricating self-organized nanosystems with high atomic precision, despite often being accompanied by undesirable phenomena. Exploring the mechanisms underlying structural transformations is crucial for assessing nanostructure array types under complex irradiation environments. By quantitatively calculating the thermodynamically driven processes and analyzing the impact of intrinsic structural parameters, distinct structural transformations in response to intense electronic excitation are systematically investigated in gallium antimonide (GaSb) and gallium arsenide (GaAs) systems. In high-energy regimes, the nanofibers layer of GaSb exhibits intriguing structural discrepancy, characterized by partial nanofibers with coherent boundaries, interspersed nanopores accompanied by antisite defects and Ga precipitates, distinguishing to a series of discontinuous latent tracks that emerged within cylindrical trajectories in GaAs. Furthermore, significant diffusion behaviors of the nanohillocks are discovered in GaAs, with higher average roughness than GaSb, driven by the gradient stress distribution influenced by the free-surface effects. The deposition energy for melting phase formation, Gibbs free energy, and Ga diffusion coefficients contribute to the distinctive structural features, evidencing relatively stable morphological configurations and higher irradiation resistance in GaAs. Consequently, special optoelectronic properties associated with structural discrepancies facilitate the design and optimization of material functionalities by irradiation technologies.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

The effects of electron and proton radiation on GaSb infrared solar cells

Gallium antimonide (GaSb) infrared solar cells were exposed to 1 MeV electrons and protons up to fluences of 1 times 10(exp 15) cm (-2) and 1 times 10(exp 12) cm (-2) respectively. In between exposures, current voltage and spectral response curves were taken. The GaSb cells were found to degrade slightly less than typical GaAs cells under electron irradiation, and calculations from spectral response curves showed that the damage coefficient for the minority carrier diffusion length was 3.5 times 10(exp 8). The cells degraded faster than GaAs cells under proton irradiation. However, researchers expect the top cell and coverglass to protect the GaSb cell from most damaging protons. Some annealing of proton damage was observed at low temperatures (80 to 160 C).

Gruenbaum, P. E.↗

Strong far-infrared intersubband absorption under normal incidence in heavily n-type doped nonalloy GaSb-AlSb superlattices

We report on long-wavelength intersubband absorption under normal incidence in heavily doped binary-binary GaSb-AlSb superlattices. Due to a small energy difference between the ellipsoidal L valleys in GaSb and the low-density-of-states Gamma minimum, electrons spill over from the first Gamma subband into the higher-energy L subband in GaSb wells, where they are allowed to make an intersubband transition under normally incident radiation. A peak fractional absorption per quantum well of 6.8 x 10 exp 3 (absorption coefficient alpha of about 8500/cm) is observed at about 15 microns wavelength for a sheet concentration of 1.6 x 10 exp 12 sq cm/well.

Samoska, L. A.↗

Electrically Pumped Epitaxially Regrown GaSb-Based Type-I Quantum-Well Surface-Emitting Lasers with Buried High-Index-Contrast Photonic Crystal Layer

Epitaxially regrown electrically pumped photonic crystal surface-emitting lasers (PCSELs) emitting near 2 and 2.6 μm are designed, fabricated, and characterized. A high-index-contrast photonic crystal layer is incorporated into the GaSb-based laser heterostructure by air-hole-retaining epitaxial regrowth. A square lattice of triangular holes is etched in the top waveguide core layer of the incomplete laser heterostructure. The nanopatterned surface is subsequently cleaned and regrown with AlGaAsSb p-cladding material. Transmission electron microscopy studies demonstrate uniform regrowth over the nanopatterned GaSb surface. The selected regrowth regimes yield a buried 2D array of elongated air-holes. The diode PCSELs based on moderately etched nanopatterns demonstrate band-edge lasing near 2 μm up to room temperatures. The cascade diode PCSELs operate near 2.6 μm with minimum threshold current densities of about 500 A cm -2 achieved at 180 K. The devices generate mW level output in narrow divergence beam emitted from the window in substrate contact. The angle-resolved electroluminescence measurements reveal a four-sub-band band structure with an apparent photonic bandgap corresponding to the buried high-index-contrast square photonic crystal layer. Finally, the PCSELs made of heterostructures supporting two modes in the vertical direction demonstrate two sets of sub-bands showing anti-crossing-like interaction.

77 NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY↗

GaSb doping facilitates conduction band convergence and improves thermoelectric performance in n-type PbS

P-type lead chalcogenides have superior thermoelectric performance because they exhibit the energy convergence of several valence bands. However, despite the existence of two conduction bands, there has been no report about conduction band (CB) convergence for n-type counterparts because of the large energy difference between them. Therefore, new strategies are required to manipulate the CBs if enhancing the electrical transport performance of n-type lead chalcogenides is to be achieved. PbS is a highly attractive member of the lead chalcogenides because of its high earth-abundance and low cost. Here, we report that the introduction of GaSb can successfully dope the PbS matrix with Ga and Sb atoms occupying the Pb site in its rock salt structure. GaSb doping leads to conduction band convergence and enlarged effective density of state mass for n-type PbS. This effect results in superior power factor and decreased lattice thermal conductivity caused by the soft phonon modes and point defect scattering of phonons. Consequently, a record-high average power factor PF avg of ~20.4 μW cm –1 K –2 and figure of merit ZT avg of ~0.84 in the temperature range of 400 K to 923 K were obtained, higher than any n- and p-type PbS-based thermoelectric materials.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Materials Data on GaSb by Materials Project

GaSb is Zincblende, Sphalerite structured and crystallizes in the cubic F-43m space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Ga3+ is bonded to four equivalent Sb3- atoms to form corner-sharing GaSb4 tetrahedra. All Ga–Sb bond lengths are 2.69 Å. Sb3- is bonded to four equivalent Ga3+ atoms to form corner-sharing SbGa4 tetrahedra.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Materials Data on Na2(GaSb)3 by Materials Project

Na2(GaSb)3 crystallizes in the orthorhombic Pnma space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are two inequivalent Na1+ sites. In the first Na1+ site, Na1+ is bonded to six Sb3- atoms to form NaSb6 octahedra that share corners with four equivalent NaSb5 square pyramids, corners with three equivalent GaSb4 tetrahedra, edges with six equivalent NaSb6 octahedra, an edgeedge with one NaSb5 square pyramid, and edges with three equivalent GaSb4 tetrahedra. There are a spread of Na–Sb bond distances ranging from 3.27–3.50 Å. In the second Na1+ site, Na1+ is bonded to five Sb3- atoms to form distorted NaSb5 square pyramids that share corners with four equivalent NaSb6 octahedra, corners with four equivalent NaSb5 square pyramids, corners with four equivalent GaSb4 tetrahedra, an edgeedge with one NaSb6 octahedra, edges with two equivalent NaSb5 square pyramids, and a faceface with one GaSb4 tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 36–41°. There are two shorter (3.43 Å) and three longer (3.49 Å) Na–Sb bond lengths. There are three inequivalent Ga+2.33+ sites. In the first Ga+2.33+ site, Ga+2.33+ is bonded in a trigonal non-coplanar geometry to three Sb3- atoms. There are two shorter (2.71 Å) and one longer (2.75 Å) Ga–Sb bond lengths. In the second Ga+2.33+ site, Ga+2.33+ is bonded in a trigonal non-coplanar geometry to three equivalent Sb3- atoms. There are two shorter (2.75 Å) and one longer (2.84 Å) Ga–Sb bond lengths. In the third Ga+2.33+ site, Ga+2.33+ is bonded to four Sb3- atoms to form GaSb4 tetrahedra that share corners with three equivalent NaSb6 octahedra, corners with four equivalent NaSb5 square pyramids, corners with two equivalent GaSb4 tetrahedra, edges with three equivalent NaSb6 octahedra, and a faceface with one NaSb5 square pyramid. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 3–29°. There are a spread of Ga–Sb bond distances ranging from 2.67–2.76 Å. There are three inequivalent Sb3- sites. In the first Sb3- site, Sb3- is bonded in a 7-coordinate geometry to three equivalent Na1+ and four Ga+2.33+ atoms. In the second Sb3- site, Sb3- is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to five Na1+ and three Ga+2.33+ atoms. In the third Sb3- site, Sb3- is bonded to three equivalent Na1+ and three Ga+2.33+ atoms to form edge-sharing SbNa3Ga3 octahedra.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Materials Data on GaSb by Materials Project

GaSb crystallizes in the triclinic P1 space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Ga3+ is bonded to six equivalent Sb3- atoms to form distorted GaSb6 octahedra that share corners with twelve equivalent SbGa6Sb2 hexagonal bipyramids, corners with six equivalent GaSb6 octahedra, and edges with twelve equivalent GaSb6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 0–1°. There are a spread of Ga–Sb bond distances ranging from 2.89–3.11 Å. Sb3- is bonded to six equivalent Ga3+ and two equivalent Sb3- atoms to form distorted SbGa6Sb2 hexagonal bipyramids that share corners with eight equivalent SbGa6Sb2 hexagonal bipyramids, corners with twelve equivalent GaSb6 octahedra, and edges with twelve equivalent SbGa6Sb2 hexagonal bipyramids. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 59–121°. Both Sb–Sb bond lengths are 3.11 Å.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Materials Data on GaSb by Materials Project

GaSb is Wurtzite structured and crystallizes in the hexagonal P6_3mc space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Ga3+ is bonded to four equivalent Sb3- atoms to form corner-sharing GaSb4 tetrahedra. There are three shorter (2.69 Å) and one longer (2.70 Å) Ga–Sb bond lengths. Sb3- is bonded to four equivalent Ga3+ atoms to form corner-sharing SbGa4 tetrahedra.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Materials Data on GaSb by Materials Project

GaSb crystallizes in the tetragonal I-4m2 space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Ga3+ is bonded in a distorted square co-planar geometry to four equivalent Sb3- atoms. All Ga–Sb bond lengths are 2.87 Å. Sb3- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to four equivalent Ga3+ atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Materials Data on Ti10(GaSb)3 by Materials Project

Ti10(GaSb)3 crystallizes in the hexagonal P-62m space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are three inequivalent Ti sites. In the first Ti site, Ti is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Ti, three equivalent Ga, and three equivalent Sb atoms. There are one shorter (2.56 Å) and one longer (2.76 Å) Ti–Ti bond lengths. All Ti–Ga bond lengths are 2.75 Å. All Ti–Sb bond lengths are 2.78 Å. In the second Ti site, Ti is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to three equivalent Ga and two equivalent Sb atoms. There are two shorter (2.67 Å) and one longer (2.87 Å) Ti–Ga bond lengths. Both Ti–Sb bond lengths are 2.90 Å. In the third Ti site, Ti is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Ga and three equivalent Sb atoms. Both Ti–Ga bond lengths are 2.89 Å. There are two shorter (2.71 Å) and one longer (2.85 Å) Ti–Sb bond lengths. Ga is bonded in a 11-coordinate geometry to nine Ti atoms. Sb is bonded in a 9-coordinate geometry to nine Ti atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

First Demonstration of Single-Mode Distributed Feedback Type-I GaSb Cascade Diode Laser Emitting near 2.9 µm

We demonstrate GaSb-based laterally-coupled distributed-feedback type-I cascade diode lasers emitting near 2.9 µm as potential sources for OH measurements. The laser heterostructures consist of two GaInAsSb quantum well stages in series separated by GaSb/AlSb/InAs tunnel junction and InAs/AlSb electron injectors. Single-mode emission is generated using second order lateral Bragg grating etched alongside narrow ridge waveguides. The lasers were fabricated into 2-mm-long devices, solder-mounted epi-up on copper submounts, and operate at room temperature. With an anti-reflection coating at the emission facet, the lasers exhibit a typical current threshold of 110 mA at 20 °C and emit more than 14 mW of output power. The Bragg wavelength temperature tuning rate was 0.29 nm/°C.

type-I↗