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All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2022

Coprocessing Biomass Fast Pyrolysis and Catalytic Fast Pyrolysis Oils with Vacuum Gas Oil in Refinery Hydroprocessing

Fast pyrolysis and catalytic fast pyrolysis (CFP) have been considered to be promising approaches for converting lignocellulosic biomass into liquid bio-oils followed by upgrading to produce fuel-range hydrocarbon products. Co-processing fast pyrolysis and CFP bio-oils with petroleum feedstocks leverages the existing petroleum refining infrastructure, which reduces Capex for the overall conversion technologies for biomass to fuel and enables fast adoption of the technologies and biofuels. Here, we reported the co-processing of different woody fast pyrolysis and CFP bio-oils with petroleum vacuum gas oil (VGO) at 5-25% bio-oil blending levels over a NiMo sulfide catalyst for mild hydrocracking. The catalyst activities over ~300 hours time on stream, the product yield and properties, and the biogenic carbon content in products are provided. Co-processing of the raw fast pyrolysis bio-oil in our configuration was not successful because the instability of the bio-oil resulted in reactor plugging and bio-oil stabilization by hydrogenation enabled their stable co-processing with VGO, whereas the CFP bio-oil can be co-processed without pretreatment. Simultaneous hydrodesulfurization, hydrodeoxygenation, and hydrocracking reactions occurred during co-processing and no obvious decrease in hydrodesulfurization and hydrocracking conversion of VGO was observed, suggesting the minimal impact of co-processed bio-oils on the reaction of VGO and also the simultaneous conversion of bio-oil and VGO to produce fuel products with much-reduced S and O content. Biogenic carbon content in co-processed products calculated by yield mass balance, together with results from isotopic measurements, indicates high biogenic carbon incorporation into liquid hydrocarbon products. In conclusion, higher biogenic carbon incorporation into fuel products was observed when co-processing CFP bio-oils than the fast pyrolysis bio-oils and over 90% of carbon in CFP bio-oil was incorporated into liquid hydrocarbon products.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Influence of loblolly pine anatomical fractions and tree age on oil yield and composition during fast pyrolysis

Fast pyrolysis of woody materials is a technology pathway for producing renewable fuels and chemicals. This is a presentation of isolating needles, bark, and stemwood from a single tree as well as isolating stemwood and whole tree samples from the same species of tree with different ages and pyrolyzing each individually as well as in mixtures. This gives insight into the role of tree anatomical fractions on the resulting intermediate oil product as well as into interactions between these components. The highest carbon content oil (45.1 wt% as received) was produced from a one-to-one mixture of stemwood and needles, followed by the pure stemwood (43.4–43.8 wt% as received), while the lowest oil carbon content was from a one-to-one blend of bark and needles (26.7 wt% as received). The pyrolysis oil yield (combining oil and aqueous where separation occurred) varied from 54 wt% as received (needles) to 72.3 wt% as received (stemwood). When comparing trees of different ages, we find the change in the ratio of the anatomical fractions is a dominant factor in the product composition and yields, while the product composition and yields vary slightly with tree age when only the stemwood is pyrolyzed. Here, in this study, we present the bench-scale pyrolysis, yields, and product characterization of loblolly pine feedstocks (13- vs. 23 year-old, residues, air-classified residues, whole tree, needles, bark, and stemwood).

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
DOE OSTI2024

The Effect of Air Separations on Fast Pyrolysis Products for Forest Residue Feedstocks

This study investigates the intricate relationship between biomass preprocessing and pyrolysis product yields, employing the air classification technique for the treatment of loblolly pine residues with varying moisture content. A comprehensive exploration of the physicochemical properties of air-classified loblolly pine informs a sophisticated pyrolysis simulation model. Given the complex and multifaceted nature of biomass pyrolysis, operating across diverse temporal and spatial scales, a pyrolysis kinetics-based CFD–DEM simulation method is employed to predict product yields. Results showed that the elevated moisture content amplifies particle adhesiveness, necessitating augmented air velocities for effective separation, thereby influencing the efficiency of the separation process. While carbon and hydrogen contents exhibit relative stability across diverse moisture contents and blower frequencies, the oxygen content undergoes noticeable changes. For example, the oxygen contents were measured as 29.2 and 38.6 wt% in the light fraction of 30% moisture content sample at blower frequencies of 10 and 20 Hz, respectively. An intriguing finding emerges from pyrolysis simulation, indicating that a lower blower frequency in air classification moderately enhances bio-oil yield and significantly improves its quality, particularly in terms of water content. For instance, the water content in the bio-oil was about 1.5% and 10% in the heavy and light fractions, respectively from 10% moisture sample under 15 Hz blower frequency. In summary, a detailed understanding and strategic manipulation of critical material attributes in biomass through efficient fractionation techniques are imperative for advancing fast pyrolysis as a sustainable avenue for renewable energy and chemical production.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
DOE OSTI2023

Renewable Diesel Production through Stand-Alone and Co-Hydrotreating of Catalytic Fast Pyrolysis Oil

Catalytic Fast Pyrolysis (CFP) of biomass followed by hydrotreating can be used for the production of renewable transportation fuels, such as sustainable aviation fuel and renewable diesel, which can reduce the dependence on fossil fuels and help achieve greenhouse gas reduction goals. Stand-alone hydrotreating of CFP oil and co-hydrotreating of the CFP oil with straight-run diesel (SRD) showed potential to produce high-quality diesel products in this study. Stand-alone hydrotreating of CFP oil produced a diesel fraction with oxygen content < 0.1 wt.% and an indicated cetane number (ICN) of 45. Co-hydrotreating of CFP oil and SRD using a 1:4 volumetric ratio produced diesel products with 0.1 wt.% of oxygen and ICNs of 42-45. Compared to CoMo/Al2O3, NiMo/Al2O3 was a more attractive catalyst for co-hydrotreating of two streams, leading to a higher carbon efficiency, a higher selectivity of cycloalkanes, a higher ICN, and enhanced desulfurization. Compared to stand-alone hydrotreating of CFP oil, co-hydrotreating with SRD could be achieved at a less severe operating condition and it produced hydrotreated products with a higher carbon efficiency. Synergy between CFP oil and SRD during co-hydrotreating process was suggested by the better experimental results in comparison with theoretical interpolation results. Co-hydrotreating gave high biogenic carbon incorporations of 91%-97% as determined by C-14 analysis.

biomass↗
DOE OSTI2021

Accelerated Aging of Fast Pyrolysis Bio-Oil Using Carbonyl Titration: Laboratory Analytical Procedure (LAP)

This laboratory analytical procedure covers the accelerated aging of fast pyrolysis bio-oils. Bio-oils undergo reactions that result in physical and chemical changes over time. These changes typically result in an increase in molecular weight, decrease in some functional groups such as carbonyls, and an increase in viscosity; additionally, the aging process often leads to phase separation. Studies have shown that accelerated aging of bio-oils using this method closely mimics room temperature aging for long periods of time (over 3 years). This procedure has been developed for the accelerated aging of fast pyrolysis bio-oils only. Fast pyrolysis bio-oils are more reactive than other bio-oils (e.g., catalytic fast pyrolysis) and undergo aging much more rapidly. Therefore, this procedure should only be used for fast pyrolysis bio-oil samples.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Recovery of value-added compounds through fast pyrolysis of apple pomace hydrochar

The environmental challenges associated with food production can be addressed via the thermochemical upcycling of agro-industrial biomass. Two such methods, hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) and pyrolysis, can be coupled to first reduce the water content of wet biomass wastes by producing a hydrochar (HC) via HTC and then a bio-oil via pyrolysis of the HC. However, HTC of biomass results in the formation of secondary char (SC), an amorphous tar-like mixture resulting from organic compounds released into the aqueous phase that adsorb, recondense and polymerize on the parent biomass. This study investigated how HTC temperature impacts the formation of SC from apple pomace and the SC’s subsequent impact on fast pyrolysis products. HCs were produced at temperatures of 175°C, 200°C, and 250°C. Lower HTC temperatures favor the formation of biorefinery platform chemicals such as 5-hydroxymethylfurfural and levulinic acid, while higher temperatures result in increased lignin degradation products (i.e., phenolics). HCs were subjected to fast pyrolysis before and after SC extraction in two analytical pyrolysis instruments. Fast pyrolysis of HC produced compounds similar to those found in SC, but with variations in CO and CO 2 emissions. In conclusion, the combination of SC extraction and fast pyrolysis demonstrates promise for recovering value-added compounds from agro-industrial waste biomass while retaining a solid char for fuel and carbon management.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
DOE OSTI2022

Detailed biomass fast pyrolysis kinetics integrated to computational fluid dynamic (CFD) and discrete element modeling framework: Predicting product yields at the bench-scale

Fast pyrolysis is an intricate process due to the variability and anisotropy of lignocellulosic biomass and the complicated chemistry and physics during conversion in a bubbling fluidized bed reactor (BFBR). The complexity of biomass fast pyrolysis lends itself well to computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and discrete element (DEM) analysis, which promises to reduce experimental time and its associated cost. This work investigated switchgrass fast pyrolysis simulated by computational fluid dynamics coupled with a discrete element method to track individual reacting biomass particles throughout a bench-scale BFBR reactor. We accounted for the fast pyrolysis chemistry through a comprehensive reaction scheme with secondary cracking reactions. We performed a three-step reduction for secondary cracking reactions to convert the full cracking scheme into a reduced scheme easily incorporated into our model. We assessed the impact of operational conditions on the steady-state yields of liquid bio-oil, non-condensable gases (NCG), at 550 °C over a range of fluidization numbers (2 – 6 Umf), reported as a ratio to the minimum fluidization velocity (Umf). At steady-state, the volatile bio-oil yield had a range of 49.3–50.4 wt%. Levoglucosan was the primary volatile component present with 21 wt% of the bio-oil while water was the second largest with 20 wt%. The reduction of the secondary reaction schemes did not appreciably affect the overall yields of switchgrass pyrolysis compared to the full secondary scheme.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2026

Opportunities and Challenges for Hydrotreating of Catalytic Fast Pyrolysis Oil to Fuels

Catalytic fast pyrolysis (CFP) provides a versatile platform for producing fuels to combat climate change and meet decarbonizing targets. In this contribution, we will discuss the hydroprocessing of CFP oils to a variety of fuels, including sustainable aviation fuel (SAF), diesel, and marine fuel. Both standalone and co-hydroprocessing with petroleum streams will be covered. Hydrotreating CFP oil at temperatures around 400 Degrees Celsius can produce a highly deoxygenated product with oxygen contents below the detection limit. However, the quality of fuel fractions produced has been a problem, manifesting as low octane numbers for the gasoline-range fraction and low cetane numbers for the diesel-range fraction. Incorporating an initial transition zone for hydrogenation during hydrotreating was shown to dramatically increase the diesel fraction cetane number from 24 to 45. A similar approach enabled the production of a cycloalkane-rich SAF fraction meeting key ASTM 4054 guidelines with respect to density, viscosity, heating value, volatility, freeze and flash point. Over 400 hours of hydrotreating for SAF was demonstrated with no signs of catalyst bed fouling, measured by pressure drop over the catalyst bed. Compared to other fuels, marine fuel is unique in that it does not require complete deoxygenation. We investigated the minimum hydrotreating requirements to produce fuel compatible with very low sulfur fuel oil, and the results suggested 30% reduction in hydrotreating costs for this approach. Co-hydroprocessing offers an opportunity to take advantage of refinery infrastructure and economies of scale although the operation is less flexible with respect to operating conditions. Co-hydroprocessing CFP oil with petroleum streams gave efficient deoxygenation at milder conditions (e.g. at temperatures of 320 Degrees Celsius) than required for standalone hydrotreating. Over 90% incorporation of biogenic carbon in the CFP oil was confirmed by carbon-14 analysis. Hydrotreating of CFP oil, whether by standalone or co-processing, can produce a variety of fuel cuts, whose quality can be tailored by changing process conditions. Challenges remain, including long-term catalyst performance and determining CFP oil quality requirements.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
DOE OSTI2022

At-Line Sampling and Characterization of Pyrolytic Vapors from Biomass Feedstock Blends Using SPME-GC/MS-PCA: Influence of Char on Fast Pyrolysis

Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) coupled with GC-MS analysis was used for at-line sampling of pyrolytic vapors produced during fast pyrolysis of biomass. The pure and binary blends of switchgrass (SWG) and pine harvest residues (PT6) were used as feedstock. Sequential SPME sampling allowed for monitoring of changes in the pyrolysis vapors as char accumulated in the fluid bed. The concentration and composition of the vapors desorbed from the SPME fibers were investigated using GC-MS, and the data sets were then analyzed using principal component analysis (PCA) to compare the composition of the pyrolysis vapors over the course of the pyrolysis run. The chemical composition of both carbohydrate and lignin fragments varied as the char builds up in the reactor bed. Fragments derived from cellulose and xylan included anhydrosugars, furans and light oxygenated compounds. Lignin fragments included methoxyphenols, phenolic ketones and aldehydes, low molecular weight aromatics. The composition of the carbohydrate fragments changed more than the lignin fragments as the char build-up in the fluid bed. This combination of SPME-GC/MS-PCA were a novel, easy and effective method for measuring the composition and changes in the composition of pyrolysis vapors during the fast pyrolysis process. Here, this work also highlighted the effect of char build-up on the composition of the overall pyrolysis vapors.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
DOE OSTI2022

Co-processing catalytic fast pyrolysis oil in an FCC reactor

Here, studies of co-processing catalytic fast pyrolysis (CFP) oil with vacuum gas oil (VGO) are conducted in a Davison Circulating Riser (DCR). The CFP oil (CFPO) for this study was produced by upgrading fast-pyrolysis vapors from pine in an ex-situ fixed-bed reactor. CFPOs were co-processed at up to a volume fraction of 0.05 with VGO at 521 degrees C and 257 kPa. The yields of oil, aqueous phase, tail gas, and coke were measured. The amount of coke was determined from the carbon containing components in the regenerator flue gas. A compositional analysis was conducted with gas chromatography and elemental analyzers. The organic liquids were distilled into gasoline, jet-fuel, diesel, and resid fractions. A biocarbon analysis was conducted on the organic phase and its individual boiling-point fractions. The results show a small decrease in liquid yield and a generally increased gas yield when co-processing CFPO with VGO. The experiments showed that 75%-100% of biocarbon is incorporated into liquid fuels relative to fossil carbon, depending on catalyst and CFPO. The measurements indicate that cracked CFPO components are predominantly included in the jet-fuel and diesel fractions. A techno-economic analysis (TEA) estimated the minimum fuel selling price (MSFP) for fuel-range products derived from FCC co-processing of CFPO at 24 to 29 $\$$/GJ ($\$$2.90 to $\$$3.50 per gasoline-gallon equivalent; GGE) at a yield of 4.87-7.14 GJ/t(biomass) or 40-58 GGE/t.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
DOE OSTI2021

Dynamic life-cycle carbon analysis for fast pyrolysis biofuel produced from pine residues: implications of carbon temporal effects

Abstract Background Woody biomass has been considered as a promising feedstock for biofuel production via thermochemical conversion technologies such as fast pyrolysis. Extensive Life Cycle Assessment studies have been completed to evaluate the carbon intensity of woody biomass-derived biofuels via fast pyrolysis. However, most studies assumed that woody biomass such as forest residues is a carbon–neutral feedstock like annual crops, despite a distinctive timeframe it takes to grow woody biomass. Besides, few studies have investigated the impacts of forest dynamics and the temporal effects of carbon on the overall carbon intensity of woody-derived biofuels. This study addressed such gaps by developing a life-cycle carbon analysis framework integrating dynamic modeling for forest and biorefinery systems with a time-based discounted Global Warming Potential (GWP) method developed in this work. The framework analyzed dynamic carbon and energy flows of a supply chain for biofuel production from pine residues via fast pyrolysis. Results The mean carbon intensity of biofuel given by Monte Carlo simulation across three pine growth cases ranges from 40.8–41.2 g CO 2 e MJ −1 (static method) to 51.0–65.2 g CO 2 e MJ −1 (using the time-based discounted GWP method) when combusting biochar for energy recovery. If biochar is utilized as soil amendment, the carbon intensity reduces to 19.0–19.7 g CO 2 e MJ −1 (static method) and 29.6–43.4 g CO 2 e MJ −1 in the time-based method. Forest growth and yields (controlled by forest management strategies) show more significant impacts on biofuel carbon intensity when the temporal effect of carbon is taken into consideration. Variation in forest operations and management (e.g., energy consumption of thinning and harvesting), on the other hand, has little impact on the biofuel carbon intensity. Conclusions The carbon temporal effect, particularly the time lag of carbon sequestration during pine growth, has direct impacts on the carbon intensity of biofuels produced from pine residues from a stand-level pine growth and management point of view. The carbon implications are also significantly impacted by the assumptions of biochar end-of-life cases and forest management strategies.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
DOE OSTI2022

Co-Hydrotreating of Catalytic Fast Pyrolysis Oils with Straight-Run Diesel

Catalytic Fast Pyrolysis (CFP) of biomass provides an opportunity for producing stabilized bio-oils (CFP oils) that can be further processed into hydrocarbon transportation fuels via hydroprocessing. Standalone hydrotreating of CFP oils has been pursued and has been shown to be able to produce hydrocarbon products with low oxygen contents of <1wt%, but the process is costly due to the high requirements of hydrogen and high capital costs. The costs can be reduced by co-processing in refineries, which takes advantage of the existing refinery infrastructure and the economies of the larger scale of petroleum processing operations. In this contribution, we evaluated co-hydrotreating of CFP oil with straight-run diesel in a laboratory continuous hydrotreating reactor. The CFP oil had been produced over a bi-functional metal-acid catalyst (Pt/TiO2) and contained 17 wt% oxygen on dry basis, and it was fed to the reactor together with straight-run diesel in the proportion of 20 vol%:80 vol%. The co-hydrotreated diesel products had acceptable cetane numbers (>40), and the calculated carbon efficiencies were high (~95%) for the CFP portion of the feed mixtures. Biogenic carbon incorporation in the product was confirmed by C-14 analysis. Sulfided NiMo catalyst gave better performance with respect to the diesel product quality than CoMo did due to the higher hydrogenation activity of NiMo. A comparison of standalone hydrotreating of the CFP oil and the straight-run diesel to co-hydrotreating showed good correspondence. Major challenges and risks associated with co-hydrotreating are discussed in this presentation.

biomass↗
DOE OSTI2021

The role of biochar in the degradation of sugars during fast pyrolysis of biomass

With appropriate pretreatment, sugars can be a major product from fast pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass. Analytical pyrolysis of pure cellulose can produce up to 60 wt% yield of levoglucosan although yields are significantly lower in continuous pyrolysis at larger scales. Secondary reactions of vaporized levoglucosan are thought to be responsible for this loss of sugar yield, suggesting changes in the design and operation of pyrolysis reactors to minimize these reactions. Micropyrolysis experiments were performed to better understand the mechanism of sugar degradation in the presence of biochar. A 57% loss in levoglucosan yield was observed for cellulose overlain with untreated biochar powder compared to the pure cellulose control sample. The addition of biochar derived from pyrolysis of untreated corn stover to a fluidized bed pyrolyzer reduced sugar yields from cellulose from 61.3 wt% to 21.3 wt% and 41.5–11.6 wt% for conventional and autothermal operation, respectively. The significant drop in sugar yield due to biochar interaction inspired change in feeder configuration for the fluidized bed pyrolyzer to reduce vapor-char interactions. Biomass feeding was changed from in-bed to above-bed injection, which allowed significant devolatilization to occur above the layer of biochar that exists at the surface of the bed. Finally, by reducing secondary reactions, bio-oil and sugar yields increased by 7.9% and 14%, respectively, for autothermal pyrolysis.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
DOE OSTI2022

Model quantification of the effect of coproducts and refinery co-hydrotreating on the economics and greenhouse gas emissions of a conceptual biomass catalytic fast pyrolysis process

Here we present model results for a scaled-up conceptual process informed by bench scale biomass catalytic fast pyrolysis (CFP) and hydrotreating experimental data. This process uses a Pt/TiO 2 catalyst during CFP, which produces a partially deoxygenated organic biocrude intermediate that is then hydroprocessed to a hydrocarbon fuel blendstock; the catalyst also enables high yields of acetone and methyl-ethyl-ketone (MEK) coproducts. Two options for hydroprocessing were modeled: (A) co-hydrotreating at a petroleum refinery using hydrogen sourced from steam reforming of natural gas and (B) standalone hydrotreating at a biorefinery using hydrogen sourced from CFP off gases. The results revealed that Case A was economically advantageous with a modeled minimum fuel selling price (MFSP) of $\$$2.83/GGE or gallon gasoline equivalent (in 2016 US dollars), while the additional cost of standalone hydrotreating facilities in Case B increased the MFSP to $3.13/GGE. Conversely, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions were lower for Case B (3.9 g CO 2 e/MJ) compared to Case A (21.5 g CO 2 e/MJ) due to the use of biogenic (Case B) and fossil-derived (Case A) hydrogen. In a third option (Case C), the requirements for separation and purification of acetone and MEK were removed from the refinery co-processing scenario (Case A) to evaluate the impacts of this process simplification. Elimination of these coproducts increased the MFSP to $3.21/GGE and GHG emissions to 35 g CO 2 e/MJ. These comparisons based on our detailed conceptual models provide economic and sustainability guidance regarding processing choices for future biorefineries. While refinery coprocessing using existing equipment and the production of relatively valuable coproducts can benefit the economics, the hydrogen-source and biogenic coproducts can have significant impacts on the sustainability of the process, and feasibility to use CFP off-gases or other renewable sources for hydrogen production can help lower GHG emissions.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
DOE OSTI2022

Sustainable Aviation Fuel via Hydroprocessing of Catalytic Fast Pyrolysis Oil

Cycloalkanes have been identified as a promising alternative for sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) in a recent US Department of Energy Review of Technical Pathways to SAF. Cycloalkanes can provide desirable SAF properties, including energy density, and, in addition, they may be able to provide necessary seal swelling and leakage protection and replace undesirable aromatics in aviation fuel. Catalytic fast pyrolysis (CFP) followed by hydroprocessing constitutes a platform well suited for converting biomass to cycloalkanes. CFP oils are rich in phenolic compounds and, depending on CFP catalyst, in aromatic hydrocarbons, which can both be hydrogenated to form cycloalkanes. In this work, we report results from hydroprocessing of two types of CFP oil to produce fractions boiling in the sustainable aviation fuel range and meeting tested aviation fuel specifications. CFP oils prepared over a zeolite catalyst (ZSM-5) and a hydrodeoxygenation catalyst (Pt/TiO2) were hydroprocessed over a sulfided NiMo/Al2O3 catalyst in a two-stage process (1st stage ~250 degrees C and 2nd stage 385 degrees C) in a continuous trickle-bed hydrotreater. The hydrotreated product contained 39-40% material boiling in the SAF range by distillation with a carbon efficiency of 36-37% from CFP oil to SAF fraction. The SAF fractions consisted of 82-87% of cycloalkanes, had non-detectable oxygen contents and lower heating values (LHV) above the jet fuel minimum limit of 42.8 MJ/kg. The SAF-range product also had acceptable volatility and freeze and flash points per aviation fuel specifications. The results suggest a promising pathway for SAF production via the catalytic fast pyrolysis pathway. Methods to enhance the yield of SAF will be discussed.

BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES,BIOMASS FUELS↗
DOE OSTI2021

Multiscale CFD simulation of biomass fast pyrolysis with a machine learning derived intra-particle model and detailed pyrolysis kinetics

Coupling particle and reactor scale models is as essential as reactor fluid dynamics and particle motion for accurate Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) simulations of biomass fast pyrolysis reactors due to intraparticle heat transfer and chemical reactions controlling conversion time and product distributions. Direct online coupling of a particle model with a reactor model is computationally expensive, while offline coupling is case-dependent. In this research, solutions from a series of particle pyrolysis simulations were regressed with Artificial Neural Network (ANN). Furthermoer, this machine learning-derived model predicted the same temperature and conversion profiles compared with particle resolved simulation while the isothermal approach overpredicted the temperature by 130 K and underpredicted the conversion time by 30 s. The ANN model was then integrated into CFD simulations of fluidized bed biomass fast pyrolysis with varied feedstocks via coupling PyTorch and MFiX. The averaged error of simulation predicted bio-oil yields with four feedstocks is 6.4%. This multi-scale approach provides an efficient tool for the coupled particle and reactor scale simulations of biomass pyrolysis.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗